Тхакали

Тхакали
ठुक्लौ
Бүкіл халықтың саны

5 000

Ең көп таралған аймақтар

 Непал

Тілдері

тхакали тілі

Діні

индуизм

Тхакали (өз атауы - цхакали, өз тілдерінде - ठुक्लौ)[1]Непал аумағында тұратын халық.[2] Жалпы саны 5 мың адам.[3]

Тілі

Тілі - тхакали тілі.[4] Тибет жазуын қолданады.

Діні

Тхакали халқы негізінен ұстанатын дің - Индуизм, бірақ шын мәңінде бұл халықтың діңи дәстүрлері будисттікке дейінгі нанымдардың, тибет будизімнің элементтерінің және де индуизмнің қоспасы болып табылады[5].

Тарихы

Кейбір зерттеушілер тхакалиді бхотия мен шерпамен, басқалары магарлар мен гурунгтармен байланыстырады, осыған байланысты олардың Тибеттен келу мерзімі XVI—XVII және VII—VIII ғасырлар арасында ауытқиды. Соңғы орта ғасырларда Тибет монастырларымен тығыз байланыста болған Барагаон аймағының тхакалилері, православиелік буддистік ламаистер жоғары мәртебеге ие болды. Кхас мемлекетінің құрылуымен (XVIII ғ.) тхакалилер өздерін индуизм кастасы деп санап, магарлар мен гурунгтарға тән әдет-ғұрыптар мен нормаларды қабылдай бастады. Материалдық мәдениетте айтарлықтай айырмашылықтары бар этноәлеуметтік топтар қалыптасты.

Кәсіібі

Негізгі кәсібі – егіншілік (жүгері, тары, картоп, арпа, қарақұмық) және ірі қара мал шаруашылығы (қой, ешкі, есек, бұқа, қашыр). Жүн мен үнді мақтасынан станокта иіру және тоқу, кілем тоқу әйелдер арасында кең таралған. Елдің солтүстігі мен оңтүстігі, сондай-ақ Тибет пен Үндістан арасындағы жүн, тұз, темір және астық саудасы ерекше рөл атқарады.[6]

Өмір салты

Тхакалилер төрт аталық руға (тхун чан немесе серчан; сал-ги немесе тулачан; чос-ги немесе ганчан; пхурги немесе бхатта-чан) бөлінеді, олар төрт мифтік ата-баба ағайындыларына дейін барады. Неке негізінен моногамдық. Үлкен де, шағын отбасылар кездеседі.

Көп отбасылық тас блокты үйлер тегіс шатырлары мен шағын ауласы бар тығыз іргелес құрылымдардан тұрады, олардың әртүрлі бөліктерінде қабырғалардың биіктігі әртүрлі (төрт қабатқа дейін). Төменгі қабаттардың төбелері шаруашылық аулалары ретінде қызмет етеді. Жоғарғы қабаттары тұрғын үйлер, төменгі қабаттары қоралар мен сарайлар бар.

Киім мен тағамның дәстүрлі түрлері негізінен Шерпа мен Бхотияның киімдері мен тағамдарына ұқсас.[6]

Дереккөздер

  1. Значение слова ТХАКАЛИ в Современном энциклопедическом словаре https://slovar.cc/enc/sovremenniy/1846778.html (орыс.)
  2. Современная энциклопедия - тхакали http://www.terminy.info/literature/modern-encyclopedia/thakali (орыс.)
  3. Современная энциклопедия Тхакали https://my-dict.ru/dic/sovremennaya-enciklopediya/207837-thakali/ (орыс.)
  4. Современная энциклопедия ТХАКАЛИ https://rus-modern-enc.slovaronline.com/11655-%D0%A2%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98 (орыс.)
  5. Vinding, 1998
  6. a b народы мира / Тхакали http://www.etnolog.ru/people.php?id=THAK (орыс.)

Қолданылған әдебиет

  • Messerschmidt D.A. The Thakali of Nepal: Historical Continuity and Socio-Cultural Change. — Ethnohistory, 1982. — Vol. 29, No. 4. — P. 265—280. (ағыл.)

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