Banjarese language

Not to be confused with Banjari language.
Banjarese
basa Banjar
jaku Banjar
باس بنجر‎
Native toIndonesia
Region
EthnicityBanjarese
Native speakers
L1: 4,127,124 (2010 census)[1]
L1 & L2: ~10,650,000
Standard forms
Standard Banjarese
Dialects
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byBadan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa
Language codes
ISO 639-3bjn
Glottologbanj1241
Linguasphere31-MFA-fd
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
A Banjarese speaker.

The Banjar or Banjarese (basa Banjar; jaku Banjar, Jawi: باس بنجر‎) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia. The Banjarese language is the de facto lingua franca for various indigenous community especially in South Kalimantan, as well as Central Kalimantan (notably in Seruyan Regency and Sukamara Regency) and East Kalimantan in general.

Apart from the native Banjarese in Indonesia, the Banjarese language also spoken by little Banjarese diaspora abroad (such as in Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Sabah and Perak), and Singapore); however, they tend to not use it as their primary language, and their fluency degree is questionable.

Dialects

There are at least three divisions of dialects within the Banjarese language:

  1. Banjar Hulu[2][3]
  2. Banjar Kuala[4][5]

According to Cense,[6] the Banjar Hulu dialect are predominantly spoken by Banjarese people in the South Hulu Sungai Regency and North Hulu Sungai Regency regions.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonantal inventory of Banjarese language is shown below. All but [ʔ] occur at the onset of a syllable:[7]

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tʃ k (ʔ)
voiced b d dʒ ɡ
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Rhotic r
Approximant w j
  • [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ at the end of a word.
  • The following consonants can close a CVC syllable: /p t k m n ŋ s h r l/. Words cannot begin with consonant clusters. Within a root, an NC sequence will always be homorganic, though reduplication and a few prefixes such as sing- can produce other sequences, e.g. /ŋb, ŋp, ŋt, ŋr, ŋl, kr, /. Other medial sequences include /kt/, /kn/, /ŋn/, /nɲ/, /st/, /sn/, /hk/, /hj/, /lk/ and /rɡ/.[2]

Vowels

Sudarmo finds five monophthongs:[7]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ (ə) o
Open a

[ə] is an allophone of /ɛ/.

Durasid finds three monophthongs and three diphthongs in Pahuluan Banjarese:[2]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Open a

Regionally, /a/ has an allophone [ə] and /u/ has an allophone [ɔ]. The diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, /ui/. Loans with /e/ or /o/ are assimilated to these three vowels. E.g. kréték is realized as [karitik]. However, since most Banjarese speakers are effectively bilingual, this realization becomes rarer.

Alphabet

The standard alphabet is as follows:[8]

Alphabet
a b c d é g h i j k l m n ny ng o p r s t u w y
Phonetic value
a b tʃ d ɛ ɡ h i dʒ k l m n ɲ ŋ o p r s t u w j

See also

References

  1. ^ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia (Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010) [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of the Indonesian Population (Results of the 2010 Population Census)] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Central Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia, 2010
  2. ^ a b c d Bahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
  3. ^ a b Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
  4. ^ a b Struktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.
  5. ^ a b Morfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
  6. ^ A.A.Cee - E.M. Uhienbeck, Critical Survey of Studies on the Language of Borneo, 'S-Gravenhage-Martinus Nijhoff. 1958, hal. 9.
  7. ^ a b Sudarmo, Sudarmo (2016). Fonotaktik Bahasa Banjar. Jurnal Bahasa Sastra Dan Pembelajarannya 6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ Hapip, Abdul Jebar (2006). Kamus Banjar Indonesia, Cetakan V.

Bibliography

Banjar edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia