Makassar languages

Not to be confused with Makassarese language.
Makassar
Geographic
distribution		Sulawesi
Linguistic classificationAustronesian
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottologmaka1310
Map showing the distribution of the South Sulawesi languages in Sulawesi and Kalimantan.
  Languages within Makassar languages group, varying between number 6 to 10.
Map Interactive map of Makassar languages, click the map Marker for further detail and navigation.

The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the South Sulawesi subgroup in the Austronesian language family.[1][2] The most prominent member of this group is Makassarese, with over two million speakers in the city of Makassar and neighboring areas.

The status of the Makassar languages other than Makassarese as distinct languages is not universally accepted. In older classifications,[3] but also in recent studies by local linguists,[4] they are considered to be dialects of the Makassarese language.

Languages

Phonology

A characteristic feature of the Makassar languages is the occurrence of echo vowels with stems ending in final /r/, /l/ or /s/. E.g. /botol/ 'bottle' is realized as bótolo in Selayar and Coastal Konjo, and as bótoloʔ in Makassarese and Highland Konjo (the latter regularly adds a glottal stop to the echo vowel). This echo vowel is dropped if a suffix is added, but retained if followed by an enclitic.[5]

Makassarese Selayar
base /rantas/
rántasaʔ
'dirty'		 /lambus/
lámbusu
'straight'
with suffix /rantas/ + /-aŋ/
rantás-aŋ
'dirtier'		 /lambus/ + /-aŋ/
lambús-aŋ
'straighter'
with enclitic /rantas/ + /=aʔ/
rántasak=aʔ
'I am dirty'		 /lambus/ + /=a/
lámbusu=a
'I am straight'

For Konjo (both Coastal and Highland Konjo), Bentong, Makassarese (Labbakkang dialect) and Selayar language, the consonant y /j/ and /w/ realized as j /ɟ/ and /h/.

Makassarese Coastal Konjo Selayar
pig bawi bahi bahi
time wattu hattu hattu
many, much lowe,[i][ii] (jai) lohe lohe
rat, mouse balawo[i] balaho balaho
wait tayang tajang tajang
wood kayu kaju kaju
look, find boya hoja boja
to make bayu,[ii] (pareʼ) haju (buaʼ)
  1. ^ a b it written as loe, balao in standard orthography
  2. ^ a b dialect form

In Konjo languages, some initial b appears as /h/.

Makassarese Coastal Konjo Selayar
to look, find boya hoja boja
hot bambang hambang bambang

Lexical differences

Makassarese Coastal Konjo Selayar
Gowa (Standard) Jeneponto Bantaeng
to make appareʼ aʼbayu anghaju aʼbuaʼ
to sit ammempo accidong accidong attolong
hungry cipuruʼ paʼre paʼre paʼre
rice field tana galung galung galung
many, much jai loe lohe lohe
why angngapa angngura angngura angngura
friend agang urang urang urang
with siagang surang siurang siurang surang
water jeʼneʼ ere ere jeʼneʼ
egg bayao bajao tannoro
dog kongkong asu asu asu
cat miong cammiʼ cammiʼ, meong meong
leaf lekoʼ raung raung taha
black leʼleng bolong etang
white keboʼ pute pute
eight sagantuju karua karua
nine salapang salapang kaʼassa
vegetable gangang utang gangang
house ballaʼ ballaʼ, bola sapo

References

  1. ^ Grimes, C. E. and B. E. Grimes (1987). Languages of South Sulawesi. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-D78. ISBN 0858833522.
  2. ^ Friberg, T. and T.V. Laskowske (1989). "South Sulawesi languages". In: J.N. Sneddon (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part 1, pp. 1-17. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa.
  3. ^ Esser, S.J. (1938). "Talen". Atlas van Tropisch Nederland. Blad 9a. Batavia: Topografische Dienst.
  4. ^ Ramlah Mappau (2017). "Konstituen Pengungkap Negasi Dalam Bahasa Makassar Dialek Lakiung dan Turatea" [Constituent of Negation Expression in Makassarese Language Dialect of Laking and Turatea]. Sawerigading (in Indonesian). 23 (1): 127–137.
  5. ^ Basri, Hasan; Broselow, Ellen; Finer, Daniel (2012). "The end of the word in Makassar languages" (PDF). In Borowsky, Toni; Kawahara, Shigeto; Sugahara, Mariko; Shinya, Takahito (eds.). Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Elisabeth Selkirk. Advances in Optimality Theory. Sheffield & Bristol, Conn.: Equinox.