"Sambali" redirects here. For the dessert, see basbousa and Şambali.
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Ethnologue reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language.[1]
Name
The language is occasionally referred to as zambal, which is the hispanized form of Sambal.
Sambal had also for a time been referred to as Tina,[3] a term still encountered in older sources. The term, however, which means 'bleached' in the Botolan variety of the language,[4] is considered offensive. The pejorative term was first used in the late 1970s by researchers from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now SIL International).[4] Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.[5]
External relationships
Sambal language is most closely related to Kapampangan and to a classic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that Sambal speakers had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalog settlers, pushing the original inhabitants northward to the modern province of Zambales,[6] in turn, displacing the Aetas. In Zambales, Sambal speakers were almost displaced by Tagalog settlers once again who migrated along with Ilocano settlers to repopulate the less-populated Zambales valley, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline of Sambal cultural identity and language.[7][8][9] There is also a possible relationship between the Sambal speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon based on commonalities in some traditions and practices.
Phonology
Sambali has 19 phonemes: 16 consonants and three vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple.
Note: Consonants [d] and [ɾ] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. Dy is pronounced [dʒ], ny[ɲ], sy[ʃ], and ty[tʃ].
Stress
Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Word stress is very important; it differentiates homonyms, e.g. hikó ('I') and híko ('elbow').
Historical sound changes
Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Cebuano and Tagalog are pronounced with /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Compare hiko and ba-yo with the Tagalog siko and bago.
ang, 'yung (iyong) – yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy
ng, n'ung (niyong) – nin kon-moyo
Sa – ha
Nasa – Ison ha ('near'), Itaw ha ('far')
Common plural pronouns
ang mgá, 'yung mgá (iyong mgá) – yay + first letter of plural word + aw
(e.g. yay bawbabayi – ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki – ang mga lalaki)
ng mgá, n'ung mgá (niyong mgá) – nin yay + first letter of plural word + aw
(e.g. nin bawbabayi – ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki – ng mga lalaki)
sa mgá – ha first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. habawbabayi – sa mga babae, halawlalaki – sa mga ki)
Nasa mga – Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun
Personal singular pronouns
Si – hi
Ni – Ni
Kay – Kun ni
Na kay – hikun
Personal plural
Sina – Hila
Nina – ni
Kina – Kun li
Nakina – Hikunla
Note: In a general conversation, hi is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun: e.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter, as ‘kunlay na rin.
Example:
'The man arrived.' Dumating ang lalaki:
Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.
Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or
Lin’mato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.
Yay (referring to object)
Hiyay (singular person)
Hikamon (plural second person)
Hilay (plural third person)
Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. 'John saw Mary.'
Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article.
Plural nominal article
'Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house.'
Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel.
Maku hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni Miguel.
Pupunta ako – maku-ko
Papunta – ma-mako
Punta – mako
Pumupunta – ampako
Pupuntahan – ampaku-tawan\makuku-son
'Father has the keys.'
Nasaan ang mga aklat?
Ayti yay lawlibro?
Na kay Tatay ang mga susi.
Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or ‘Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi
'That baby is healthy.'
Malusog ang sanggol.
Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st person
Exclusive
ako – hiko ko – ko akin – hikunko (shortened to ‘kunko)
kita – ta, kunta
kami – hikami or ‘kami namin – mi amin – hikunmi or ‘kunmi
Inclusive
tayo – hitamo or ‘tamo natin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo atin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo
2nd person
ikáw – hika mo – mo iyó – hikunmo or ‘kunmo
kayo – hikamo or ‘kamo ninyo – moyo inyo – hikunmoyo or ‘kunmoyo
3rd person
siya – hiya niya – naya kaniya – hikunnaya or ‘kunnaya
silá – hila nilá – la kanilá – hikunla or ‘kunla
Examples:
'I wrote.'
Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz)
Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko.
Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya’ ko.
'He/She wrote me a letter.' Hinomulat ya ‘kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko.
Ibibigay ko sa kaniyá. Ebi ko ‘kunna (hikuna).
'I will give it to him/her.'
Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.
Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko.
Ang aking bahay. Yay ‘kunkon bali.
'My house.'
Interrogative words
Sambal
Tagalog
English
Ayri/Ayti
Saan
Where
Anya
Ano
What
Anta/Ongkot
Bakit
Why
Hino
Sino
Who
Nakano
Kailan
When
Sample texts
Philippine national proverb
Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb[10] "He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination," followed by the original in Tagalog.
Sambal: Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinang-ibatan, kay maka-lato ha ampako-taw-an.
Tagalog: Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.
The Lord's Prayer
Version from Matthew
Ama mi an ison ha langit,
sambawon a ngalan mo.
Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.
Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota
a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.
Biyan mo kami komon nin
pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;
tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi
a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi
konlan ampagkasalanan komi.
Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,
nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,
ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin
panganggawan. Amen.[11]
Version from Luke
Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.
Lomato ana komon an awlon sikay mag-ari.
Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.
Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang
pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi
tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.
Wamoyo.[11]
^Agagas, Pascual (1978). "Tina Sambal". In Antworth, Evan L. (ed.). Folktale Texts(PDF) (Language text). Studies in Philippine Linguistics, Vol. 2, No. 2. Text analysis by Margarete Schuster and Hella Goschnick. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 32–43. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2005-11-02.
^ ab"Call me Sambal". Call me Sambal. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
