Kula language

Kula
Kula
Tanglapui
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Alor Island
Native speakers	(5,000 cited 1997)
Language family	Trans–New Guinea ? West Bomberai ? Timor–Alor–Pantar Alor–Pantar Alor East Tanglapui Kula; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tpg
Glottolog	kula1280
ELP	Kula

Kula (Kola) or Lamtoka (Lantoka), also known as Tanglapui, is a Papuan language spoken in villages on the north coast, south coast and mountainous interior of Alor Island in Indonesia. Dialects are Kula proper, Kulatela, Watena, Kula Watena, Iramang, Larena, Sumang, and Arumaka. Most settlements where Kula is spoken are "new villages" that have only been inhabited since the 1960s. Due to this recent resettlement, and since usage of the language is discouraged in schools, Kula is an endangered language.^[2]

Phonology

The data in this section are taken from Williams (2017).^[2] Phonemes in brackets are "marginal phonemes".

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	labial
Nasal		m	n		ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	(kʷ) ⟨kw⟩
Plosive	voiced	b	d		g	(gʷ) ⟨gw⟩
Affricate				(d͡ʒ) ⟨j⟩
Fricative		(β) ⟨w⟩	s
Liquid	trill		(r)
Liquid	lateral		l
Semivowel				j ⟨y⟩		w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
High	ɪ ⟨í⟩
Mid	e		o
Low		ɐ ⟨á⟩
Low		a

References

^ Kula at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b Williams, Nicholas J. (2017). "Kula". In Schapper, Antoinette (ed.). The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 2. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 185–266.

External links

ELAR archive of Documenting Language and Interaction in Kula

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[e18-1] Kula at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[Schapper-2] Williams, Nicholas J. (2017). "Kula". In Schapper, Antoinette (ed.). The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 2. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 185–266.

[1]

[2]