嗎啡

嗎啡
臨床資料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureMScontin, Oramorph, Sevredol, many others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
懷孕分級
  • : C
依賴性生理性:高
心理性:中高
成癮性
给药途径吸入吸煙)、insufflation英语Insufflation (medicine) (snorting)、口服肛门栓剂皮下注射英语Subcutaneous injection肌肉注射英语intramuscular靜脈注射硬脊膜外麻醉,和鞘内
ATC碼
法律規範狀態
法律規範
藥物動力學數據
生物利用度20–40% (oral), 36–71% (rectally),[1] 100% (IV/IM)
血漿蛋白結合率30–40%
药物代谢肝臟 90%
生物半衰期2–3 h
排泄途徑Renal 90%, biliary 10%
识别信息
  • (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan英语morphinan-3,6-diol

    (1S,5R,13R,14S,17R)-4-methyl-12-oxa-4- azapentacyclo[9.6.1.01,13.05,17.07,18]octadeca-7(18),8,10,15-tetraene-10,14-diol
CAS号57-27-2  checkY
64-31-3(硫酸盐)
52-26-6(盐酸盐)
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.291 編輯維基數據鏈接
化学信息
化学式C17H19NO3
摩尔质量285.34
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
水溶性HCl & sulf.: 60 mg/mL (20 °C)
  • CN1CC[C@]23C4=C5C=CC(O)=C4O[C@H]2[C@@H](O)C=C[C@H]3[C@H]1C5
  • InChI=1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2-5,10-11,13,16,19-20H,6-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,13-,16-,17-/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N checkY

嗎啡(英語:morphine)為一種鴉片類藥物,會直接作用於中樞神經系統,改變人體對疼痛的感覺。可用於緩解急性慢性疼痛。嗎啡也常用於心肌梗塞和臨盆時,可以口服、肛門塞劑英语rectal_administration皮下注射靜脈注射,或脊髓周圍注射[2]

潛在的嚴重副作用包括呼吸抑制和低血壓,且有高度成癮性藥物濫用的情形。如果長期使用後驟然降低劑量,可能會出現戒斷症狀。常見的副作用有昏沉、嘔吐和便秘。懷孕哺乳期間不建議使用,以免影響胎兒[2]

嗎啡是在1803-1805年由德國藥師瑟圖納首次分離出來[3],普遍相信嗎啡是首個成功從植物體內分離的活性成分[4]。美國默克藥廠於1827年開始商業販售[3]。1835-1855年間,皮下注射器被發明,嗎啡的使用從此愈發廣泛[3][5]。Sertürner起初因為嗎啡具有讓人睡著的傾向,就以希臘神話中的夢境與睡眠之神——摩耳甫斯(Morpheus)的名稱將這種物質命名為「嗎啡」(Morphium)[5][6]

嗎啡的主要來源是從罌粟花罌粟稈所分離出來[7]。在2013年估計製造了52.3萬公斤的嗎啡[8]。其中大約有4.5萬公斤的嗎啡被直接用於緩解疼痛,比二十年前高出四倍[8],且大多將嗎啡用於止痛的為已開發國家[8]。約有70%的嗎啡被用於製作其他類鴉片藥物,二氫嗎啡酮英语hydromorphone羥考酮海洛因,以及美沙冬[8][9][10]。本品在美國屬於第二級管制藥品(Schedule II),在英國屬于甲級管制藥品(Class A)[11],在加拿大属于第一級管制藥品[12],在中華民國則屬于《毒品危害防制條例》明定的第一級毒品[13],暨《管制藥品管理條例》所規範的第一級管制藥品[14]。嗎啡列名於世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单,為基礎公衛體系的必備藥物之一[15]

合成

吗啡的合成分为盖茨合成路线、Rice合成路线等,后者被证明是目前已被报道最有效的合成路线。

藥物作用

作用於中樞神經平滑肌,能改變神經對痛的感受與反應,從而達到止痛的效果。給藥後分佈於全身,但在中濃度較高。

治療項目

作為鎮痛劑,嗎啡可減輕末期癌症、大面積燒燙傷等中重度疼痛患者的痛苦而貢獻良多。

嗎啡可以協助戒除鴉片成癮,例如杜聰明鹽酸嗎啡為主要藥物達成九成的戒癮率,但張學良曾以注射嗎啡來戒鴉片卻造成反效果。

低於鎮痛劑量的嗎啡可以治療腹瀉及咳嗽,但醫生多會選擇其他藥物治療。

副作用

嗎啡具有成癮性(纳粹德国元帅赫尔曼·戈林便因长期使用吗啡疗伤而终生吗啡成瘾),因此也被列入毒品。使用嗎啡者,偶爾或有產生噁心、嘔吐便秘、暈眩、輸尿管膽管痙攣等現象。高劑量的嗎啡容易導致呼吸抑制、血壓下降、昏迷。兒童嬰兒使用嗎啡後,易產生痙攣現象,宜審慎使用。

嗎啡另有一個副作用是長期使用後,要更高的劑量才能達到相同的止痛效果。

注意事項

  1. 具有成癮性,不能超量使用,一定要依醫生所指定的劑量服用。
  2. 雖然嗎啡具有一定成癮性,但是該使用時還是要依照醫師建議使用,以免強烈疼痛造成更危險的副作用,而且依建議劑量服用不會成癮[16]
  3. 長期使用鴉片類止痛劑反而比長期使用非類固醇消炎止痛藥安全許多。
  4. 對於長期或慢性的中重度疼痛,嗎啡會比較不傷身;在這種疼痛下,長期服用其他無成癮性的常見止痛藥,會造成消化道出血及傷肝腎的副作用、反而比長期服用嗎啡的副作用更傷身。
  5. 服藥後勿抽菸,沒有扶助時勿走動。
  6. 有生理賴藥性時,突然停藥會有成癮症狀。在停藥36~72小時後,達到高峰,其症狀包括打哈欠、流淚、流鼻水、打噴嚏、瞳孔放大、肌肉顫抖、頭痛、出汗、噁心、嘔吐、焦慮、失眠、腹瀉、脫水、心跳加速及體重減輕等。
  7. 中毒處理:立即以其拮抗劑纳洛酮注射劑400μg解毒。必要時重覆給藥。兒童解毒劑量之計算以每kg體重5—10μg為準。

衍生物

參見

参考資料

  1. ^ Jonsson T, Christensen CB, Jordening H, Frølund C. The bioavailability of rectally administered morphine. Pharmacol. Toxicol. April 1988, 62 (4): 203–5. PMID 3387374. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1988.tb01872.x. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Morphine sulfate. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [June 1, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2018-06-12). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Courtwright, David T. Forces of habit drugs and the making of the modern world 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 2009: 36-37 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9780674029903. (原始内容存档于2019-12-17). 
  4. ^ Luch A (编). Molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology. Springer. 2009: 20. ISBN 3-7643-8335-6. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Clayton J. Mosher. Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration. SAGE Publications. 2013: 123 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9781483321882. (原始内容存档于2019-06-12). 
  6. ^ Fisher, Gary L. Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery. Los Angeles: SAGE. 2009: 564 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9781452266015. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09). 
  7. ^ Narcotic Drugs Estimated World Requirements for 2008, Statistics for 2006.. New York: United Nations Pubns. 2008: 77 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9789210481199. (原始内容存档于2019-06-04). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Narcotic Drugs 2014 (pdf). INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD. 2015: 21, 30 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9789210481571. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-06-02). 
  9. ^ Triggle, David J. Morphine. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 2006: 20–21 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9781438102115. (原始内容存档于2019-06-09). 
  10. ^ Karch, Steven B. Drug abuse handbook 2nd. Boca Raton: CRC/Taylor & Francis. 2006: 7–8 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9781420003468. (原始内容存档于2019-06-13). 
  11. ^ Dr. Harvey Marcovitch (编). Black's Medical Dictionary 41th. London: A & C Black Publishers. 2005: 162 [2020-06-29]. ISBN 978-0-7136-5442-4. (原始内容存档于2020-09-06). 
  12. ^ Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses. F.A. Davis. 2014: 1409 [2016-05-26]. ISBN 9780803640863. (原始内容存档于2019-12-17). 
  13. ^ 全國法規資料庫:毒品危害防制條例. 中華民國法務部. 2017-06-14 [2018-09-27]. 
  14. ^ 全國法規資料庫:管制藥品管理條例. 中華民國法務部. 2017-06-14 [2018-09-27]. 
  15. ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-23). 
  16. ^ 林志玲的止痛藥…. MyChat 數位男女. [2022-02-12]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-05). 

外部連結

Read other articles:

De gele trein op de brug over de Têt. Het voorlaatste rijtuig is een openluchtrijtuig. De Ligne de Cerdagne, informeel de gele trein (Frans: (Le Petit) Train Jaune; Catalaans: Tren Groc), met als bijnaam de gele kanarie genoemd, is een smalspoorlijn die loopt van station Villefranche-de-Conflent tot station Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg. De bouw startte in 1903 en het stuk van Villefranche-de-Conflent tot Mont-Louis was af in 1910. Een verlenging met een tweede sectie tot Latour-de-Carol werd in 1...

 

Суперкубок Італії з футболу 1990Турнір Суперкубок Італії з футболу «Наполі» «Ювентус» 5 1 Дата 1 вересня 1990Стадіон «Сан-Паоло», НеапольАрбітр Карло Лонгі← 1989 1991 → Суперкубок Італії з футболу 1990 — 3-й розіграш турніру. Матч відбувся 1 вересня між чемпіоном Італії «Напо

 

Fabrication de la viscose à partir de la cellulose. La viscose est une matière plastique d'origine végétale (donc non issue du pétrole) obtenue en soumettant de la cellulose à des traitements chimiques et physiques visant à la dissoudre et la mettre en forme[1],[2]. Elle sert notamment à fabriquer des produits textiles ; dans le cas d'un textile visant à imiter la soie, celui-ci est parfois appelé soie artificielle. Elle sert également à produire des « éponges végéta...

New Caledonia politician Roch WamytanPresident of the Congress of New CaledoniaIncumbentAssumed office 24 May 2019Preceded byGaël YannoIn office8 August 2013 – 11 May 2014Preceded byGérard PoadjaSucceeded byGaël YannoIn office19 August 2011 – 29 August 2012Preceded byLéonard SamSucceeded byGérard PoadjaIn office1 April 2011 – 1 August 2011Preceded byHarold MartinSucceeded byLéonard Sam Personal detailsBornRoch Wamytan (1950-12-13) 13 December 1950 (a...

 

Louisiana Attorney General This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jack P. F. Gremillion – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 20...

 

Sendiri DuluAlbum studio karya Ari LassoDirilis8 Agustus 2001GenrePopLabelAquarius MusikindoKronologi Ari Lasso Sendiri Dulu (2001) Keseimbangan(2003)Keseimbangan2003 Singel dalam album Sendiri Dulu Misteri Ilahi Perbedaan Penjaga Hati Nelangsa Sendiri Dulu adalah album musik solo pertama karya Ari Lasso, pasca keluar dari grup Dewa 19 setelah menyelesaikan album Pandawa Lima (1997). Album yang berisi 9 buah lagu ini dirilis tahun 2001, dengan lagu Misteri Ilahi, Nelangsa, Penjaga Hati da...

Laut Tiongkok Selatan Kepulauan Laut Tiongkok Selatan terdiri dari lebih dari 250 pulau, atol, liat, karang, terumbu, dan tumpukan pasir di Laut Tiongkok Selatan, tidak ada yang memiliki penduduk asli, beberapa diantaranya memiliki suplai air alami, beberapa diantaranya berada di bawah air saat air pasang, sementara yang lainnya tergabung secara permanen. Geografi Wilayah tersebut dikelompokkan dalam tiga kepulauan, di tambah Tepi Macclesfield dan Karang Scarborough. Secara kolektif, mereka m...

 

Esta página cita fontes, mas que não cobrem todo o conteúdo. Ajude a inserir referências. Conteúdo não verificável pode ser removido.—Encontre fontes: ABW  • CAPES  • Google (N • L • A) (Dezembro de 2020) Copa Libertadores da Américade Futebol Feminino de 2011 III Copa Libertadores Femenina Logotipo oficial. Dados Participantes 12 Organização CONMEBOL Anfitrião  Brasil (São José dos Campos) Período 13 – 27 de...

 

Japanese video game designer, director and producer Shinji Mikami三上 真司Mikami in 2013Born (1965-08-11) August 11, 1965 (age 58)[citation needed]Iwakuni, Yamaguchi, JapanAlma materDoshisha UniversityOccupation(s)Video game designer, director, producerYears active1990–presentEmployer(s)Capcom (1990–2006)Clover Studio (2004–2006)PlatinumGames (2006–2010)Tango Gameworks (2010–2023)Notable workResident EvilDino CrisisP.N.03God HandVanquishThe Evil WithinTitl...

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يناير 2019) هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسي...

 

В Википедии есть статьи о других людях с фамилией Ляшко. Олег Валерьевич Ляшкоукр. Олег Валерійович Ляшко Председатель Радикальной партии с 8 августа 2011 Предшественник Владислав Телипко (как председатель Украинской Радикально-демократической партии) Народный депута...

 

Japanese word and pornographic genre Part of a series onAnime and manga Anime History Voice acting Companies Studios Original video animation Original net animation Fansub Fandub Lists Longest series Longest franchises Manga History Publishers International market Manga artist Doujinshi Alternative Gekiga Yonkoma Iconography Scanlation Lists Best-selling series Longest series Demographic groups Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres Bara Cooking Harem Isekai Lolicon Magical girl Mecha Ot...

For the U.S. Army General and Presidential candidate, see Wesley Clark. Samuel Wesley Clark23rd United States Attorney for the District of South DakotaIn office1921–19267th Attorney General of South DakotaIn officeJanuary 8, 1907 – January 1911GovernorCoe I. CrawfordPreceded byPhilo HallSucceeded byRoyal Johnson Personal detailsBorn(1872-12-28)December 28, 1872Plattesville, Wisconsin, U.S.DiedJanuary 7, 1949(1949-01-07) (aged 76)Political partyRepublicanSpouseEssie EgglerPro...

 

Digital file format QuickTime VRFilename extension .qtvrInternet media type video/quicktimex-world/x-qtvrDeveloped byApple Inc.Initial releaseJuly 1995; 28 years ago (July 1995)[1]Type of formatImage file formatContained byQuickTime File FormatOpen format?No QuickTime VR (also known as QTVR) is an image file format developed by Apple Inc. for QuickTime, and discontinued along with QuickTime 7. It allows the creation and viewing of VR photography, photograph...

 

Lego theme park in Windsor, Berkshire, England Legoland Windsor ResortEntrance to Legoland WindsorLocationWinkfield Road, Windsor, Berkshire, EnglandCoordinates51°27′49″N 0°39′04″W / 51.46351°N 0.65114°W / 51.46351; -0.65114StatusOperatingOpened17 March 1996; 27 years ago (17 March 1996)OwnerMerlin EntertainmentsGeneral managerHelen Bull (Divisional Director)SloganAwesome Awaits[1]Operating seasonMarch to JanuaryAttendance2022: 2,400,00...

6th-century BC Greek axe head San Sosti Axe-HeadSan Sosti Axe-Head on display in the British MuseumMaterialBronzeSize16.5 cm high, 0.85 kg in weightWritingAncient GreekCreated520 BCDiscovered1846Present locationBritish Museum, LondonRegistrationGR 1884.6-14.1 (Bronze 252) The San Sosti Axe-Head is an ancient bronze head of an axe that was originally found near the town of San Sosti, in the province of Cosenza in Calabria, southern Italy. Based on its Ancient Greek inscription, it is now consi...

 

Railway station in Madhya Pradesh This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Aslaoda railway station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) AslaodaअसलावदाPassenger train and Commuter rail stationGeneral informationLocationUjjain, Ma...

 

Một phần của loạt bài về quyền LGBTTình trạng pháp lí của hôn nhân cùng giới Hôn nhân Andorra Anh Quốc1 Áo Argentina Bỉ Bồ Đào Nha Brasil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Đan Mạch Đài Loan Đức Ecuador Estonia* Hà Lan2 Hoa Kỳ3 Iceland Ireland Luxembourg Malta México Na Uy Nam Phi Nepal New Zealand4 Pháp Phần Lan Slovenia Tây Ban Nha Thụy Điển Thụy Sĩ Úc Uruguay Kết hợp dân sự và đăng ký cặp đôi Anh Quốc:  &...

French engraver and medallist This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Portrait of Ivan Betskoy Angelica and Medoro, from Orlando Furioso, after Alessandro Tiarini Antoine-Christophe Radigues (Russian:Антон Яковлевич Радиг; 7 Nov...

 

Review of the election For related races, see 1948 United States gubernatorial elections. 1948 Arizona gubernatorial election ← 1946 November 2, 1948 1950 →   Nominee Dan Edward Garvey Bruce Brockett Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 104,008 70,419 Percentage 59.17% 40.06% Election results by countyGarvey:      50–60%      60–70%      80–90% Governor before election Dan Edwa...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!