^ 6.06.16.26.36.46.56.6Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Sydor A, Brown RY , 编. Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 147–48, 366–67, 375–76. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
^ 8.08.1Wenzel JM, Rauscher NA, Cheer JF, Oleson EB. A role for phasic dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens in encoding aversion: a review of the neurochemical literature. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2015-01-21, 6 (1): 16–26. PMC 5820768. PMID 25491156. doi:10.1021/cn500255p. Thus, fear-evoking stimuli are capable of differentially altering phasic dopamine transmission across NAcc subregions. The authors propose that the observed enhancement in NAcc shell dopamine likely reflects general motivational salience, perhaps due to relief from a CS-induced fear state when the US (foot shock) is not delivered. This reasoning is supported by a report from Budygin and colleagues112 showing that, in anesthetized rats, the termination of tail pinch results in augmented dopamine release in the shell.
^Moncrieff J. The myth of the chemical cure. A critique of psychiatric drug treatment. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave MacMillan. 2008. ISBN 978-0-230-57432-8.
^ 22.022.122.222.3Wang X, Li J, Dong G, Yue J. The endogenous substrates of brain CYP2D. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2014-02-05, 724: 211–218. PMID 24374199. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.025. The highest level of brain CYP2D activity was found in the substantia nigra ... The in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the contribution of the alternative CYP2D-mediated dopamine synthesis to the concentration of this neurotransmitter although the classic biosynthetic route to dopamine from tyrosine is active. ... Tyramine levels are especially high in the basal ganglia and limbic system, which are thought to be related to individual behavior and emotion (Yu et al., 2003c). ... Rat CYP2D isoforms (2D2/2D4/2D18) are less efficient than human CYP2D6 for the generation of dopamine from p-tyramine. The Km values of the CYP2D isoforms are as follows: CYP2D6 (87–121 μm) ≈ CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D18 > CYP2D4 (256 μm) for m-tyramine and CYP2D4 (433 μm) > CYP2D2 ≈ CYP2D6 > CYP2D18 (688 μm) for p-tyramine
^ 26.026.126.226.326.426.5Musacchio JM. Chapter 1: Enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of catecholamines. Iverson L (编). Biochemistry of Biogenic Amines. Springer. 2013: 1–35. ISBN 978-1-4684-3171-1.
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^ 41.041.141.241.3Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 6: Widely Projecting Systems: Monoamines, Acetylcholine, and Orexin. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 147–48, 154–57. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
^Christine CW, Aminoff MJ. Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: prognostic and therapeutic relevance. The American Journal of Medicine. 2004-09-15, 117 (6): 412–19. PMID 15380498. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.032.
^ 46.046.1Paulus W, Schomburg ED. Dopamine and the spinal cord in restless legs syndrome: does spinal cord physiology reveal a basis for augmentation?. Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2006-06, 10 (3): 185–96. PMID 16762808. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2006.01.004.
^Arias-Carrión O, Pöppel E. Dopamine, learning and reward-seeking behavior. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 2007, 67 (4): 481–88. PMID 18320725.
^ 65.065.1Ferreri L, Mas-Herrero E, Zatorre RJ, Ripollés P, Gomez-Andres A, Alicart H, Olivé G, Marco-Pallarés J, Antonijoan RM, Valle M, Riba J, Rodriguez-Fornells A. Dopamine modulates the reward experiences elicited by music. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019, 116 (9): 3793–98. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3793F. PMC 6397525. PMID 30670642. doi:10.1073/pnas.1811878116. Listening to pleasurable music is often accompanied by measurable bodily reactions such as goose bumps or shivers down the spine, commonly called "chills" or "frissons." ... Overall, our results straightforwardly revealed that pharmacological interventions bidirectionally modulated the reward responses elicited by music. In particular, we found that risperidone impaired participants' ability to experience musical pleasure, whereas levodopa enhanced it. ... Here, in contrast, studying responses to abstract rewards in human subjects, we show that manipulation of dopaminergic transmission affects both the pleasure (i.e., amount of time reporting chills and emotional arousal measured by EDA) and the motivational components of musical reward (money willing to spend). These findings suggest that dopaminergic signaling is a sine qua non condition not only for motivational responses, as has been shown with primary and secondary rewards, but also for hedonic reactions to music. This result supports recent findings showing that dopamine also mediates the perceived pleasantness attained by other types of abstract rewards (37) and challenges previous findings in animal models on primary rewards, such as food (42, 43).
^ 66.066.1Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ. Musical pleasure and musical emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2019-02, 116 (9): 3364–66. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.3364G. PMC 6397567. PMID 30770455. doi:10.1073/pnas.1900369116. In a pharmacological study published in PNAS, Ferreri et al. (1) present evidence that enhancing or inhibiting dopamine signaling using levodopa or risperidone modulates the pleasure experienced while listening to music. ... In a final salvo to establish not only the correlational but also the causal implication of dopamine in musical pleasure, the authors have turned to directly manipulating dopaminergic signaling in the striatum, first by applying excitatory and inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation over their participants' left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region known to modulate striatal function (5), and finally, in the current study, by administrating pharmaceutical agents able to alter dopamine synaptic availability (1), both of which influenced perceived pleasure, physiological measures of arousal, and the monetary value assigned to music in the predicted direction. ... While the question of the musical expression of emotion has a long history of investigation, including in PNAS (6), and the 1990s psychophysiological strand of research had already established that musical pleasure could activate the autonomic nervous system (7), the authors' demonstration of the implication of the reward system in musical emotions was taken as inaugural proof that these were veridical emotions whose study has full legitimacy to inform the neurobiology of our everyday cognitive, social, and affective functions (8). Incidentally, this line of work, culminating in the article by Ferreri et al. (1), has plausibly done more to attract research funding for the field of music sciences than any other in this community. The evidence of Ferreri et al. (1) provides the latest support for a compelling neurobiological model in which musical pleasure arises from the interaction of ancient reward/valuation systems (striatal–limbic–paralimbic) with more phylogenetically advanced perception/predictions systems (temporofrontal).
^ 75.075.175.275.375.4Rubí B, Maechler P. Minireview: new roles for peripheral dopamine on metabolic control and tumor growth: let's seek the balance. Endocrinology. 2010-12, 151 (12): 5570–81. PMID 21047943. doi:10.1210/en.2010-0745.
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^Ota M, Yasuno F, Ito H, Seki C, Nozaki S, Asada T, Suhara T. Age-related decline of dopamine synthesis in the living human brain measured by positron emission tomography with L-[β-11C]DOPA. Life Sciences. 2006-07-17, 79 (8): 730–36. PMID 16580023. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.017.
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^Wong DF, Wagner HN, Dannals RF, Links JM, Frost JJ, Ravert HT, Wilson AA, Rosenbaum AE, Gjedde A, Douglass KH. Effects of age on dopamine and serotonin receptors measured by positron tomography in the living human brain. Science. 1984-12, 226 (4681): 1393–96. Bibcode:1984Sci...226.1393W. PMID 6334363. S2CID 24278577. doi:10.1126/science.6334363.
^Ceravolo R, Frosini D, Rossi C, Bonuccelli U. Spectrum of addictions in Parkinson's disease: from dopamine dysregulation syndrome to impulse control disorders. Journal of Neurology. 2010-11, 257 (Suppl 2): S276–83. PMID 21080189. S2CID 19277026. doi:10.1007/s00415-010-5715-0.
^Heal DJ, Pierce DM. Methylphenidate and its isomers: their role in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder using a transdermal delivery system. CNS Drugs. 2006, 20 (9): 713–38. PMID 16953648. S2CID 39535277. doi:10.2165/00023210-200620090-00002.
^ 101.0101.1Freye E. Pharmacology and abuse of cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy and related designer drugs a comprehensive review on their mode of action, treatment of abuse and intoxication. Dordrecht: Springer. 2009. ISBN 978-90-481-2448-0.
^ 113.0113.1Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapters 10 and 13. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 266, 318–23. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
^Roshchina VV. Evolutionary considerations of neurotransmitters in microbial, plant, and animal cells. Lyte M, Primrose PE (编). Microbial Endocrinology. New York: Springer. 2010: 17–52. ISBN 978-1-4419-5576-0.
^Kass-Simon G, Pierobon P. Cnidarian chemical neurotransmission, an updated overview. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 2007-01, 146 (1): 9–25. PMID 17101286. doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.09.008.
^Kindt KS, Quast KB, Giles AC, De S, Hendrey D, Nicastro I, Rankin CH, Schafer WR. Dopamine mediates context-dependent modulation of sensory plasticity in C. elegans. Neuron. 2007-08, 55 (4): 662–76. PMID 17698017. S2CID 2092645. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.07.023.
^Kalivas PW, Stewart J. Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 1991-09-01, 16 (3): 223–44. PMID 1665095. S2CID 10775295. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(91)90007-U.
For other places with the same name, see Mirosławice. Village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandMirosławiceVillageMirosławiceShow map of PolandMirosławiceShow map of Lower Silesian VoivodeshipCoordinates: 50°57′12″N 16°46′04″E / 50.95333°N 16.76778°E / 50.95333; 16.76778Country PolandVoivodeshipLower SilesianCountyWrocław CountyGminaSobótkaTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Vehicle registrationDWRNational roads Mirosła...
German botanist and lichenologist (1806–1881) Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst in 1860 Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (22 March 1806 – 24 April 1881) was a German botanist and mycologist. Biography Rabenhorst was born in Treuenbrietzen. He studied in Berlin and Belzig from 1822 to 1830, worked as a pharmacist in Luckau until 1840, and received his doctorate in Jena in 1841. From 1840, he lived in Dresden, relocating to nearby Meissen in 1875, where he died aged 75. Renowned for his research of crypto...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) لوري غرين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 26 ديسمبر 1945 (78 سنة) الطرف الشرقي من لندن مواطنة المملكة المتحدة الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم كلية كينغز لندن ...
Russian politician KostinKonstantin NikolaevichBorn(1970-09-17)September 17, 1970Pushkin, Moscow Region, USSROccupationDeputy head of the internal politics of the presidential administration of RussiaSpouseOlga Nikolaevna KostinaChildrenDaughter Konstantin Nikolaevich Kostin (Russian: Константин Николаевич Костин; born September 17, 1970, in Pushkino, Moscow Oblast) is a Russian politician, deputy head of the internal politics of the presidential administration o...
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Demographics of region This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) As of January 2021, the estimated total population of the...
Yazid ibn Abdallah ibn Dinar al-Hulwani (also called al-Turki)[1] (Arabic: يزيد بن عبد الله التركي) was the military governor (wālī al-jaysh)[2] of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate from 856 to 867.[3] He was the first Turk to govern Egypt.[4] Career Yazid rose to prominence as a lieutenant of the Turkish commander Itakh, and he served for a time as the chief of police (ṣāḥib al-shurṭa) of Samarra as the latter's deputy.[1] His...
Ця стаття не містить посилань на джерела. Ви можете допомогти поліпшити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Матеріал без джерел може бути піддано сумніву та вилучено. (січень 2023) Церква Ісуса Христа Святих останніх днів на Філіппінах Країна ...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Thailand at the 2023 World Athletics Championships – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) Sporting event delegationThailand at the2023 World Athletics ChampionshipsFlag of ThailandWA codeTHAin Budapest, Hungary19 August 2023 (2023-08-19) – 27 August ...
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Type of melody or melodic fragment For Chromatic tetrachord, see Chromatic genus. Chromatic run from Chopin's Prelude in C Minor, mm.5-6.[1] Playⓘ In music theory, a chromatic fourth, or passus duriusculus,[2] is a melody or melodic fragment spanning a perfect fourth with all or almost all chromatic intervals filled in (chromatic line). The quintessential example is in D minor with the tonic and dominant notes as boundaries: Audio playback is not supported in your browser. Y...
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