苯酚-最简单的酚类化合物
苯酚的共振结构式

有机化学中,(phenols)或酚类酚类化合物,是一类通式为ArOH,结构为芳烃环上的氢被羟基(—OH)取代的一类芳香族化合物。酚类化合物中最简单的酚为苯酚C
6
H
5
OH
,亦稱石炭酸)。

虽然结构与类似,但酚的性质相对独特而与醇不属同类化合物,这主要因为酚羟基连接于不饱和碳原子上。由于酚类的芳香环紧密的与羟基氧原子结合,而相对使羟基的原子与原子之间的化学键不是那么牢固,因此酚比起醇类化合物具有更强的酸性。酚上的羟基酸性通常间于脂肪醇与羧酸之间(它们的pKa通常在10-12之间)。

当酚类化合物的羟基失去一个质子(H+),就会形成相应的负离子形态的酚负离子或称为芳基氧负离子,而相应形成的称为酚盐芳基氧盐

酚化合物还允许一个芳香环上连接两个或数个羟基,其中最简单的是苯二酚,它的结构是两个羟基连接在一个苯环上。一些酚类化合物具有杀菌效果,可制成消毒剂。另外一些具有雌激素作用或内分泌干扰素的活性。

分类

  • 依分子中羟基数分为一元酚、二元酚及多元酚;
  • 羟基在环上的称为萘酚,在环上称为蒽酚

特性

酸性

  • 与普通的不同,由于受到芳香环的影响,酚上的羟基(酚羟基)有弱酸性,酸性比醇羟基强。主要原因取自於非定域化(共振態)的存在,導致醇類與它的pKa值有段落差。

1:酚先去質子化(目的是為了與外在系統呈現酸鹼平衡);氫氧化鈉的OH形成帶一個負電荷的原子團(解離) 2:氫氧化鈉與酚進行複分解反應,合成苯酚鈉和水。 而若要還原苯酚鈉成苯酚,則通入CO2入上述溶液中,會形成碳酸氫鈉和苯酚,再經過分離處理,則可得到較高純度的苯酚。

易被氧化

配合物

  • 酚在溶液中与三氯化铁可形成配合物,并呈现蓝紫色,可以鉴定三氯化铁或酚。
  • 塑料工業常用 C15H16O2 (4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2-diphenylpropane) ,中文名為雙酚A、也稱為酚甲烷、二酚基丙烷或 2.2雙對酚甲烷。

酚的反应

酚可通过许多途径发生化学反应:

Oxone Phenol Dearomatization

酚类化合物的制备

下列为酚类化合物在实验室中的制备方法:

二烯酮苯酚重排反应

酚类化合物

名称 说明
苯酚 母体化合物,常用于消毒剂以及化学合成
双酚A 可从酮和苯酚/甲基酚化合物合成双酚A及其他的双酚化合物
BHT (二丁基羟基甲苯):一种脂溶性的抗氧化剂食品添加剂
辣椒素 红辣椒当中的具有辛辣味的化合物
甲酚 被发现存在于煤焦油矿物杂酚油
雌二醇 雌性激素:一种激素
丁香油酚 丁香精油中的主要成分
没食子酸 被发现存在于
愈创木酚 (2-甲基苯酚),具有烟熏气味,被发现存在于烘烤咖啡威士忌烟雾
壬基酚 存在于清洁剂壬苯聚醇-9
邻苯基酚 一种抗真菌剂用于柑橘属
苦味酸 (三硝基苯酚)一种炸药
酚酞 pH指示剂
多酚 比如:黄酮类类与丹宁酸
异丙酚 一种麻醉剂
覆盆子酮 一种含有浓重覆盆子味的化合物
血清素 / 多巴胺 / 肾上腺素 / 去甲肾上腺素 天然神经传导物质
百里酚 (2-异丙基-5-甲基苯酚),一种防腐剂嗽口水中的配料
酪氨酸 一种氨基酸
二甲苯酚 -用于防腐剂

药用化合物

大麻素类 大麻”中的活性成分
己烯雌酚 一种合成的雌激素,具有对称二苯代乙烯结构
L-多巴 多巴胺的前药
水楊酸甲酯 冬青树精油当中的主要成分
异丙酚 一种速效静脉注射用麻醉药
水杨酸 一种植物激素,可用于镇痛药退烧药抗炎药,同样还是阿司匹林的前体

工业生产

酚类化合物是工业中重要的原料或添加剂,可用于:

  • 实验室工作
  • 化学工业
  • 化学工程
  • 木材加工
  • 塑料加工

用途

生物作用

  • 自然界存在有2000多种酚类化合物,他们是植物生命活动的产物,在植物生长发育、免疫、抗真菌、光合作用、呼吸代谢等生命活动中起重要作用

污染

环境酚污染

  • 环境酚污染主要来自焦化厂、煤气发生站、炼油、木材防腐、绝缘材料的制造、制药、造纸以及酚类化工厂的废水、废气
  • 酚类化合物挥发到空间可使大气受污染,含酚的废水流入农田会使土壤受污染,流入地下则会造成地下水污染。

土壤酚污染

  • 被酚污染的土壤会使农作物减产或枯死。

水体酚污染

  • 水体酚污染会使水生生物受到抑制,繁殖下降、生长变慢,严重时导致死亡。

对人体的危害

另请参阅绿色和平关于消费品中有害化学成分的报告页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)。

限度

  • 中国大陸规定最高允许浓度:
    • 饮用水中挥发酚:0.002mg/L
    • 地面水中挥发酚:0.010mg/L
    • 渔业水体挥发酚:0.005,mg/L
    • 居住区大气一次测定值最高限:0.02mg/m3
    • 废水排放限度:0.5mg/L

参考文献

  1. ^ p-tert-butylcalix[8]arene, Organic Syntheses, CV 8, 80 Article页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ 2,4-Hexadienedioic acid, monomethyl ester, (Z,Z)- Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 8, p.490 (1993); Vol. 66, p.180 (1988) Article页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, 2,3,5-trimethyl Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 6, p.1010 (1988); Vol. 52, p.83 (1972) Abstract页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  4. ^ Oxidative De-aromatization of para-Alkyl Phenols into para-Peroxyquinols and para-Quinols Mediated by Oxone as a Source of Singlet Oxygen M. Carmen Carreño, Marcos González-López, Antonio Urbano Angewandte Chemie International Edition Volume 45, Issue 17 , Pages 2737 - 2741 2006 Abstract页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ 相关,参见辛克-苏尔反应
  6. ^ Advanced organic Chemistry, Reactions, mechanisms and structure 3ed. page Jerry March ISBN 0-471-85472-7
  7. ^ Sonia Bracegirdle, Edward A. Anderson, Chem. Comm. doi:10.1039/b924135c

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