Conclave del 1549-1550

Conclave del 1549–1550
Papa Giulio III
DurataDal 29 novembre 1549 al 7 febbraio 1550
LuogoCappella Paolina del Palazzo Apostolico in Roma
Partecipanti51
Scrutini61
DecanoGiovanni Domenico De Cupis
Vice DecanoGiovanni Salviati
CamerlengoAlessandro Farnese
ProtodiaconoNiccolò Ridolfi
ElettoGiulio III (Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte)
 
Manuale

Il conclave del 1549–1550 venne convocato a seguito della morte di papa Paolo III e si concluse con l'elezione di papa Giulio III. Fu il secondo conclave più lungo del XVI secolo e quello a cui partecipò il maggior numero di cardinali fino a quel momento. I cardinali elettori (che a un certo punto risultarono presenti in cinquantuno su cinquantaquattro) erano divisi fra tre fazioni: quella legata a Enrico II di Francia, quella a Carlo V d'Asburgo e quella di Alessandro Farnese, il cardinal nipote di papa Paolo III.

Rimasto famoso per l'ampia interferenza delle potenze europee, il conclave doveva principalmente stabilire se e a quali condizioni il Concilio di Trento sarebbe potuto ripartire (ipotesi sostenuta da Carlo V e contrastata da Enrico II) e anche il destino del Ducato di Parma e Piacenza (rivendicato da Carlo V e dalla casa dei Farnese). Il momento, inoltre, era delicato a causa dello scoppio della guerra tra Francia e Inghilterra e della riorganizzazione della Lega di Smalcalda dopo la sconfitta di Mühlberg del 1547.

Il conclave iniziò il 29 novembre 1549. L'assenza dei cardinali francesi rendeva molto probabile l'elezione del candidato imperiale Reginald Pole il quale arrivò, durante la votazione con accessus del 5 dicembre, vicinissimo al quorum: fu l'intervento del cardinale Carafa (membro più eminente della Congregazione del Sant'Uffizio e papa col nome di Paolo IV due conclavi dopo) a impedirne l'elezione; quest'ultimo annunciò pubblicamente che il cardinale Pole era sospetto di eresia e per questo non eleggibile al soglio pontificio. Le votazioni proseguirono con l'arrivo dei cardinali francesi una settimana dopo ma i candidati favoriti, Pole e Carafa, continuarono a fronteggiarsi in una situazione di stallo. Il 7 febbraio 1550 fu eletto come compromesso il cardinale Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, che prese il nome di Giulio III: fu una scelta scaturita dalla stanchezza e dallo sfacelo del partito filoasburgico.

I francesi speravano che Giulio III sarebbe stato ostile agli interessi del Sacro Romano Impero. Tuttavia, le tensioni tra lui e il re francese esplosero quando il papa riunì il Concilio di Trento nel novembre 1550 arrivando fino alla minaccia di uno scisma nell'agosto 1551 e alla breve guerra di Parma, combattuta tra le truppe francesi alleate con Ottavio Farnese e un esercito pontificio imperiale.

I prelati francesi non parteciparono alle sessioni del 1551–1552 del Concilio di Trento e furono anche restii e lenti ad accettarne le riforme; inoltre, dato che Enrico II non aveva permesso a nessun cardinale francese di risiedere a Roma, molti non parteciparono all'elezione di papa Marcello II, ma arrivarono a Roma giusto in tempo per eleggere papa Paolo IV successore di Marcello II dopo il suo breve regno.

I cardinali elettori

Al conclave presero parte fino a 51 dei 54 cardinali che ne avevano diritto, ma due lasciarono il conclave prima del termine e morirono prima che venisse eletto il nuovo papa. Parteciparono dunque alla votazione finale 49 cardinali.

Non parteciparono al conclave tre cardinali:

  1. Claude de Longwy de Givry, vescovo di Poitiers;
  2. Jacques d'Annebaut, vescovo di Lisieux;
  3. Enrico I del Portogallo, arcivescovo di Évora.

Bibliografia

  • (EN) Frederic J. Baumgartner, Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549, in Sixteenth Century Journal, vol. 16, n. 3, 1985, pp. 301–314, JSTOR 2540219.
  • Massimo Firpo, La presa di potere dell'Inquisizione romana 1550-1553, Laterza 2014 ISBN 978-88-581-1091-1 .

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