單冠龍屬

單冠龍屬
化石时期:侏羅紀中期, 166–160 Ma
單冠龍復原骨架,2009年於日本幕張展覽館展出
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 獸腳亞目 Theropoda
演化支 鳥吻類 Averostra
演化支 坚尾龙类 Tetanurae
属: 單冠龍屬 Monolophosaurus
Zhao & Currie, 1993
模式種
將軍單冠龍
Monolophosaurus jiangji

Zhao & Currie, 1993

單冠龍[註 1]屬名Monolophosaurus,發音:/ˌmɒnˌlɒfˈsɔːrəs/ MON-o-LOF-ə-SAWR-əs[2])或譯單脊龍單棘龍單嵴龍,學名意為「擁有單一頭冠的蜥蜴」,化石發現於中國新疆準噶爾盆地東北部的石樹溝組地層,雖然目前僅發現一具,但這具化石卻保存了從頭部至軀幹絕大部分的骨骼[1],在中國出土的中侏羅世獸腳類恐龍化石中有著數一數二高的完整度[3]。是中型的獸腳類堅尾龍類恐龍,體型與灰熊相近[4],生存年代約在中侏羅世卡洛夫期[3]牛津期[5],另外,頭骨構造顯示單脊龍具有發達的鼻腔,可能代表其有相當良好的嗅覺[6]

發現及命名

將軍單冠龍的正模標本復原,位於中國古動物館

1981年,中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所古生物學家趙喜進偕同新疆石油管理局石油探勘隊,於中國新疆準噶爾盆地古爾班通古特沙漠東部的將軍廟英语Jiangjunmiao地區展開考察,並於第三年從侏羅紀時期的「五彩灣組」地層(如今多被併入石樹溝組下部地層[7])挖出一具近乎完整的新種獸腳類軀幹骨骼[1]。1987年,包含趙喜進[8]董枝明菲利·柯瑞英语Philip J. Currie在內的古生物學家,對外發布該年中國與加拿大於新疆聯合考察的初步成果時,公布了兩件在當地發現的獸腳類恐龍化石,其中一件就是1984年挖出的骨骼——他們稱其為「將軍廟龍」("Jiangjunmiaosaurus"),同時指出這種恐龍大約有6公尺長[9]。當時「將軍廟龍」在許多報章雜誌上刊出,但這個名稱從未被正式敘述與發表,因此一直是不具有效性的裸名[10]

1990年,「單冠龍」("Monolophosaurus")在大衛·蘭伯特(David Lambert)的著作《Dinosaur Data Book》中首次出現,然而只是作為「將軍廟龍」的另一個名稱顯示[11]。翌年,柯瑞在古脊椎動物學會英语Society of Vertebrate Paleontology的年會上介紹了這批化石,但僅以「中等體型的獸腳類」稱呼這種新恐龍,他還特別指出這種恐龍的頭骨頂端沿中線有一道冠脊[12]

1992年,董枝明在其著作《Dinosaurian Faunas of China》中提出「將軍廟單冠龍」(Monolophosaurus jiangjunmiaoi)一名[13];隔年,「董氏單冠龍」(Monolophosaurus dongi)在另一本回顧中加聯合考察的非學術性書籍中出現[14],兩個名稱也都是缺乏學術性敘述的裸名。於此同時,趙喜進和柯瑞開始著手撰寫單脊龍的發表論文,最終於1993年付梓[1]。而與單冠龍一同發表的,還有當初與單脊龍共同對外公布的另一種更大型獸腳類,由同兩位研究者定名為中華盜龍[15]

趙喜進與柯瑞在最終版本的發表論文中,將模式種定名為將軍單冠龍Monolophosaurus jiangi)。屬名由希臘文的 μόνος(monos,「單一的」)、λόφος(lophos,「頭冠」)與 σαυρος(sauros,「蜥蜴」)組成,意指吻部上方的單一頭冠。種名則來自發現地將軍廟,由於被訛傳為「江姓將軍之廟」(General Jiang's Temple,亦有作蔣姓者)而被誤拚為 jiangi[1]

正模標本編號IVPP 84019發現於準噶爾盆地五彩灣組地層,年代約為巴柔階卡洛維階。由一具相對完整的骨骼組成,包含頭骨、下頜、脊柱和骨盆,缺乏尾部後段、肩帶及四肢。是一個成年或亞成年個體。[1]根據模式標本製作了石膏修復的骨骼模型用於巡迴展示。標本左側被岩石所包覆,阻礙了後續進一步的研究。一個重建版本補齊了缺失的部位,以製作出完整的骨架模型。2010年,由史蒂芬·布魯薩特英语Stephen L. Brusatte等人的兩項研究詳細地重新敘述了模式標本,當時依然是唯一已知的標本[3][16]

2006年,湯瑪斯·卡爾英语Thomas D. Carr提出來自同一地層的另一種具頭冠的獸腳類——五彩冠龍實際上是單冠龍的亞成年個體。五彩冠龍通常被歸類於暴龍超科原角鼻龍科,但卡爾將兩屬進行分析並一同歸類於異特龍超科[17]2010年,葛瑞格利·保羅英语Gregory S. Paul將五彩冠龍重新命名為單脊龍的新種五彩單冠龍(Monolophosaurus wucaii),[18]並假設兩者互為姊妹分類單元。然而就在同年,布魯薩特等人反駁這項鑑定,並指出五彩冠龍的模式標本實際上是個成熟個體。[3]

敘述

復原圖

模式標本也是唯一已知的個體估計身長約5公尺。2010年葛瑞格利·保羅估計體長5.5公尺及體重475公斤[18]。2016年Molina-Pérez和Larramendi提出更高的估計值為7.5公尺長及710公斤重[6]

已建立單冠龍的多個鑑定特徵:沿吻部中線有一道大型頭冠,前端由前上頜骨構成,繼續向後坐落於鼻骨淚骨上,至最後端接觸額骨。頭冠頂部平行於上頜邊緣。前上頜骨的向上支部各有一個叉狀後部。前上頜骨側面有一道深溝,由向上分支的開口一直延伸至鼻孔下方的開口。在鼻孔後上方周圍的凹陷內有兩個不等大小的氣腔開口。眼窩上方的淚骨後支有個向上的斧形突起。組合出的額骨呈矩形,長:寬比值為1.67。[3]

骨架中可以清楚看到髖關節上的罩形反轉子

模式標本頭骨長80公分,相對平坦但被佔據吻部3/4長度、達到眼窩高度的大頭冠蓋住而不明顯。頭冠發源於吻部尖端的前上頜骨,主要由鼻骨構成。橫向剖面呈三角形,上窄下寬,但上表面未形成稜脊而是平坦的。鼻冠側面非常皺褶具一系列突起和隆起。鼻骨構成眶前孔凹陷的後上部。此處可見數個氣腔開口或氣孔,氣囊憩室在此進入骨頭。前面有兩個小孔,後面有兩個大水平橢圓開口。X射線電腦斷層掃描顯示鼻骨內部氣腔化程度高並具有大型氣腔。顴骨也氣腔化。淚骨呈I形,有一道向上分支,並構成頭冠垂直後緣;由於三角形剖面,分支朝頭骨中線傾斜;分支外上側形成矩形凸面。眼窩後方眶後處有另一個較小的角。頭冠並非由額骨構成;因頭冠後緣的後部位置成矩形而非三角形,牠們在獸腳類中相當獨特。[3]

頭骨特寫

前上頜骨有狹窄的向上分支,構成頭冠前緣。分支後緣呈叉狀且包圍鼻骨側點,是1994年的原始敘述中未識出的一項特徵。分支基部有個小開口。一個較大的開口則位於鼻孔下方。兩個開口由一個獨特的凹槽相連,圍繞著鼻孔底部彎曲。這個獨特特徵的功能仍然未知。前上頜骨包含四顆牙齒、上頜骨包含十三顆牙齒。上頜骨環繞眶前孔前下側有個短凹陷。該處有個較小的空洞,內部封閉,可能代表著正常位置的前上頜孔(fenestra promaxillaris)或正常呈單一孔的上頜孔(fenestra maxillaris)。[3]

腦殼中,腦部的第五神經三叉神經通道並未雙叉。齶骨也氣腔化。[3]

下頜中,外下頜骨孔以基礎堅尾龍類來說相當小。模式標本右齒骨有十八顆牙齒、左齒骨有十七顆;這樣不對稱的情況在大型獸腳類中並不罕見。齒圈下方及外側都有一圈小孔。前四齒下的小孔相對較大;往後越來越小且環圈向下彎曲。從第九齒開始,小孔融合成凹槽。第二圈小孔平行於下頜邊緣延伸,並止於第十三齒,非常遠。齒骨內部,第三齒高度的梅克氏凹槽英语Meckelian groove向前延伸至兩個重疊的狹縫。下頜後部有著隅骨和上隅骨間扭結縫線的獨特組合,以及上隅骨到達下頜後緣的原始特徵。相對較小的前上隅骨孔未由厚骨板掛住,以大型獸腳類來說相當罕見。[3]

體型比例圖

脊柱包含九節頸椎、十四節背椎和五節薦椎,尾椎數不得而知。頸椎高度氣腔化,側面有空腔由大型氣室掏空。頸椎神經棘側觀窄,寬度向後減少,使第八和第九節頸椎呈桿狀。至少前三節背椎也氣腔化。背椎由下椎弓突-下椎弓凹英语Hyposphene-hypantrum articulation複合體連接。從第六背椎開始神經棘突然變寬。薦椎神經棘未與上神經板融合。尾部基部稍微朝下。基部尾椎也有下椎弓突-下椎弓凹複合體。[16]

骨盆中,髂骨上廓略凸。髂骨前片有個懸鉤點。前片基緣由切出一個凹陷。髂骨有一些原始的特徵。恥骨連接的突起有兩面而不是單一面,一面朝下另一面傾斜朝前。髖關節由反轉子的罩形延伸所懸也是原始的象徵;罩形前部進一步延伸至下方和外側。沒有明顯的短片。恥骨和坐骨因具有「腳」並由孔穿透的骨裙連接而彼此形似。[16]

分類

單冠龍最初被歸為一種斑龍類而經常被認為屬於異特龍超科。Smith等人(2007)是第一份研究發現單冠龍為非新堅尾龍類堅尾龍類[19]根據指出先前排除於異特龍超科之外以更廣泛分布的許多特徵。趙等人(2010)指出骨骼的許多原始特徵可能代表著單冠龍是最基礎的堅尾龍類之一。[16]Benson(2008, 2010)將單冠龍與川東虛骨龍放入一個比斑龍科棘龍科更基礎的演化支。[20][21]其後布魯薩特等人(2010)發現川東虛骨龍∕單冠龍演化支位於斑龍科和新堅尾龍類之外,接近基礎堅尾龍類。[3]2012年的一份系統分支研究發現單冠龍和川東虛骨龍並非姊妹分類單元,而在基礎堅尾龍類較進階的類群外形成一個類群。[22]

數位修復
懷俄明恐龍中心英语Wyoming Dinosaur Center展示的單冠龍攻擊巧龍骨架,這兩屬來自同一地層

以下演化樹根據Carrano(2012)的系統分支研究,呈現出單脊龍的親緣關係:[22]

新獸腳類
腔骨龍總科

雙冠龍

鮑氏腔骨龍

羅德西亞腔骨龍

鳥獸腳類
角鼻龍下目

輕巧龍

角鼻龍

瑪君龍

惡龍

堅尾龍類

冰脊龍

中國龍

川東虛骨龍

單冠龍

俄里翁龍類

斑龍超科

鳥獸腳類

古生物學

模式標本IVPP 84019的第十節及可能的第十一節神經棘骨折,它們融合再一起。標本齒骨上的一系列平行稜脊可能代表著齒痕。[23]

註釋

  1. ^ 「單冠龍」為學名直譯,[1]但正模標本所在機構——古脊椎動物與古人類研究所所標示的中文名為「单脊龙属」(見古脊椎動物與古人類研究所標本資料庫查詢頁)。

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Zhao, X.-J.; Currie, P. J. A large crested theropod from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China (PDF). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1993, 30: 2027–2036 [2021-01-18]. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2027Z. ISSN 0008-4077. doi:10.1139/e93-178. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-03-06). 
  2. ^ Creisler, Ben. Dinosauria Translation and Pronunciation Guide M. July 7, 2003 [August 23, 2010]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-28). 
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Brusatte, Stephen L.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Currie, Philip J.; Zhao, Xijin. The skull of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and its implications for early theropod phylogeny and evolution (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2010, 158: 573–607 [2012-05-24]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00563.x. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-08-20). 
  4. ^ Holtz, T. R. Jr. Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages (PDF). Indiana University Press. 2012: 47 [2018-07-04]. ISBN 0-375-82419-7. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-12). 
  5. ^ Foth, C.; Rauhut, O. W. M. Macroevolutionary and morphofunctional patterns in theropod skulls: a morphometric approach. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 2013, 58 (1): 1-16 [2020-12-21]. ISSN 0567-7920. doi:10.4202/app.2011.0145. (原始内容存档于2020-02-26). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Molina-Pérez, R.; Larramendi, A. Dinosaur Facts and Figures: The Theropods and Other Dinosauriformes. (譯) Connolly, D.; Cruz, G. A. R. Princeton University Press. 2019: 23, 187, 206-207, 254. ISBN 978-0-691-18031-1. 
  7. ^ Han, F.; Clark, J. M.; Xu, X.; Sullivan, C.; Choiniere, J.; Hone, D. H. W. Theropod teeth from the Middle-Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of northwest Xinjiang, China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2011, 31 (1): 111–126. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.546291. 
  8. ^ 董枝明. 中-加恐龙计划(CCDP,1986-1990). 高星, 张翼 (编). 探幽考古的岁月:中科院古脊椎所80周年所庆纪念文集 (PDF). 北京市: 海洋出版社. 2009: 151-159. ISBN 978-7502775797. 
  9. ^ Holley, David. 2nd creature was meat-eater: fossil remains of huge dinosaur found in China. Los Angeles Times. October 23, 1987 [August 23, 2010]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-26). 
  10. ^ Olshevsky, G. A revision of the parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia (PDF). Mesozoic Meanderings 2 (San Diego). 1991: 1-196 [2020-12-21]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-19). 
  11. ^ Lambert, D. Dinosaur Data Book: The Definitive, Fully Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Avon Books. 1990: 69, 77. ISBN 0-380-75896-2. 
  12. ^ Currie, P. Two new theropods from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1991, 11 (sup003): 24A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1991.10011425. 
  13. ^ Dong, Z. Dinosaurian Faunas of China. Beijing/Berlin: China Ocean Press/Springer-Verlag. 1992: 188pp. ISBN 3-540-52084-8. 
  14. ^ Grady, W. The Dinosaur Project: The Story of the Greatest Dinosaur Expedition Ever Mounted. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross. 1993: 261pp. ISBN 0921912463. 
  15. ^ Currie, P. J.; Zhao, X.-J. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 1993, 30 (10): 2037-2081. ISSN 0008-4077. doi:10.1139/e93-179. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Zhao, Xijin; Benson, Roger B. J.; Brusatte, Stephen L.; Currie, Philip J. The postcranial skeleton of Monolophosaurus jiangi (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and a review of Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods. Geological Magazine. 2010, 147 (1): 13–27 [2012-05-24]. Bibcode:2010GeoM..147...13X. doi:10.1017/S0016756809990240. (原始内容存档于2011-09-27). 
  17. ^ Carr, T. Is Guanlong a tyrannosauroid or a subadult Monolophosaurus?. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2006, 26: 48A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2006.10010069. 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Paul, G.S., 2010, The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs, Princeton University Press p. 93-94
  19. ^ Smith ND, Makovicky PJ, Hammer WR, Currie PJ. 2007. Osteology of Cryolophosaurus ellioti (Dinosauria:Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica and implications for early theropod evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 377–421.
  20. ^ Benson, Roger B. J. A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 2010, 158: 882–935. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x. 
  21. ^ Benson, 2008. A new theropod phylogeny focussing on basal tetanurans, and its implications for European 'megalosaurs' and Middle Jurassic dinosaur endemism. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 51A.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2012, 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927. 
  23. ^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.

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Giuseppe - Il re dei sognifilm d'animazione direct-to-video Giuseppe in una scena del film Titolo orig.Joseph: King of Dreams Lingua orig.inglese PaeseStati Uniti RegiaRob LaDuca, Robert C. Ramirez ProduttoreKen Tsumura, Jeffrey Katzenberg SoggettoEugenia Bostwick-Singer, Raymond Singer, Joe Stillman, Marshall Goldberg (sceneggiatori) Dir. artisticaChris Aguirre, Fred Warter MusicheDaniel Pelfrey StudioDreamWorks 1ª edizione7 novembre 2000 Dir. do...

American actor, singer, game show host and panelist (1933–1991) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bert Convy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Bert ConvyConvy as substitute host on To Tell the Truth, 1968BornBern...

 

Катарино Кавос Народився 30 жовтня 1775(1775-10-30)[1][2][3]Венеція, Венеційська республіка[4]Помер 10 травня 1840(1840-05-10)[1][2][3] (64 роки)Санкт-Петербург, Російська імперія[4][5]Поховання Тихвінське кладовищеdКраїна  Російська імперіяДіяльність дир...

 

10287 СмейлВідкриттяВідкривач Карачкіна Людмила ГеоргіївнаМісце відкриття КрАОДата відкриття 21 жовтня 1982ПозначенняТимчасові позначення 1982 UK7 1981 JS6 A917 TGКатегорія малої планети Астероїд головного поясуОрбітальні характеристики[1] Епоха 23 травня 2014 (2 456 800,5 JD)Велика ...

Dieser Artikel behandelt den Ort Neidhartshausen. Zum Adelsgeschlecht siehe Neidhartshausen (Adelsgeschlecht). Neidhartshausen Gemeinde Dermbach Koordinaten: 50° 41′ N, 10° 8′ O50.67861111111110.125555555556375Koordinaten: 50° 40′ 43″ N, 10° 7′ 32″ O Höhe: 375 m Fläche: 7,61 km² Einwohner: 347 (31. Dez. 2017) Bevölkerungsdichte: 46 Einwohner/km² Eingemeindung: 1. Januar 2019 Postleitzahl: 36466 Vor...

 

List of events ← 1887 1886 1885 1888 in the United States → 1889 1890 1891 Decades: 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s 1900s See also: History of the United States (1865–1918) Timeline of United States history (1860–1899) List of years in the United States 1888 in the United States1888 in U.S. states States Alabama Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi M...

 

UN geographical categorizition of Africa UN geoscheme subregions of Africa:   Eastern Africa   Middle Africa   Northern Africa   Southern Africa   Western Africa The following is an alphabetical list of subregions in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, used by the United Nations and maintained by the UNSD department for statistical purposes.[1] Of the list below, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the French Southern Territories,...

Aspect of history Part of a series on the History of Poland Topics Polonophile Polonization Flag of Poland Name of Poland Coat of arms of Poland List of Polish monarchs List of wars involving Poland Territorial evolution of Poland History of the Jews in Poland Prehistory and protohistory Stone Age Bronze and Iron Age Antiquity Polish tribes Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Christianization Piast period10th century–1385Jagiellonian period1385–1572 Early ModernEarly elective monarchy15...

 

Canadian pay television channel Television channel MakefulCountryCanadaBroadcast areaCanadaHeadquartersToronto, OntarioProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format480i (SDTV)OwnershipOwnerBlue Ant MediaSister channelsBBC EarthBBC FirstCottage Life Love NatureSmithsonian ChannelT+EHistoryLaunchedMarch 5, 2005; 18 years ago (2005-03-05)Former namesBiteTV (2005–2015)LinksWebsitetv.bemakeful.com Makeful is a Canadian pay television channel owned by Blue Ant Media focused on lif...

 

Body of myths and folklores told by the Burmese people from Myanmar Mythical creatures from Burmese Mythology Burmese adaptation of Ramayana[1] A Burmese parabaik depicting Buddhist mythology Burmese mythology (Burmese: ရှေးမြန်မာ့ဒဏ္ဍာရီ) is a collection of myths, folklore, legends, and beliefs traditionally told by the Burmese people of Myanmar. These stories have been passed down orally and have only rarely appeared in written form. Burmese mytho...

2014 song by Madonna IlluminatiSong by Madonnafrom the album Rebel Heart ReleasedDecember 20, 2014 (2014-12-20)Recorded2014Genre Dance-pop industrial electropop Length3:43LabelInterscopeSongwriter(s) Madonna Ciccone Toby Gad Maureen McDonald Larry Griffin Jr. Mike Dean Kanye West Ernest Brown Jacques Webster Producer(s) Madonna West Dean Symbolyc One Charlie Heat (co-producer) Travis Scott (additional producer) Rebel Heart track listing24 tracks Living for Love Devil Pray Ghost...

 

School in Singapore, founded 1879 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Raffles Girls' School Secondary – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Raffles Girls' School (Secondary)Sekolah Perempuan Raffles (Menengah) (M...

 

Japanese manga series For the Chinese novel, known in Japanese as Hōshin Engi, see Investiture of the Gods. Hoshin EngiFirst tankōbon volume cover, featuring Taikobo封神演義(Hōshin Engi)GenreAdventure[1]Historical fantasy[2]Science fantasy[3] MangaWritten byRyu FujisakiPublished byShueishaEnglish publisherNA: Viz MediaImprintJump ComicsMagazineWeekly Shōnen JumpDemographicShōnenOriginal runJune 24, 1996 – November 6, 2000Volumes23 (List of volumes)...

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) ديك لاسي   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 13 نوفمبر 1935 (88 سنة)  كوينسي، ماساتشوستس  مواطنة الولايات المتحدة  الحياة العملية المدرسة الأم جامعة سيراكيوزأكادي...

 

Paddle steamer in New Zealand PS Waimarie at Whanganui Riverboat Centre History New Zealand NamePS Waimarie OwnerWhanganui Riverboat Restoration and Navigation Trust OperatorWaimarie Operating Trust RouteWhanganui River, New Zealand BuilderYarrow & Co, Poplar, London In service20 July 1900 Out of service1949 Refit1993 to 1999 StatusTourist vessel General characteristics Class and typePaddle steamer Tonnage80 GT Length100.2 feet (30.5 m) Beam16 feet (4.9 m), 22 feet (6.7...

 

For other uses, see Morava (disambiguation). L-200 Morava Role Touring / utility aircraftType of aircraft Manufacturer Let First flight 9 April 1957 Status In service with private individuals Primary users CzechoslovakiaUSSR, Poland Produced 1957-1964 Number built 367 The Let L-200 Morava is a two-engine touring and light passenger aircraft of the 1960s, designed and produced by Let Kunovice in the Czech Republic. Development Let L-200D Morava on landing Let L-200D Morava banking cockpit...

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Imam Reza Stadium – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Imam Reza Stadium[1]LocationMashhad,  IranCoordinates36°19′32″N 59°34′12″E / 36.32556°N 59....

 

Starsailor discographyStarsailor performing at Rock in Rio in 2006.Studio albums5Compilation albums1EPs1Singles13B-sides15 This is a discography for British rock band Starsailor, all releases are on the EMI label in the UK and EMI/Artist Addiction in the US. Since 2008 they worked in the UK under Virgin Records, a sub-label of EMI Records: Albums Studio albums List of studio albums, with selected details, chart positions and certifications Title Album details Peak chart positions Certificatio...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!