巨殁龙属

巨殁龙属
化石时期:早侏罗纪199–188 Ma
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
总目: 恐龍總目 Dinosauria
目: 蜥臀目 Saurischia
亚目: 獸腳亞目 Theropoda
科: 腔骨龙科 Coelophysidae
属: 巨殁龙属 Megapnosaurus
Ivie et al., 2001
模式種
羅德西亞巨殁龍
Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis

(Raath, 1969)

巨殁龍學名Megapnosaurus)原名“合踝龙”(Syntarsus),是腔骨龍科的一恐龍,生存於侏儸紀早期。由於牠的學名已由一種鞘翅目昆蟲所有,故在2001年被三位昆蟲學家更名為巨殁龍(意為「大死亡蜥蜴」)。但是一些古生物學家並不喜歡這個名字,而這兩個名稱亦有使用。某些早期重建圖,將巨殁龍畫成有羽毛恐龍,但實際上巨殁龍與其近親可能都沒有羽毛。

巨殁龍幾乎與腔骨龍完全一樣。葛瑞格利·保羅(Gregory S. Paul)於1993年曾建議將巨殁龍與腔骨龍合併。在2005年,亞當·耶茨(Adam Yates)提出巨殁龍可能是腔骨龍的異名[1]。於2004年,Michael A. Raath在兩份論文中質疑巨殁龍是腔骨龍的異名的說法,他同時也使用原有的學名。

敘述

合踝龍的頭部側面

合踝龍由鼻端至尾巴長約3米,重約32公斤。在津巴布韋化石層中,就發現了30個合踝龍標本,故古生物學家認為牠是群體狩獵的。合踝龍的眾多化石,分別來自於侏羅紀早期的不同年代地層:赫塘階錫內穆階普林斯巴赫階,這意味者合踝龍與其近親是群高度繁盛的族群。

合踝龍是一類從其祖先的生活環境(可能是南美洲)擴展至世界各地的例子。這類小型的獵食者與早期的恐龍有同樣的特徵,由於在非洲美國西南部發現其蹤跡,估計牠們在盤古大陸時期就已經由一大洲遷徙至另一大洲。非洲及美國標本的差異是在層面,這都支持了這種遷移的說法。2004年,兩批發現於中國雲南昆明祿豐組地層,分別屬於前肢與後腳的化石被初步鑑定為大殁龍屬相似種(cf. Megapnosaurus sp.),更進一步提供合踝龍為泛大陸生物的可能證據[2]

羅德西亞合踝龍S. rhodesiensis)的化石有將近30個標本。北美洲的卡岩塔大殁龍M. kayentakatae)只有一個小冠飾,且顯示有演化至較大腔骨龍科的跡象(如雙脊龍)。就像雙脊龍,這兩個物種都是屬於角鼻龍下目及腔骨龍超科。但近年來,腔骨龍超科是否屬於角鼻龍下目有許多爭議,大部分研究認為兩者是分開演化的。牠們的前上頜骨上頜骨之間有一個弱的關節,形成了一個往下彎的鉤狀上頜。由於有研究指出牠的骨頭結構及前方牙齒較弱,難以咬死及緊纏獵物,所以早期的假說認為牠是食腐動物。

根據化石的年齡鑑定,合踝龍死亡時的平均年齡為7歲[3]

在2011年,科學家比較合踝龍、現代鳥類爬行動物鞏膜環大小,提出合踝龍可能屬於無定時活躍性的動物,覓食、移動行為跟白天黑夜沒有正相關,只休息短暫時間[4]

在津巴布維合踝龍的化石裡,曾發現脛骨蹠骨的骨折癒合痕跡。另一個標本的第二薦部肋骨的骨壁有不對稱性,這可能導因於生長時的病變,當所屬群體數量多時較容易發生生長病變,因此可以間接透露該動物的生長環境狀況[5]

大眾文化

探索頻道的電視節目《恐龍紀元》(When Dinosaurs Roamed America)中,一隻雙脊龍將一隻近蜥龍殺死,並嚇走一群合踝龍。

參考

  1. ^ Yates, A.M. (2005). "A new theropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and its implications for the early evolution of theropods". Palaeontologia Africana 41:105-122
  2. ^ Irmis, R. B. First report of Megapnosaurus (Theropoda: Coelophysoidea) from China. PaleoBios. 2004, 24 (3): 11–18 [2020-12-07]. ISSN 0031-0298. (原始内容存档于2020-11-30). 
  3. ^ Chinsamy, A. (1994). Dinosaur bone histology: Implications and inferences. In Dino Fest (G. D. Rosenburg and D. L. Wolberg, Eds.), pp. 213-227. The Palentological Society, Department of Geological Sciences, Univ. of Tennesse, Knoxville.
  4. ^ Schmitz, L.; Motani, R. Nocturnality in Dinosaurs Inferred from Scleral Ring and Orbit Morphology. Science. 2011, 332. PMID 21493820. doi:10.1126/science.1200043. 
  5. ^ Molnar, R. E., 2001, Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey: In: Mesozoic Vertebrate Life, edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337-363.
  • Bristowe, A. & M.A. Raath (2004). "A juvenile coelophysoid skull from the Early Jurassic of Zimbabwe, and the synonymy of Coelophysis and Syntarsus." Palaeont. Afr., 40: 31-41.
  • Bristowe, A., A. Parrott, J. Hack, M. Pencharz & M. Raath (2004). "A non-destructive investigation of the skull of the small theropod dinosaur, Coelophysis rhodesiensis, using CT scans and rapid prototyping." Palaeont. Afr. 40: 159-163.
  • Ivie, M. A., S. A. Slipinski, and P. Wegrzynowicz (2001). "Generic homonyms in the Colydiinae (Coleoptera: Zopheridae)." Insecta Mudi, 15:63-64.
  • Raath (1969). "A new Coelurosaurian dinosaur from the Forest Sandstone of Rhodesia." Arnoldia Rhodesia. 4 (28): 1-25.

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