Variety of living organisms that live in the seas off the coasts of South Africa
The Marine biodiversity of South Africa is the variety of living organisms that live in the seas off the coast of South Africa. It includes genetic, species and ecosystemsbiodiversity in a range of habitats spread over a range of ecologically varied regions, influenced by the geomorphology of the seabed and circulation of major and local water masses, which distribute both living organisms and nutrients in complex and time-variable patterns.
South Africa has a wide range of marine diversity with coastline in three oceans, two major current systems, major ocean frontal systems and benthic topography extending to a maximum depth of 5 700 m. There are 179 defined marine ecosystem types, 150 of them around South Africa and 29 around the sub-Antarctic territory of the Prince Edward Islands.[1]
History
Research on biodiversity of South African waters started in the colonial period from the late 18th century to the late 19th century, with shipboard survey and collection expeditions, like the Challenger, Deutsche Tiefsee and Discovery expeditions. From the early 20th century to the 1970s a group of local marine taxonomists such as J.D.F. Gilchrist and K.H. Barnard, described most of the common fauna on a morphological basis, and after 1970 marine research shifted to ecological aspects and taxonomy was largely neglected. This has left the region with a shortage of taxonomic expertise in comparison with most of the developed world.[2]: 21
The SeaKeys project was started in 2014 to help develop foundational marine biodiversity knowledge by addressing some of the more significant gaps. The project had some success in collating species checklists and records, and national
inventories covering over 9700 species in various groups were compiled. Data sets were digitised, distribution data updated for fish and benthic invertebrates, and a guide to offshore marine invertebrates was published. This project highlighted the deficit in taxonomic skills, as it became apparent that most of the guides and lists had not changed much since the 1970s.
[2]: 22
National Biodiversity Assessments
The National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) is recurring project by the South African National Biodiversity Institute in collaboration with the Department of Environmental Affairs and several other organisations to assess the state of South Africa's biodiversity over time as an input for policy and decision making where the environment may be affected. The NBA looks into genetic, species and ecosystems biodiversity for terrestrial, freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. Each assessment cycle takes approximately five years, and both generates new knowledge and analyses existing knowledge.[3] NBA reports are named for the year of the data, and are usually published in the following year. They have been published for 2004,[4] 2011,[5] and 2018,[2] and include reports, data, and supplementary documents.[6]
Physical oceanography is the sub-domain of oceanography which focuses on the study of physical conditions and processes within the ocean, including the physical properties and circulation of ocean waters. These matters influence the biodiversity by providing the setting in which the ecology and biodiversity evolve.
The physical setting for the biodiversity of the South African coastal and offshore waters is mainly temperate continental shelf, slope and abyss in the South Atlantic and South-west Indian Oceans off the southern part of the continent of Africa. The geomorphology of this region has local effects on the ocean circulation, particularly effects on ocean currents and upwellings, which in turn affect the distribution of organisms and the environment in which they live.
This section needs expansion with: Continental shelf, slope, abyss, seamounts, Agulhas plateau, tectonics, currents, upwellings etc. You can help by adding to it. (February 2019)
Continental shelf
The continental shelf of southern Africa varies considerably in width along the coast, and the shelf edge also varies in depth. To the north-east the shelf is narrow to very narrow, with a relatively shallow break, but it is much wider over the Agulhas Bank off the southern tip of the continent. This gradual increase in width affects the path of the powerful Agulhas Current, pushing it further offshore towards the Southern Ocean.
The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the southwest Indian Ocean. It flows south along the African east coast and along the south-eastern edge of the bank. It then retroflects back into the Indian7 Ocean south-west of the bank. This retroflection results in intense eddy activities such as meanders, eddies, and filaments.[7] In upper layer water, the Agulhas rings and eddies move warm and salty water into the large South Atlantic gyre, which exports it to the tropics. In the lower ocean layers water is transported in the opposite direction.[8]
The Agulhas acts as an oceanic convergence zone. Due to mass continuity this drives surface waters down, resulting in the upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water south of the current. Additionally, the convergence tends to increase the concentration of plankton in and around the Agulhas. Both of these factors result in the area being one of enhanced primary productivity as compared to the surrounding waters. This is especially notable in the Agulhas Retroflection waters, where chlorophyll-a concentrations tend to be significantly higher than the surrounding South Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean waters.[9]Warm core rings are known to have lower primary productivity than surrounding cold waters. Agulhas Rings have been observed to carry waters with low chlorophyll-a concentration into the South Atlantic. The size of phytoplankton in Agulhas Rings tends to be smaller than in the surrounding water (around 20 μm in diameter).[9] Agulhas Rings have also been observed as removing larval and juvenile fish from the continental shelf.
The Benguela Current is the broad, northward flowing ocean current that forms the eastern portion of the South AtlanticOcean gyre. The current extends from roughly Cape Point in the south, to the position of the Angola-Benguela front in the north, at around 16°S. The current is driven by the prevailing south easterly trade winds. Inshore of the Benguela Current proper, the south easterly winds drive coastal upwelling, forming the Benguela Upwelling System . The cold, nutrient rich waters that upwell from around 200–300 m depth in turn fuel high rates of phytoplankton growth, and sustain the productive Benguela ecosystem.
Upwelling is an oceanographic phenomenon that involves wind-driven motion of surface water away from the coast, which is replaced by a flow of deeper dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, The nutrient-rich upwelled water stimulates the growth and reproduction of primary producers such as phytoplankton. Due to the biomass of phytoplankton and presence of cool water in these regions, upwelling zones can be identified by cool sea surface temperatures (SST) and high concentrations of chlorophyll-a.[10][11] The increased availability of nutrients in upwelling regions results in high levels of primary production. Upwellings that are driven by coastal currents or diverging open ocean have the greatest impact on nutrient-enriched waters and global fishery yields.[12][9]
This section needs expansion with: specific relevance of upwellings to biodiversty in the region. You can help by adding to it. (November 2020)
The marine ecoregions of the South African exclusive economic zone are a set of geographically delineated regions of similar ecological characteristics on a fairly broad scale, covering the exclusive economic zone along the South African coast. There were originally five inshore bioregions over the continental shelf and four offshore bioregions covering the continental slope and abyssal regions. These bioregions are used for conservation research and planning. They were defined in the South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment of 2004.[4] The South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment of 2011 amended this to reduce the number of regions to four inshore and two offshore and rename them as ecoregions.[5]
A total of 136 marine habitat types have been identified. These include 37 coastal habitat types, 17 inshore habitat types in the 5 to 30 m depth range, 62 offshore benthic habitat types deeper than 30 m, and 16 offshore pelagic habitat types,[13] three types of island and one type of lagoon.[5]
Endemism is the ecological state of a species or other taxonomic group being native to a single defined geographic location, such as an island, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of an endemic species is one with a cosmopolitan distribution, having a global or widespread range. Although the specific drivers of endemism are unclear, physical, climatic and biological factors can contribute to endemism. Endemic species can easily become endangered or extinct if their already restricted habitat changes, particularly—but not only—due to human actions, including the introduction of new species.
Over 13000 species of marine organisms are recorded from South African waters. Endemism is estimated at between 26 and 33%, the third highest marine endemism after New Zealand (51%) and Antarctica (45%). This varies between taxonomic groups from no endemic marine mammals or birds, to over 90% of chitons.[2]: 20
The region of highest known endemism is the south coast Agulhas inshore ecoregion, which is relatively far from the national borders, and relatively isolated from large scale oceanic circulation due to the effects of the widening of the continental shelf at the Agulhas Bank on the path of the Agulhas current, and far from other warm temperate regions. This region is largely bypassed by the Agulhas current, and has cooler inshore water due to upwelling, making it less hospitable to tropical Indo-west Pacific species. It is also isolated from the South Atlantic and Southern Ocean, so has been more prone to niche speciation.[2]: 20
This section needs expansion with: Distribution of South African and southern African endemic marine organisms. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020)
Biodiversity protection is one of the priorities of the network of marine protected areas of South Africa.[14]
A marine protected area of South Africa is an area of coastline or ocean within the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of the Republic of South Africa that is protected in terms of specific legislation for the benefit of the environment and the people who live in it and use it.[15] An MPA is a place where marine life can thrive under less pressure than unprotected areas, like underwater parks, and this healthy environment can benefit neighbouring areas.[16][17]
There are a total of 45 marine protected areas in the South African EEZ, with a total area of 5% of the waters as of 2019. The target was to have 10% of the oceanic waters protected by 2020. All but one of the MPAs are in the exclusive economic zone off continental South Africa, and one is off Prince Edward Island in the Southern Ocean.
People can take part in a wide range of non-consumptive activities in all of South Africa's MPAs, and some parts of some MPAs are zoned for limited consumptive activities.[17] Some of these activities require a permit, which is a form of taxation.
Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L. (1985). The Living Shores of Southern Africa (3rd impression ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik. ISBN0-86977-115-9.
Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN978-1-77007-772-0.
Day, J.H. (1969). A guide to marine life on South African shores. Cape Town: Balkema.
De Clerck, O.; Bolton, J.J.; Anderson, R. J.; Coppejans, E. (2005). Guide to the Seaweeds of KwazZulu-Natal. Scripta Botanica Belgica Volume 33. Joint publication of: National Botanical gardens of Belgium, VLIZ Flanders Marine Institute and Flemish Community. ISBN90-72619-64-1.
Gosliner, T.M. (1987). Nudibranchs of Southern Africa. ISBN0-930118-13-8.
Jones, Georgina (2008). A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula. Cape Town: SURG. ISBN978-0-620-41639-9.
Kilburn, R.; Rippey, E. (1982). Sea Shells of Southern Africa. Macmillan. ISBN0-86954-094-7.
King, Dennis (1996). Reef fishes and corals: East coast of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik. ISBN1-86825-981-1.
King, D.; Fraser, V. (2001). More Reef Fishes and Nudibranchs. Cape Town: Struik. ISBN1-86872-686-X.
King, Dennis; Fraser, Valda (2014). The Reef Guide: East and South Coasts of Southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN9781775840183.
Liltved, William Rune (2000). Cowries and their relatives of southern Africa: A study of the southern African Cypraeacean and Velutinacean gatropod fauna (2nd ed.). Gordon Verhoef, Seacomber Publications. ISBN0908-42089-7.
Smith, Margaret M; Heemstra, P., eds. (2003). Smith's sea fishes. Cape Town: Struik. ISBN1-86872-890-0.
Smith, J.L.B.; Smith, Margaret M. (1966). Fishes of the Tsitsikamma Coastal National Park. Johannesburg: Swan Press.
Stegenga, H.; Bolton, J.J.; Anderson, R.J. (1997). Seaweeds of the South African West Coast. Contributions from the Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town. ISBN0-7992-1793-X.
Steyn, D.G.; Lussi, M. (2005). Offshore Shells of Southern Africa. ISBN0-620-33607-2.
Zsilavecz, Guido (2005). Coastal fishes of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay: A divers' identification guide. Cape Town: SURG. ISBN0-620-34230-7.
Zsilavecz, G. (2007). Nudibranchs of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay. Cape Town: SURG. ISBN978-0-620-38054-6.
South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004
Summary Report
Driver, A., Maze, K., Lombard, A.T., Nel, J., Rouget, M., Turpie, J.K., Cowling, R.M., Desmet, P., Goodman, P., Harris, J., Jonas, Z., Reyers, B., Sink, K. & Strauss, T. 2004. South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Summary Report. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
Technical Reports
Volume 3: Estuary Component
Turpie, J.K. 2004. South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report. Volume 3: Estuary Component. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute.
^Ruijter, W. P. M., de; Cunningham, S. A.; Gordon, A. L.; Lutjeharms, J. R. E.; Matano, R. P.; Piola, A. R. (2003). "On the South Atlantic Climate Observing System (SACOS)"(PDF). Report of the CLIVAR/OOPC/IAI Workshop: 45. Retrieved 4 January 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcMann, K. H.; Lazier, J.R. (2006). Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems: Biological-Physical Interactions in the Oceans (3rd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN978-1405111188.
^Anderson, DM; Prell, WL (1993). "A 300 KYR record of upwelling off Oman during the late quaternary: evidence of the Asian southwest monsoon". Paleoceanography. 8 (2): 193–208. Bibcode:1993PalOc...8..193A. doi:10.1029/93pa00256.
^Sarhan, T; Lafuente, JG; Vargas, M; Vargas, JM; Plaza, F (1999). "Upwelling mechanisms in the northwestern Alboran Sea". Journal of Marine Systems. 23 (4): 317–331. doi:10.1016/s0924-7963(99)00068-8.
Dalam artikel ini, nama keluarganya adalah Hua. Hua ChenyuHua Chenyu pada 2017Nama asal华晨宇Lahir7 Februari 1990 (umur 33)County Zhushan, Hubei, TiongkokKebangsaanChineseNama lainHua Hua (花花)AlmamaterKonservatorium Musik WuhanPekerjaanPenyanyi - Penulis laguAnak1Karier musikGenre Pop Mandarin Rock Mandarin Instrumen Vokal Piano Gitar Seruling Tahun aktif2013–sekarangLabelEE-MediaSitus webWeibo resmi Hua Chenyu Hanzi sederhana: 华晨宇 Hanzi tradisional: 華晨宇 Al...
French dynastic war from 1407 to 1435 Armagnac–Burgundian Civil WarPart of the Hundred Years' WarThe Cabochien revolt in 1413Date23 November 1407 – 21 September 1435LocationKingdom of FranceResult Treaty of ArrasArmagnac and Burgundian reconciliationBelligerents Armagnac party Burgundian party EnglandCommanders and leaders Louis of Orléans † Charles of Orléans Bernard of Armagnac † Charles VII of France John the Fearless † Philip the Good Henry IV H...
GirlsSampul versi digital dan KwangyaAlbum mini karya AespaDirilis08 Juli 2022 (2022-07-08)Genre Pop dansa[1] pop[2] Durasi19:28BahasaBahasa KoreaBahasa InggrisLabel SM Warner Dreamus Produser Hanif Sabzevari (Hitmanic) Dennis DeKo Kordnejad (Hitmanic) Rodnae Chikk Bell Pontus PJ Ljung Yoo Young-jin Ryan S. Jhun G'harah PK Degeddingseze Patricia Battani Steve Octave Lixa Sam Klempner Josh Cumbee Kronologi Aespa Savage(2021) Girls(2022) My World(2023) Singel dalam albu...
Humanistische Kursive von Niccolo Niccoli Humanistische Minuskel von Poggio Bracciolini Die humanistische Kursive (humanistica corsiva – von lateinisch currere „laufen, rennen“) ist die Urform der lateinischen Schreibschriften. Sie wurde während des Renaissance-Humanismus in Italien entwickelt. Durch den Einfluss der raschen Bewegungsausführung auf die Form der Schrift stellte sie eine Gebrauchsschrift und das dynamisch betonte Pendant zur humanistischen Minuskel, der mehr statisch au...
هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (ديسمبر 2020) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. ف...
Mariaheem Interieur van de kapel Het Mariaheem is een voormalig klooster in de tot de Oost-Vlaamse gemeente Zwalm behorende plaats Beerlegem, gelegen aan Kasteeldreef 2. Geschiedenis In 1823 schonk kasteelvrouwe Thérèse de Draeck een stuk grond aan de Zusters van Liefde die er een klooster, een dorpsschool en een internaat oprichtten onder de naam Sinte Theresia Huys. Van 1826-1846 was er ook een spin- en handwerkschool en van 1831-1924 bestond er een zondagsschool. In 1884-1886 werd een la...
Transient components of lagging strand of DNA Asymmetry in the synthesis of leading and lagging strands Okazaki fragments are short sequences of DNA nucleotides (approximately 150 to 200 base pairs long in eukaryotes) which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.[1] They were discovered in the 1960s by the Japanese molecular biologists Reiji and Tsuneko Okazaki, along with the help of some ...
CassiopeiaLayanan kereta Cassiopeia dihela oleh EF510-509, Agustus 2010Informasi umumJenis layananEkspres terbatasStatusTidak beroperasiDaerah operasiJepangMulai beroperasiJuli 1999Terakhir beroperasiMaret 2016Operator sebelumnyaJR EastLintas pelayananStasiun awalUenoStasiun akhirSapporoWaktu tempuh rerataSekitar 16½ jamFrekuensi perjalanantiga kali dalam semingguPelayanan penumpangPengaturan tempat dudukKereta dengan tempat dudukPengaturan tempat tidurKereta berkompartemenFasilitas res...
المواقع الإباحية هي أي مواد إباحية يمكن الوصول إليها عبر الإنترنت، عن طريق مواقع الويب أو ند لند أو مشاركة الملفات أو يوزنت. أدى توفر إمكانية الوصول على نطاق واسع للشبكة العنكبوتية العالمية عام 1991 إلى نمو وانتشار المواقع الإباحية. وجدت دراسة أجريت سنة 2015 حصول «
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (أبريل 2016) الوكالة الاتحادية للنقل الجوي الوكالة الاتحادية للنقل الجوي الوكالة الاتحا
تيزي مليل تقسيم إداري البلد المغرب الجهة مراكش آسفي الإقليم الحوز الدائرة أسني الجماعة القروية إمكدال المشيخة إزناكن تينسكت السكان التعداد السكاني 147 نسمة (إحصاء 2004) • عدد الأسر 27 معلومات أخرى التوقيت ت ع م±00:00 (توقيت قياسي)[1]، وت ع م+01:00 (توقيت صيفي)[1] تع
Die 68. Internationalen Filmfestspiele von Cannes fanden vom 13. bis zum 24. Mai 2015 statt.[1] Die Präsidenten der Wettbewerbs-Jury waren Ethan und Joel Coen.[2] Der französische Schauspieler Lambert Wilson war nach 2014 erneut Gastgeber der Eröffnungs- und Abschlusszeremonie.[3] Als Eröffnungsfilm des Festivals wurde La tête haute von Emmanuelle Bercot außer Konkurrenz gezeigt. Lambert Wilson, Moderator der Eröffnungszeremonie und abschließenden Preisverleihu...
2000 American filmThe Whole Nine YardsTheatrical release posterDirected byJonathan LynnWritten byMitchell KapnerProduced byAllan KaufmanDavid WillisStarring Bruce Willis Matthew Perry Rosanna Arquette Michael Clarke Duncan Natasha Henstridge Amanda Peet Kevin Pollak CinematographyDavid FrancoEdited byTom LewisMusic byRandy EdelmanProductioncompaniesMorgan Creek ProductionsFranchise PicturesRational PackagingLansdown FilmsDistributed byWarner Bros.Release date February 18, 2000 ...
American architect This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A. Hays TownBornJune 17, 1903Crowley, Louisiana, United StatesDiedJanuary 6, 2005(2005-01-06) (aged 101)Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United StatesOccupationArchitectChildrenA. Hays Town Jr. and Blanche Town Gladney A. Hays Tow...
Public, coeducational high school in Powell, Ohio, , United StatesOlentangy Liberty High SchoolAddress3584 Home RoadPowell, Ohio, (Delaware County) 43065United StatesCoordinates40°11′53″N 83°5′56″W / 40.19806°N 83.09889°W / 40.19806; -83.09889InformationTypePublic, Coeducational high schoolOpenedAugust 24th, 2003School districtOlentangy Local School DistrictPrincipalMichael StarnerTeaching staff98.74 (FTE)[1]Grades9-12School roll1,931 (fall 2021)Stu...
此條目需要擴充。 (2017年8月21日)请協助改善这篇條目,更進一步的信息可能會在討論頁或扩充请求中找到。请在擴充條目後將此模板移除。 提示:此条目的主题不是瑞士聯邦委員會或瑞士联邦议会。 聯邦院 Ständerat(德語)Conseil des États(法語)Consiglio degli Stati(義大利語)Cussegl dals Stadis(羅曼什語)种类种类上議院领导主席(英语:List of Presidents of the Swiss Counci...
Indian long-range multiple launch rocket system Pinaka Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcherTypeRocket artilleryPlace of originIndiaService historyUsed by Indian Army Armenian Ground Forces WarsKargil WarProduction historyDesignerArmament Research and Development EstablishmentDesigned1986-presentManufacturerYantra India Limited[1] Tata GroupLarsen & Toubro[2] Solar IndustriesUnit cost₹430 crore (equivalent to ₹506 crore or US$63 mill...
Chempaka Raman PillaiBorn15 September 1891Trivandrum, IndiaDied26 May 1934Nazi GermanyOther namesChampakOrganization(s)Berlin Committee, Provisional Government of IndiaMovementIndian Independence movement, Indo-German Conspiracy This article is part of a series onReformation in KeralaNarayana Guru, the most prominent face of the movement Background Caste system in Kerala Untouchability Hindu reforms Varna Notable people Ayya Vaikundar Ayyavu Swamikal Chattampi Swamikal Narayana Guru Ayya...
Romanian sport shooter Dan IugaPersonal informationFull nameDaniel IugaBorn (1945-11-13) November 13, 1945 (age 78)Târgu Ocna, RomaniaHeight168 cm (5 ft 6 in)Weight73 kg (161 lb)SportSportSports shootingEventPistolClubCS Dinamo București[1]Coached byViorel Maciu (1964–72)Stefan Petrescu (1972–80)[1] Medal record Representing Romania Olympic Games 1972 Munich 50 m pistol, ind. World Championships 1974 Bern-Thun 25 m center fire pis...