List of marine cnidarians of South Africa

Map of the Southern African coastline showing some of the landmarks referred to in species range statements

The list of marine cnidarians of South Africa is a list of saltwater species that form a part of the cnidarian (Phylum Cnidaria) fauna of South Africa. This list does not include the freshwater cnidarians. The list follows the SANBI listing on iNaturalist, and does not always agree with WoRMS for distribution.

Cnidaria (/nɪˈdɛəriə, n-/ nih-DAIR-ee-ə, NY-) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in fresh water and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some of the smallest marine parasites. Their distinguishing features are a decentralized nervous system distributed throughout a gelatinous body and the presence of cnidocytes or cnidoblasts, specialized cells with ejectable flagella used mainly for envenomation and capturing prey. Their bodies consist of mesoglea, a non-living, jelly-like substance, sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick. Cnidarians are also some of the few animals that can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Cnidarians mostly have two basic body forms: swimming medusae and sessile polyps, both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes, which are specialized stinging cells used to capture prey. Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration. Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp-like zooids, or both (hence they are trimorphic). Cnidarians' activities are coordinated by a decentralized nerve net and simple receptors. Cnidarians also have rhopalia, which are involved in gravity sensing and sometimes chemoreception. Several free-swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts, and some have simple eyes. Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually, but many species have complex life cycles of asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae stages. Some, however, omit either the polyp or the medusa stage, and the parasitic classes evolved to have neither form.

Cnidarians were formerly grouped with ctenophores, also known as comb jellies, in the phylum Coelenterata, but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla. Cnidarians are classified into four main groups: the almost wholly sessile Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals, sea pens); swimming Scyphozoa (jellyfish); Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa (a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and which has both sessile members, such as Hydra, and colonial swimmers (such as the Portuguese man o' war)). Staurozoa have recently been recognised as a class in their own right rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa, and the highly derived parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa were firmly recognized as cnidarians only in 2007.

Most cnidarians prey on organisms ranging in size from plankton to animals several times larger than themselves, but many obtain much of their nutrition from symbiotic dinoflagellates, and a few are parasites. Many are preyed on by other animals including starfish, sea slugs, fish, turtles, and even other cnidarians. Many scleractinian corals—which form the structural foundation for coral reefs—possess polyps that are filled with symbiotic photo-synthetic zooxanthellae. While reef-forming corals are almost entirely restricted to warm and shallow marine waters, other cnidarians can be found at great depths, in polar regions, and in freshwater.

Cnidarians are a very ancient phylum, with fossils having been found in rocks formed about 580 million years ago during the Ediacaran period, preceding the Cambrian Explosion. Other fossils show that corals may have been present shortly before 490 million years ago and diversified a few million years later. Molecular clock analysis of mitochondrial genes suggests an even older age for the crown group of cnidarians, estimated around 741 million years ago, almost 200 million years before the Cambrian period, as well as before any fossils. Recent phylogenetic analyses support monophyly of cnidarians, as well as the position of cnidarians as the sister group of bilaterians. (Full article...)

Class Anthozoa, subclass Hexacorallia

Order Actiniaria, suborder Endocoelantheae

Family Halcuriidae

Suborder Nynantheae, infraorder Athenaria

Family Edwardsiidae

Family Halcampidae

Family Haloclavidae

Infraorder Thenaria

Superfamily Acontiaria, family Acontiophoridae

Family Aiptasiidae

Family Hormathiidae

Family Isophellidae

Family Nemanthidae

Family Sagartiidae

Superfamily Endomyaria, family Actiniidae

Family Actinodendronidae

Family Aliciidae

Family Condylanthidae

Family Liponematidae

Family Stichodactylidae

Superfamily Mesomyaria, family Actinostolidae

Suborder Ptychodacteae

Family Preactiidae

  • Preactis millardae England in England & Robson, 1984 – Walking anemone, hedgehog anemone, sock anemone[1]

Superfamily Actiniaria incertae sedis, family Metridiidae

Order Antipatharia

Family Antipathidae

Order Ceriantharia, suborder Spirularia

Family Cerianthidae

Order Corallimorpharia

Family Corallimorphidae

Family Discosomatidae

Order Scleractinia

Family Acroporidae

Family Agariciidae

Family Caryophylliidae

Family Coscinaraeidae

Family Dendrophylliidae

Family Euphylliidae

Family Fungiidae

Family Lobophylliidae

Family Merulinidae

Family Mussidae, subfamily Faviinae

  • Favia spp. – False honeycomb corals[1]

Family Plesiastreidae

Family Pocilloporidae

Family Poritidae

Family Psammocoridae

Scleractinia incertae sedis

Scleractinia incertae sedis

Order Zoantharia, suborder Brachycnemina

Family Sphenopidae

Family Zoanthidae

Suborder Macrocnemina

Family Parazoanthidae

Subclass Octocorallia

Order Alcyonacea, suborder Alcyoniina

Family Alcyoniidae

Family Nephtheidae

Family Nidaliidae

Family Parasphaerascleridae

Family Xeniidae

Order Calcaxonia

Family Chrysogorgiidae

Family Ellisellidae

Family Isididae

Family Primnoidae

Subrder Holaxonia

Family Acanthogorgiidae

Family Gorgoniidae

Family Keroeididae

Family Plexauridae

Suborder Scleraxonia

Family Anthothelidae

Subfamily Melithaeinae

Suborder Stolonifera

Family Clavulariidae

Family Tubiporidae

Order Pennatulacea

Family Chunellidae

Family Echinoptilidae

Family Scleroptilidae

Suborder Sessiliflorae

Family Anthoptilidae

Family Funiculinidae

Family Kophobelemnidae

Family Protoptilidae

Family Umbellulidae

Family Veretillidae

suborder Subsessiliflorae

Family Halipteridae

Family Pennatulidae

Family Virgulariidae

Class Cubozoa

Order Carybdeida

Family Carybdeidae

Family Tamoyidae

Order Chirodropida

Family Chirodropidae

Family Chiropsalmidae

Class Hydrozoa, subclass Hydroidolina

Order Anthoathecata, suborder Aplanulata

Family Candelabridae

Family Corymorphidae

Family Tubulariidae

Suborder Capitata

Family Asyncorynidae

Family Cladocorynidae

Family Family Cladonematidae

Family Corynidae

Family Halimedusidae

Family Milleporidae

Family Moerisiidae

Family Pennariidae

Family Porpitidae

Family Solanderiidae

Family Sphaerocorynidae

Family Teissieridae

Family Zancleidae

Family Zancleopsidae

Capitata incertae sedis

Capitata incertae sedis

Capitata incertae sedis

Suborder Filifera

Family Bougainvilliidae

Family Bythotiaridae

Family Cytaeididae

Family Eudendriidae

Family Hydractiniidae

Family Hydrichthyidae

Family Magapiidae

Family Oceaniidae

Family Pandeidae

Family Proboscidactylidae

Family Rathkeidae

Family Stylasteridae

Order Leptothecata

Family Aequoreidae

Family Blackfordiidae

Family Campanulinidae

Family Campanulariidae

Family Eirenidae

Family Hebellidae

Family Laodiceidae

Family Lineolariidae

Family Lovenellidae

Family Malagazziidae

Family Mitrocomidae

Family Phialellidae

Family Sertulariidae

Family Syntheciidae

Family Thyroscyphidae

Family Tiarannidae

Family Tiaropsidae

Superfamily Plumularioidea, family Aglaopheniidae

Family Haleciidae

Family Halopterididae

Family Kirchenpaueriidae

Family Lafoeidae

Family Plumulariidae

Order Siphonophorae, suborder Calycophorae

Family Abylidae, subfamily Abylinae

Subfamily Abylopsinae

Family Clausophyidae

Family Diphyidae, subfamily Diphyinae

Subfamily Sulculeolariinae

Family Hippopodiidae

Family Prayidae, subfamily Amphicaryoninae

Subfamily Nectopyramidinae
Subfamily Prayinae

Family Sphaeronectidae

Suborder Cystonectae

Family Physaliidae

Family Rhizophysidae

Suborder Physonectae

Family Agalmatidae

Family Apolemiidae

Family Forskaliidae

Family Physophoridae

Family Pyrostephidae

Subclass Trachylinae

Order Limnomedusae

Family Olindiidae

Order Narcomedusae

Family Aeginidae

Family Cuninidae

Family Solmarisidae

Order Trachymedusae

Family Geryoniidae

Family Halicreatidae

Family Rhopalonematidae

Class Scyphozoa

Order Coronatae

Family Atollidae

Family Nausithoidae

Family Periphyllidae

Order Carybdeida

Family Carybdeidae

Order Rhizostomeae, suborder Kolpophorae

Family Cassiopeidae

Family Cepheidae

Suborder Daktyliophorae

Familu Catostylidae

Family Rhizostomatidae

Order Semaeostomeae

Family Cyaneidae

Family Pelagiidae

Family Ulmaridae

Class Staurozoa

Order Stauromedusae, suborder Cleistocarpida

Family Depastridae

Family Lipkeidae

Notes

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. (2010). Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa (2nd ed.). Cape Town: Struik Nature. ISBN 978 1 77007 772 0.
  2. ^ a b c d King, Dennis. 1996. Reef fishes and corals: East coast of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town. ISBN 1 86825 981 1
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch Schleyer 2008, To be cited
  4. ^ a b Schleyer MH, Celliers L (2003) Biodiversity on the marginal coral reefs of South Africa: What does the future hold? Zool Ver 345:387–400
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Williams, Gary C. (1992). "The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Stoloniferous Octocorals and Soft Corals (Coelenterata, Anthozoa)". Annals of the South African Museum. 100 (3). ISSN 0303-2515.
  6. ^ McFadden, C.S. & L.P. van Ofwegen 2012. A revision of the soft coral genus, Eunephthya Verrill, 1869 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Nephtheidae), with a description of four new species from South Africa. Zootaxa 3485: 1-25
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba Williams, Gary C. (July 1992). "The Alcyonacea of Southern Africa. Gorgonian Octocorals (Coelenterata. Anthozoa)". Annals of the South African Museum. 101 (8). ISSN 0303-2515.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Williams, Gary C. (1990). "The Pennatulacea of Southern Africa (Coelentera, Anthozoa)". Annals of the South African Museum. 99 (4). ISSN 0303-2515.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx Millard, N.A.H. (December 1975). "Monograph on the Hydroida of South Africa". Annals of the South African Museum. 68. ISSN 0303-2515.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gibbons, Mark J. An introduction to the Zooplankton of the Benguela Current Region. ISBN 0 620 24225 6.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Jones, Georgina (2008). A field guide to the marine animals of the Cape Peninsula. Cape Town: SURG. ISBN 978-0-620-41639-9.

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