Trans–New Guinea is perhaps the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people.[2] There have been several main proposals as to its internal classification.
History of the proposal
Although Papuan languages for the most part are poorly documented, several of the branches of Trans–New Guinea have been recognized for some time. The Eleman languages were first proposed by S. Ray in 1907, parts of Marind were recognized by Ray and JHP Murray in 1918, and the Rai Coast languages in 1919, again by Ray.
The precursor of the Trans–New Guinea family was Stephen Wurm's 1960 proposal of an East New Guinea Highlands family. Although broken up by Malcolm Ross in 2005, it united different branches of what became TNG for the first time, linking Engan, Chimbu–Wahgi, Goroka, and Kainantu. (Duna and Kalam were added in 1971.) Then in 1970, Clemens Voorhoeve and Kenneth McElhanon noted 91 lexical resemblances between the Central and South New Guinea (CSNG) and Finisterre–Huon families, which they had respectively established a few years earlier. Although they did not work out regular sound correspondences, and so could not distinguish between cognates due to genealogical relationship, cognates due to borrowing, and chance resemblances, their research was taken seriously. They chose the name Trans–New Guinea because this new family was the first to span New Guinea, from the Bomberai Peninsula of western West Irian to the Huon Peninsula of eastern PNG. They also noted possible cognates in other families Wurm would later add to TNG: Wurm's East New Guinea Highlands, Binandere in the 'Bird's Tail' of PNG, and two families that John Z'graggen would later (1971, 1975) unite in his 100-language Madang–Adelbert Range family.
In 1975, Wurm accepted Voorhoeve and McElhanon's suspicions about further connections, as well as Z'graggen's work, and postulated additional links to, among others, the languages of the island of Timor to the west of New Guinea, Angan, Goilalan, Koiarian, Dagan, Eleman, Wissel Lakes, the erstwhile Dani-Kwerba family, and the erstwhile Trans-Fly–Bulaka River family (which he had established in 1970), expanding TNG into an enormous language phylum that covered most of the island of New Guinea, as well as Timor and neighboring islands, and included over 500 languages spoken by some 2,300,000 people. However, part of the evidence for this was typological, and Wurm stated that he did not expect it to stand up well to scrutiny. Although he based the phylum on characteristic personal pronouns, several of the branches had no pronouns in common with the rest of the family, or even had pronouns related to non-TNG families, but were included because they were grammatically similar to TNG. Other families that had typical TNG pronouns were excluded because they did not resemble other TNG families in their grammatical structure.
Because grammatical typology is readily borrowed—many of the Austronesian languages in New Guinea have grammatical structures similar to their Papuan neighbors, for example, and conversely many Papuan languages resemble typical Austronesian languages typologically—other linguists were skeptical. William A. Foley rejected Wurm's and even some of Voorhoeve's results, and he broke much of TNG into its constituent parts: several dozen small but clearly valid families, plus a number of apparent isolates.
In 2005, Malcolm Ross published a draft proposal re-evaluating Trans–New Guinea, and found what he believed to be overwhelming evidence for a reduced version of the phylum, based solely on lexical resemblances, which retained as much as 85% of Wurm's hypothesis, though some of it tentatively.
The strongest lexical evidence for any language family is shared morphological paradigms, especially highly irregular or suppletive paradigms with bound morphology, because these are extremely resistant to borrowing. For example, the fact that German words gut "good" and besser "better" resemble their English counterparts would be stronger evidence that German is related to English than the mere lexical correspondence between German rot and English red for the color. However, because of the great morphological complexity of many Papuan languages, and the poor state of documentation of nearly all, in New Guinea this approach is essentially restricted to comparing pronouns. Ross reconstructed pronouns sets for Foley's basic families and compared these reconstructions, rather than using a direct mass comparison of all Papuan languages; attempted to then reconstruct the ancestral pronouns of the proto-Trans–New Guinea language, such as *ni "we", *ŋgi "you", *i "they"; and then compared poorly supported branches directly to this reconstruction. Families required two apparent cognates to be included. However, if any language in a family was a match, the family was considered a match, greatly increasing the likelihood of coincidental resemblances, and because the plural forms are related to the singular forms, a match of 1sg and 1pl, although satisfying Ross's requirement of two matches, is not actually two independent matches, again increasing the likelihood of spurious matches.[citation needed] In addition, Ross counted forms like *a as a match to 2sg *ga, so that /ɡV,kV,ŋɡV,V/ all counted as matches to *ga. And although /n/ and /ɡ/ occur in Papuan pronouns at twice the level expected by their occurrence in pronouns elsewhere in the world, they do not correlate with each other as they would if they reflected a language family. That is, it is argued that Ross's pronouns do not support the validity of Trans–New Guinea, and do not reveal which families might belong to it.[3]
Ross also included in his proposal several better-attested families for non-pronominal evidence, despite a lack of pronouns common to other branches of TNG, and he suggested that there may be other families that would have been included if they had been better attested. Several additional families are only tentatively linked to TNG. Because the boundaries of Ross's proposal are based primarily on a single parameter, the pronouns, all internal structure remains tentative.[citation needed]
The languages
TNG is strongly associated with the New Guinea Highlands (red), and may have spread with the spread of highland agriculture starting c. 10,000 BP, probably in the east, and only more recently south of the highlands.
Most TNG languages are spoken by only a few thousand people, with only seven (Melpa, Kuman, Enga, Huli, Western Dani, Makasae, and Ekari) being spoken by more than 100,000.[4] The most populous language outside of mainland New Guinea is Makasae of East Timor, with 100,000 speakers throughout the eastern part of the country. Enga is the most populous Trans-New Guinea language spoken in New Guinea, with more than 200,000 speakers. Golin, Sinasina, Mid Grand Valley Dani, Kamano, and Bunaq have between 50,000 and 100,000 speakers (Galela of Halmahera, usually not classified as Trans-New Guinea, also has between 50,000 and 100,000 speakers.) All other Trans–New Guinea languages have fewer than 50,000 speakers.[4]
The greatest linguistic diversity in Ross's Trans–New Guinea proposal, and therefore perhaps the location of the proto-Trans–New Guinea homeland, is in the interior highlands of Papua New Guinea, in the central-to-eastern New Guinea cordillera where Wurm first posited his East New Guinea Highlands family. Indonesian Papua and the Papuan Peninsula of Papua New Guinea (the "bird's tail") have fewer and more widely extended branches of TNG, and were therefore likely settled by TNG speakers after the proto-language broke up.
Ross speculates that the TNG family may have spread with the high population densities that resulted from the domestication of taro, settling quickly in the highland valleys along the length of the cordillera but spreading much more slowly into the malarial lowlands, and not at all into areas such as the Sepik River valley where the people already had yam agriculture, which thus supported high population densities. Ross suggests that TNG may have arrived at its western limit, the islands near Timor, perhaps four to 4.5 thousand years ago, before the expansion of Austronesian into this area.
Roger Blench associates the spread of Trans–New Guinea languages with the domestication of the banana.[5]
The classification here follows Wurm and includes some later modifications to his 1975 proposal.[6]
Wurm identifies the subdivisions of his Papuan classification as families (on the order of relatedness of the Germanic languages), stocks (on the order of the Indo-European languages), and phyla (on the order of the Nostratic hypothesis). Trans-New Guinea is a phylum in this terminology. A language that is not related to any other at a family level or below is called an isolate in this scheme.
As of 2003, William A. Foley accepted the core of TNG: "The fact, for example, that a great swath of languages in New Guinea from the Huon Peninsula to the highlands of Irian Jaya mark the object of a transitive verb with a set of verbal prefixes, a first person singular in /n/ and second person singular in a velar stop, is overwhelming evidence that these languages are all genetically related; the likelihood of such a system being borrowed vanishingly small."[7] He considered the relationship between the Finisterre–Huon, Eastern Highlands (Kainantu–Gorokan), and Irian Highlands (Dani – Paniai Lakes) families (and presumably some other smaller ones) to be established, and he said that it is "highly likely" that the Madang family belongs as well. He considered it possible, but not yet demonstrated, that the Enga, Chimbu, Binandere, Angan, Ok, Awyu, Asmat (perhaps closest to Ok and Awyu), Mek, Sentani, and the seven small language families of the tail of Papua New Guinea (Koiarian, Goilalan, etc., which he maintains have not been shown to be closely related to each other) may belong to TNG as well.
The various families constituting Malcolm Ross' conception of Trans–New Guinea. The greatest TNG diversity is in the eastern highlands. (After Ross 2005.)
Ross does not use specialized terms for different levels of classification as Donald Laycock and Stephen Wurm did. In the list given here, the uncontroversial families that are accepted by Foley and other Papuanists and that are the building blocks of Ross's TNG are printed in boldface. Language isolates are printed in italics.
Ross removed about 100 languages from Wurm's proposal, and only tentatively retained a few dozen more, but in one instance he added a language, the isolate Porome.
Ross did not have sufficient evidence to classify all Papuan groups. In addition, the classification is based on a single feature – shared pronouns, especially 1sg and 2sg – and thus is subject to false positives as well as to missing branches that have undergone significant sound changes, since he does not have the data to establish regular sound correspondences.[according to whom?]
Unclassified Wurmian languages
Although Ross based his classification on pronoun systems, many languages in New Guinea are too poorly documented for even this to work.[neutrality is disputed] Thus there are several isolates that were placed in TNG by Wurm but that cannot be addressed by Ross's classification. A few of them (Komyandaret, Samarokena, and maybe Kenati) have since been assigned to existing branches (or ex-branches) of TNG, whereas others (Massep, Momuna) continue to defy classification.
Ross removed 95 languages from TNG. These are small families with no pronouns in common with TNG languages, but that are typologically similar, perhaps due to long periods of contact with TNG languages.
Border and Morwap (Elseng), as an independent Border family (15 languages)
Isirawa (Saberi), as a language isolate (though classified as Kwerba by Clouse, Donohue & Ma 2002)[8]
Lakes Plain, as an independent Lakes Plain family (19)
Tor and Kwerba, joined as a Tor–Kwerba family (17)
Trans-Fly – Bulaka River is broken into five groups: three remaining (tentatively) in TNG (Kiwaian, Moraori, Tirio), plus the independent South-Central Papuan and Eastern Trans-Fly families (22 and 4 languages).
? Pauwasi family (4) [Inclusion in TNG tentative. No pronouns can be reconstructed from the available data. Since linked to Karkar, which is well attested and not TNG]
Central and South New Guinea ? (49, reduced) [Part of the original TNG proposal. Not clear if these four families form a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship.]
? Goilalan family (6) [inclusion in TNG tentative]
Southeast Papuan (Bird's Tail) ? [these families have not been demonstrated to be related to each other, but have in common ya for 'you[plural]' instead of proto-TNG *gi]
Groups and isolates considered by Pawley and Hammarström (2018) as having weaker or disputed claims to membership in Trans-New Guinea (some of which they suggest may ultimately turn out to be Trans-New Guinea, but further evidence is needed):[9]
The established Trans–New Guinea families according to Usher (2020). Additional families may eventually prove to belong as well, as Usher has initially excluded any that don't have a regular reflex of the 2sg pronoun.
Timothy Usher has reconstructed lower-level constituents of Trans–New Guinea to verify,[neutrality is disputed] through the establishment of regular sound changes, which purported members truly belong to it, and to determine their subclassification. In many cases Usher has created new names for the member families to reflect their geographic location. Much of his classification is accepted by Glottolog (though his names are not, as Glottolog invents its own names). As of 2020, his classification is as follows, including correspondences to the names in earlier classifications. He expects to expand the membership of the family as reconstruction proceeds.[11]
These branches may cluster together (the southwestern branches, for example, may group together), but the details are as yet unclear.
The primary branches of the Trans–New Guinea family of languages, per Usher (2018).
The families from the Ross and Glottolog classifications that are not included are Kaure, Pauwasi, Engan, Chimbu–Wahgi, Madang, Eleman, Kiwaian, Binanderean, Goilalan, and the several Papuan Gulf families. Usher only includes families that have a regular reflex of the 2sg pronoun, so there may be additional TNG families that have changed their pronouns.
Dryer (2022)
According to Dryer (2022), evidence for membership in Trans-New Guinea based solely on pronouns and 'louse' is not considered to be sufficient, since they are more likely to be widespread areal lexical forms (Wanderworts).[12]
Matthew Dryer's (2022) preliminary evaluation of Pawley and Hammarström (2018), which he had based on his preliminary quantitative analysis of data from the ASJP database, suggests that the following language groups are likely to be Trans–New Guinea (listed in order of highest to lowest score, i.e. starting from the most likely group):
However, Dryer (2022) notes that this preliminary quantitative analysis only gives a rough estimate of the groups that may or may not belong within Trans–New Guinea, and that similarities may be due to loanwords, areal influences, and so forth.
^Harald Hammarström (2012) "Pronouns and the (Preliminary) Classification of Papuan languages", Journal of the Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea
^ abcPalmer, Bill (2018). "Language families of the New Guinea Area". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–20. ISBN978-3-11-028642-7.
^Roger Blench (2017) "Things your classics master never told you: a borrowing from Trans New Guinea languages into Latin", McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
^ abcdPawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN978-3-11-028642-7.
^Dryer, Matthew S. (2022). Trans-New Guinea IV.2: Evaluating Membership in Trans-New Guinea.
Bibliography
Pawley, Andrew (1998). "The Trans New Guinea Phylum hypothesis: A reassessment". In Jelle Miedema; Cecilia Odé; Rien A.C. Dam (eds.). Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Amsterdam: Rodopi. pp. 655–90. ISBN978-90-420-0644-7. OCLC41025250.
Pawley, Andrew (2005). "The chequered career of the Trans New Guinea hypothesis: recent research and its implications". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 67–107. ISBN0-85883-562-2. OCLC67292782.
Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN0858835622. OCLC67292782.
قوس لاديفونسLa Grande Arche de la Défense (بالفرنسية) معلومات عامةنوع المبنى قوس النصر — مبنى مكاتب[1] — ناطحة سحاب المكان لا ديفونس المنطقة الإدارية لا ديفونس[1] البلد فرنسا[2] أبرز الأحداثالافتتاح الرسمي 14 يوليو 1989 الأبعادالارتفاع 110٫9 متر[3] الطول 112 متر[3] العرض 10…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stasiun Jatiroto. Stasiun Jatirogo Jatirogo+66 m LokasiJalan Stasiun JatirogoWotsogo, Jatirogo, Tuban, Jawa TimurIndonesiaKetinggian+66 mOperatorKereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi IV SemarangLetak dari pangkal km 155+688 lintas Jurnatan–Demak–Kudus–Juwana–Rembang–Jatirogo km 48+918 lintas Bojonegoro–Jatirogo[1] Informasi lainKode stasiunJTG3915[2]SejarahDibuka1919Ditutup1999-2001Nama sebelumnyaStation DjatirogoOperasi layanan - Lokasi pada p…
Lección de danza (1741), de Pietro Longhi, Galleria dell'Accademia, Venecia. La historia de la danza es el relato cronológico de la danza y el baile como arte y como rito social. Desde la prehistoria el ser humano ha tenido la necesidad de comunicarse corporalmente a través de movimientos que expresan sentimientos y estados de ánimo. Estos primeros movimientos rítmicos sirvieron igualmente para ritualizar acontecimientos importantes (nacimientos, defunciones, bodas). En principio, la danza …
NGC 7538 الكوكبة الملتهب[1] رمز الفهرس NGC 7538 (الفهرس العام الجديد)LBN 542 (Lynds' Catalogue of Bright Nebulae)IRAS 23113+6113 (IRAS)LBN 111.58+00.77 (Lynds' Catalogue of Bright Nebulae)RAFGL 3048 (The Revised AFGL (RAFGL) catalogue)SH 2-158 (A catalogue of HII regions)Ced 209[WWB83] G111.54+0.78 (An H76 alfa survey of galactic HII regions: electron temperature and element gradients)[KPS2012] MWSC 3707 (Global survey of star clusters…
1976 animal welfare treaty of the Council of Europe, adopted in Strasbourg Farm Animal ConventionEuropean Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming PurposesSigned10 March 1976LocationStrasbourg, FranceEffective10 September 1978Condition4 ratifications by Council of Europe member statesSignatories34 states + EURatifiers33 states + EUDepositarySecretary General of the Council of EuropeCitationsCETS No. 87LanguagesEnglish and French vte European Convention for the Protection of Anim…
For the equivalent formation in World War I, see III Corps (German Empire). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: III Army Corps Wehrmacht – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) III Army CorpsIII. ArmeekorpsIII. Panzerkor…
2006 studio album by Lloyd BanksRotten AppleStudio album by Lloyd BanksReleasedOctober 10, 2006Recorded2005–2006GenreHip hopEast Coast hip hopLength61:56LabelG-UnitInterscopeProducer10 For The Triad50 Cent (exec.)9th WonderChad BeatzChris StylesDaniel JonesDave MorrisEminemHavocJermaine MobleyLuis RestoMachavelliMajor Music ProductionsMidi MafiaNeedlzNick SpeedPrinceRon BrowzSha Money XL (also co-exec.)Writer's Block Music GroupYoung RJ & T3YounglordLloyd Banks chronology The Hunge…
Malaysian television service NJOITypePrivate satellite and digital televisionHeadquartersAstro Productions Sdn Bhd, All Asia Broadcast Centre, Technology Park Malaysia, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaArea servedMalaysiaProducts• Prepaid direct broadcast satellite • Digital television broadcastingOwnerMinistry of Communications and DigitalParent Astro Malaysia Holdings BerhadWebsitewww.njoi.com.my NJOI is a Malaysian free-to-view satellite and digital television service launched on…
Hệ thống Cảnh báo An ninh Nội địa Hoa Kỳ là hệ thống các quy ước về màu sắc với các cấp độ khác nhau để cảnh báo về các mối đe dọa cho nền an ninh quốc gia như khủng bố, bất ổn chính trị hay thiên tai... của Hoa Kỳ. Mỗi cấp độ được đưa ra sẽ tác động đến cách hành động của liên bang, tiểu bang hay chính quyền địa phương cho phù hợp với tình hình. Hệ thống này được Hoa K…
Site of a ruined hill fort in China Mazar TaghThe fort at Mazar Tagh (1913)Location of Mazar Tagh FortLocation ChinaRegionKarakax County (Moyu), Hotan Prefecture, XinjiangCoordinates38°27′03″N 80°51′45″E / 38.450759°N 80.862550°E / 38.450759; 80.862550 Mazar Tagh is the site of a ruined hill fort in the middle of the Taklamakan desert, dating from the time of the Tibetan Empire. Like the Miran fort site, its excavation has yielded hundreds of military doc…
Aeropuerto de Poznan-Ławica Port Lotniczy Poznań-Ławica IATA: POZ OACI: EPPO FAA: LocalizaciónUbicación Poznan, PoloniaElevación 94Sirve a PoznanDetalles del aeropuertoTipo Civil/MilitarOperador Poznań Ławica Airport Ltd.Fuerza Aérea PolacaPistas DirecciónLargoSuperficie10/282504HormigónMapa POZ / EPPO Situación del aeropuerto en PoloniaSitio web http://www.airport-poznan.com.pl/[editar datos en Wikidata] El Aeropuerto de Poznan-Ławica (IATA: POZ, OACI: EPPO), constru…
Касарьега Кордоба, МартинCasariego Córdoba, Martín Дата рождения 1962(1962) Место рождения Мадрид Гражданство Испания Род деятельности писатель, прозаик Годы творчества 1989 — наши дни Дебют 1989 (Что тебе рассказать) Премии Lengua de Trapo; Премия Карбо Карибского региона; Большая островная п…
Building in LondonBloomberg LondonThe building viewed from the junction of Cannon Street and WalbrookAlternative namesBloomberg European HeadquartersGeneral informationStatusCompletedLocationLondonAddress3 Queen Victoria StreetOpenedOctober 2017; 6 years ago (2017-10)Cost£1 billionOwnerBloomberg L.P.Design and constructionArchitecture firmFoster and PartnersStructural engineerAKT IIMain contractorSir Robert McAlpineAwards and prizesStirling Prize Bloomberg London is an of…
Otto AmpfererOtto Ampferer, c. 1900Born1 December 1875in Hötting near InnsbruckDied9 July 1947 Otto Ampferer (1 December 1875 in Hötting near Innsbruck – 9 July 1947) was an Austrian alpinist and geologist.[1] To explain the complex processes of Orogeny, he developed his theory of undercurrent[2] with the idea of a partially plastic Earth's crust. He became – even before Alfred Wegener – the pioneer of the modern view of mobilism.[3] Here, west of the Stanser Joch…
Retailer of optical parts and educational science toys and kits. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Edmund Scientific Corporation – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Edmund Scientific Corporation, based in Barrington, Ne…
Road origin monument in Ancient Rome Milliarium AureumThe probable position of the Milliarium AureumMilliarium AureumShown within RomeLocationRegio VIII Forum RomanumCoordinates41°53′33″N 12°29′04″E / 41.89250°N 12.48444°E / 41.89250; 12.48444TypeMilestone with gilded bronze finishingHistoryBuilderEmperor AugustusFoundedInauguration 20 BCE Roman Forum plan with the Milliarium Aureum in red and the Umbilicus Urbis in blue. Remains labeled Milliarium Aureum in t…
The White PandaBackground informationGenresEDMOccupation(s)DJremixerrecord producerYears active2009–2022MembersTom Evans (Procrast)Past membersDan Griffith (DJ Griffi) White Panda is an American music group, best known for remixing and releasing mashups.[1] Formation and early career White Panda was formed when two friends, both from Los Altos, California,[1] began producing and performing together as The White Panda after creating music on their own at separate colleges.[2…
Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage Ministry of Culture and National HeritageMinisterstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa NarodowegoOfficial governmental wall plaqueMinisterial logotypeMinistry headquartersMinistry overviewHeadquartersPotocki Palace, 15 Krakowskie Przedmieście Street, WarsawAnnual budgetPLN 4.029 billion[1]Minister responsibleDominika Chorosińska, Minister of Culture and National HeritageSecretaries of State responsibleJarosław Sellin, Secretary of State, Gene…
1994 greatest hits album by Chris ReaThe Best of Chris ReaGreatest hits album by Chris ReaReleased1994Recorded1978–1993GenreAlbum-oriented rockLength77:15LabelEast WestProducerChris Rea / variousChris Rea chronology Espresso Logic(1993) The Best of Chris Rea(1994) La Passione(1996) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic link The Best of Chris Rea is the second compilation album by British singer-songwriter Chris Rea, released in 1994. The album contains 15 previously rel…
Bridge in Melbourne, AustraliaSandridge BridgeCoordinates37°49′13″S 144°57′47″E / 37.8202°S 144.963°E / -37.8202; 144.963CarriesPedestrians, cyclistsCrossesYarra RiverLocaleMelbourne, AustraliaCharacteristicsDesignSteel girderTotal length178.4 m (585 ft)Width17 m (55.8 ft)Longest span36.9 m (121.1 ft)HistoryOpened1888Location The Sandridge Bridge is a historic bridge, which originally carried railway lines over the Yarra River in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia…
.svg){kind=spacer}
