Lower Mamberamo languages

Lower Mamberamo
Lower Mamberamo
Geographic; distribution	mouth of the Mamberamo River, New Guinea
Linguistic classification	Austronesian, or a primary language family ("Papuan")
Subdivisions	Warembori; Yoke;
Glottolog	lowe1409

The Lower Mamberamo languages are a recently proposed language family linking two languages spoken along the northern coast of Papua province, Indonesia, near the mouth of the Mamberamo River. They have various been classified either as heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages belonging to the SHWNG branch, or as Papuan languages that had undergone heavy Austronesian influence. Glottolog 3.4 classifies Lower Mamberamo as Austronesian, while Donohue classifies it as Papuan. Kamholz (2014) classifies Warembori and Yoke each as coordinate primary subgroups of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages.^[1]

Languages

The two languages, Warembori and Yoke, were listed as isolates in Stephen Wurm's widely used classification. Donohue (1998) showed them to be related with shared morphological irregularities.^[2] Ross (2007) classified Warembori as an Austronesian language based on pronouns; however, Donohue argues that these are borrowed, since the two pronouns most resistant to borrowing, 'I' and 'thou', do not resemble Austronesian or any other language family. The singular prefixes resemble Kwerba languages, but Lower Mamberamo has nothing else in common with that family. (See Warembori language and Yoke language for details.) Donohue argues that they form an independent family, though one perhaps related to another Papuan family, that has been extensively relexified under Austronesian influence, especially in the case of Warembori.

Pauwi, now extinct, may have been a Lower Mamberamo language.^[3]

'Ambermo'

In 1855, G. J. Fabritius collected numerals from around Geelvink Bay. At the 'Ambermo' (Mamberamo) River at the eastern extent of his coverage, he collected tenama '1' and bisa '2' from an unnamed language. However, he notes that the people only 'count' by means of singular and plural, so it is doubtful whether tenama and bisa are actually numerals. In any case, these words do not resemble the numerals in any language of the area, so the language Fabritius encountered remains unidentified.^[4]

Pronouns

Reconstructed independent pronouns in proto-Lower Mamberamo are:^[3]

	sg	pl
1	*e	*ki
2	*a	*mi
3	*(y)i	*si

Foley observes that there are likely similarities with Austronesian languages, likely due to contact.

*e 'I' and *a 'you (sg)' are also shared with neighboring Kwerba languages.^[3]

Cognates

Basic vocabulary, mostly cognates, of the Lower Mamberamo languages (Warembori and Yoke) listed in Foley (2018):^[3]

Lower Mamberamo family basic vocabulary
gloss	Warembori	Yoke	notes
'bird'	mani	mani	< Austronesian
'bone'	kombo	akombu
'eat'	an	aang	< Austronesian ?
'egg'	ndowa	nduvu
'give'	ore	o
'go'	da	da	< Austronesian ?
'hair'	bun	bo	< Austronesian
'hear'	nata	nanta
'kill'	muni	mu	< Austronesian
'leg'	epi	pi
'louse'	ki	ninggi	< Austronesian ?
'man'	man	mamb
'name'	nan	nand
'tree'	ayo	a	< Austronesian

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1975),^[5] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:^[6]

gloss	Warembori	Yoke
head	irimundo
hair	iburando	kiraumga
eye	ibaro	kikia
tooth	iburoro	kebrua
leg	kemaro	kipitaopa
louse	kiro	niŋi
dog		nieiba
pig	puwe	pero
bird	maniro
egg	manindobaro
blood	daro
bone	kekomboro
skin	akuero
tree	awuro	aba
man	mando	maomba
sun	ururo	tebia; wit
water	dando	diri; memba
fire	ontemaro	oba
stone	bakandaro	antusua
name	inanora
eat	ando	ani
one	iseno	osxenu
two	kainduo	kaiamba

Notes

^ Kamholz, David (2014). Austronesians in Papua: Diversification and change in South Halmahera–West New Guinea Archived 2021-08-17 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zg8b1vd
^ Donohue, Mark (1998 [2003]). Warembori, and the Lower Mamberamo family.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "'Ambermo'". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ Voorhoeve, C.L. Languages of Irian Jaya: Checklist. Preliminary classification, language maps, wordlists. B-31, iv + 133 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1975. doi:10.15144/PL-B31
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea". Retrieved 2020-11-05.

References

Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622. OCLC 67292782.