Northwest Papuan languages
Proposed language family of Papuan languages
The Northwest Papuan languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages .
Many of the constituent branches of Northwest Papuan were first proposed to be related by H.K.J. Cowan in the 1950s. Voorhoeve (1971) connected the Border and Tor families. Using only pronouns as a diagnostic, Malcolm Ross linked most of the western (Foja Range) branch of the family, which is now fairly secure. The current form of the proposal was worked out by Timothy Usher under the name "North(west) New Guinea"[1] (not to be confused with the proposed North New Guinea branch of the Austronesian language family).
It is not yet certain, however, that the similarities in vocabulary between Foja Range and the other constituent families are due to inheritance rather than borrowing.
Languages
The western branch, Foja Range, is equivalent to Ross's Tor–Kwerba family with the addition of Nimboran.
Søren Wichmann (2013)[2] considers Nimboran , Kapauri (under Kwerbic above), Border , and possibly also Elseng (under Border above) to form a unified language family.
Lexical comparison
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database[3] and Usher (2020),[4] unless noted otherwise.
Body parts
family
language
head
hair
ear
eye
nose
tooth
tongue
leg
blood
bone
skin
breast
Trans-New Guinea
Proto-Trans-New Guinea
*kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna
*iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun
*ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d)
*g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV
*mundu; *mutu
*magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi
*balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e
*kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu
*ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa
*kondaC; *kwata(l,n)
*gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu
*amu
Tor-Kwerba
Proto-Orya-Tor River [4]
*nəbaɾ
*aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ]
*nVwɛ
*masɛ
*mapəɾ[Vm]
*ta[g]əna
*mo̝m
Massep
Massep [5]
emǐbake
embar sanyabe
irmouibe
nobe
indice
wanabe
satoribe
tenebe
kumobe
koke
maike
absibe sababra
Mawes
Mawes
defar
tere
nonsom
wan
ija
werei
tuan
dukunen
Nimboran
Proto-Grime River [4]
*jaŋkaMBʉ
*ndɜp
*kam[a/ɔ]; *kəni[n/ŋ]
*namuɔ
*səɺiŋ; *wasəɺa[ŋ]
*anəmbəɺ[i/ɛ]ŋ; *mambəɺ[ɜ/ɔ]p
*masi
*kin
*ndɜn
*asu[p/k]
*min
Sentani
Sowari
tuniyiŋgan
pioupiə
kariŋgewa
itini
nəmbia
owar
ari
yow yim
Sentani
Sentani
faləm
uma
i joko
face
itəha
oro
oki
po
wa
nimə
Kapauri
Proto-Kapauri-Sause [4]
*baːɽ
*t[o̝/u]waro̝
*w₂ano̝
*mɛn₂o̝
*ko̝mo̝
*aːᵘC
*mɵ̝N
Kaure-Kosare
Proto-Nawa River [4]
*haⁱ
*hwɔkɽuC
*hwe̝N
*pakaⁱ
*ki
*muN
Kosare
Proto-Kosare [4]
*pɔtɔ
*m[o̞]ɽo̞
*pɛɽɛ
*ti[p/b]e̞
*kako̞
Kosare
Kosare
potɔ´
potɔi
'kɔro
ĩsɛrit
moro 'kakò
pɛki
pɛrɛ´
ña
'kákò
kó kakò
Kaure
Kaure
kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai
hai; hat
goklu; huaglüt
gewe; hwai; hwew
gopo; hapu
sbeje; səbokai
sremu; sɾumu
due; duɛ
hi; katesa; katsa
era; laq; loa
aguli; arohei; axlit
mu; muq
Elseng
Elseng
walambiap
nimbias
mo; uskŋs
naf
sənpokep
an
mɔs; mɔsən
pokəs
wətwən
ok
son; sɔn
pan
Molof
Molof
emi
ela
ou
lom
toŋga
te
ai
fu
mat
antai
kant
mu
Usku
Usku
flekle
flekle-kunda
beikli
nifi
neŋkle
bra
nafu
kla; mise
kla; mi
ninje; ninye
kiombra
Namla-Tofanma
Tofanma
kemble
kemble -na; kemble-na
kemb lelu
jei; yei
məniti
geme
goŋgogok
wanta
leki
nta
jefake; yefake
mo
West Pauwasi
Tebi
məndini
məndini-teke; məndini- teke
faʔa
ei; i
məndi
kle
klemalbo
puŋwa
teri; təri
gwane; gwano
ser
mamu
West Pauwasi
Towei
mindimna
mindi-teke
ei
kəreser
popnoa
edefi
pana
ser
East Pauwasi
Proto-East Pauwasi [4]
*mɛ
*mbVwaⁱ
*wVpi
*ji
*mɛⁱ
*jɔ
*mɜtaɺVp
*mbu
*mɜp
*ŋgVɺ
*apV, *jipi
*mɵ̝m
Yetfa
Yetfa
fran; ᵽr᷈an
fra may; ᵽʌřamai
i; ʔiʔ
ndor
ɔřa; rwa
moR᷈
ndwal
fan
tol; toR᷈
Lepki-Murkim
Lepki [6]
bwi
yɛmon
kal
braw
yiri
kɔw
nom
Lepki-Murkim
Murkim [6]
bwi
amol
kal
prouk
mal
kok
mam
Kembra
Kembra [6]
yi
pa
nili
ka
Kimki
Kimki [6]
bwa
ẽ
luː
albak
afupla
kwal
mua
Senagi
Dera (Amgotro dialect)
boda
nanada
kumbo- keda
kumba- kwada
gutubu
jabo-gemda
tabu
kodoa
gemda
kueda
toto
Border
Awyi
naŋger; naŋgər
jento; ta
keato
najo; nayo
nubru
ka
marie
malke
keane
sakər
fəker
mə̃
Border
Waris
ku
tea; tɛa
aŋku
nop
lomus
lelo
minde
moŋgola
towol
kəi; kəl
towol
tɛt
Kwomtari
Pyu
uǏiʔ; wiri
Ǐɩsiʔ; lisi
kweɛ
bəmeʔ; pɛmɛʔɛ
tɛpʌǏi
rəne
asaguʔ
ɛmiʔ; kami
bəli; bɩǏiʔ
kagole; kʌkʌǏɛʔ
ib̶iʔ
Sko
Skou
röbe; rö́e
ta
lö
luto; lutɔ̀
ha
kö
tãe
hi
ee
nö re; nö rɔ̀
nɔ
Nature
family
language
louse
dog
pig
bird
egg
tree
sun
moon
water
fire
stone
path
Trans-New Guinea
Proto-Trans-New Guinea
*niman
*n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem
*maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka
*ida; *inda ~ *iñja
*kamali; *kamuli; *ketana
*kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V]
*nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V]
*inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p
*kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna
Tor-Kwerba
Proto-Orya-Tor River
*nɛna
*gʷəɾa
*gʷas
*dzu
*s[u]w[e̝]
*te̝
*p[ɛⁱ]n
*pɔ
*nVɾ
Massep
Massep
sinome
onobe
iyi yabenayi
inyane
sinye
warane
sobe
mandoma
ɛware
yase
sirimakatiri
sane
Mawes
Mawes
wede
was
ikinin
siwin
deŋkin
esar
bo
kani
feyt
Nimboran
Proto-Grime River
*səna[ŋ]
*unduɔ
*inəmbuɔ
*jʉ
*səwip[i]
*ndi
*wɔj
*mbanu
*mbu
*kip; *kɜj
*ndəmuɔ
*tap
Sentani
Sowari
ami
aweŋgen
nifie
ey
kuku
ya-yeŋgan
omar
yarim
payn
kara
Sentani
Sentani
mi
yoku
obo
aye
do
no
hu
bu
i
duka
Kapauri
Proto-Kapauri-Sause
*hɛno̝
*unu
*ɽe̝Cne̝N
*huwini
*nisiki (?)
*bɛ[N/nV]
*bo̝C
*nawaɽo̝
Kaure-Kosare
Proto-Nawa River
*miN
*se̝
*pî
*ho̝C
*tɛⁱC
*h[æ/a]niC
*paka
*mi[jɛ]
*sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN)
ɭitɪ
Kosare
Proto-Kosare
*se̞
*ho̞
*sɛɽi
*e̞ne̞
*mijɛ
Kosare
Kosare
mi
sé
pi
o
ho's̪ɛri
tĩⁿdi
ɛnɛ´ⸯ
paka
biɛ
sá
'naka
kɛmɔrɔ´
Kaure
Kaure
mi; mĩ
se
pi
hou; hu; ku
hore; te; wale
te; tei; teija
hafei; haɾi; harei
gaka; poka
bi; biq; gomesi
sa; saʔ; sareŋ
təsi; tɛsi; tisi
selu
Elseng
Elseng
ku
wəs
wo
bisjas; bisyas
suŋun
sək
ninaf
mɔm
wətel; wətəl
bot; bɔt
səpat
mul
Molof
Molof
lem
au
le
woar
nei
ar
jat; yat
tombe
le
mef
Usku
Usku
nimi
lokwe
kle
weli
nei
meŋgerne
ei
jo; yo
pane
tra
Namla-Tofanma
Tofanma
bli
jetai; yetai
taili
kili
jaku; yaku
menti-gaku
basu
we
klo
meka
West Pauwasi
Tebi
mi
lumu; olmu
alani; membi
wejalgi; weyalgi
maʔa
wuluma
ai
we
kwola
fiaʔa
West Pauwasi
Towei
yemu
jek
wemu
yimap
eye
we
mafi
East Pauwasi
Proto-East Pauwasi
*jəmVɺ
*pVɺ
*and
*jVn
*naɺV, *waɺ
*jəmaɺ
*juŋg
*Vnd
*jaᵘ
*mbVɺi
*mVwaⁱ
Yetfa
Yetfa
ni:m; yim
say
mbaR᷈; mualə
rawi
řonǏa
yau; yo; yɔ
məlel
kel; kɛr᷈
yaʋ; yau
təkoup; tɩkɔᵽ
miaA
Lepki-Murkim
Lepki
afai
haiden
ya
mom
roɣivei
kel
yaɣala
sauf
Lepki-Murkim
Murkim
afi
nel
yamul
kayakalo
kaya(bi)
kel
yo
oːn
Kembra
Kembra
tra
traləl
ya
ota
er
ya
isi
Kimki
Kimki
ã
im
maul
bwakaya
lokaya
dɪ
kamop
kwil
Senagi
Dera (Amgotro dialect)
manə
jabodo
wadə
du
dogomda
namo; nomo
kəbu
amana
kue
kai
nəmai
bakoda
Border
Awyi
tu
eəl; wŋl
wot
noj; noy
suŋul
ti
mentao
kuŋgəru
wobia; wobio
tao
ser
məŋgir
Border
Waris
ku
unde
mi
tuawa
suul
ti
okumba
wɛs
po
sue
hon
muna
Kwomtari
Pyu
ni; niʔ
naguʔ; nakwu
we; wɛʔ
maǏuǏiʔ; maru
Ǐio taʔ; taʔ
ga; ka
agwiʔ
ʔiʔ; yi
kamie; kʌmæ
siri; sɩliʔ
ʔonæ; ʔonɛ
Sko
Skou
fi
nake; nakɛ́
pale; pálɛ
tåå; tãŋã
tã ko; tã kò
ri
rãã; rãã́
ke
pa
ra
hũ; wũ
References
^ Northwest New Guinea
^ Wichmann, Søren. 2013. A classification of Papuan languages Archived 2020-11-25 at the Wayback Machine . In: Hammarström, Harald and Wilco van den Heuvel (eds.), History, contact and classification of Papuan languages (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012), 313-386. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea" . Retrieved 2020-11-05 .
^ a b c d e f g Usher, Timothy (2020). "New Guinea World" . Archived from the original on 2022-12-16. Retrieved 2020-12-31 .
^ Hurd, Fred. 1979. Massep . Unpublished word list, m.s. SIL International.
^ a b c d Foley, William A. (2018). "The languages of Northwest New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide . The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7 .