Turama–Kikorian languages
Language family
The Turama–Kikorian languages are a family identified by Arthur Capell (1962)[1] and part of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) family in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The family is named after the Turama River and Kikori River of southern Papua New Guinea ; the alternative name is based more narrowly on the Omati River .
Languages
The four languages are clearly related, though Rumu is divergent. Ross states that Rumu links the other (Turama) languages to TNG.
Proto-language
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[2]
gloss
Proto-Rumu-Omati
Proto-Omati River
Rumu
head/top
*mab
*mab
mapô
leaf/hair/feather
*b[au]t
*bɔt
?paɾâu
ear
*go̝
*go̝
kō
eye
*isĩ
*isĩ
ihī
nose
*ju
*ju
jū
tooth
*magu
*magu
makù
foot/leg
*tãᵋ
*tãᵋ
ɾɛ̂
bone
*tab
*tab
ɾapò
breast
*sõ̝
*sõ̝
hó
louse
*gutɔm
*gutɔm
kuɾɔ̀
dog
*gas
*gas
ká ~ kaé
pig
*gɔ[u]n
*gɔn
kɔù
bird
*gaᵋ
*gaᵋ
ká ~ kaé
egg
*d[ɔ]um
*d[ɔ]um
tree
*i
*i
ì
sun
*ɛsɔa
*ɛsɔa
ɛhɔ̂
water
*wẽ̝
*wẽ̝
fire
*i
*i
ì
path
*dɛⁱ
*dɛⁱ
tɛî
name
*e̝ne̝ne̝n
*ne̝ne̝n
enené
two
*t[aⁱ/aᵋ]
*taᵋ
taí
Vocabulary comparison
Basic vocabulary
The following basic vocabulary words are from Franklin (1973),[3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[4]
gloss
Rumu
Ikobi-Mena
Mena
Omati
head
wotu rapo
mapʰ
mabo
mawo
hair
pate
maporo
maboru
mahabero
ear
ku pate
kupi
kovi
kovi
eye
ihita
si(tom)
sitɔumu
isi
nose
yu rapo
bopʰ
boƀo
sorowu
tooth
maku
ka̧i̧ yo
kaiyɔ
kokame
tongue
ɔhɔ
kumen
kumɛn
komene
leg
re riki
hae
hại habo
hai
louse
kuro
kurom
kuromiə
kulamu
dog
ka
kas
kasə
kase
bird
ka
kae
kaiɛ
kae
egg
re
tʌom
tʌmɛ
mena hai
blood
hokore
kai
kai
kei
bone
rapo
hap
havo
havo
skin
heitau
kora
kʷaru
kebo
breast
hɔ
so̧
so; šo
šu
tree
i
i
ʔi
man
uki
wane
wɔnami; wɔne
gamin
woman
wo
besi
bɛse
bes
sun
eho
iyos
yosə; yosu
soa
moon
pari
wasiba
wasibia; wasibʌŋʌ
baira
water
u
mu̧
mu
fae
fire
i
kom
kumu
kumu
stone
akapu
kam
kamə
kamu
name
paina
nanini
nɛnɛne
nenena
eat
nato
nokun; nouwe
nʌᵘwe
damanai
one
riabai; ṛiabai
sʌkanɛ
sʌkanɛ
sakaina
two
tai
hae
haiɛ
hatarari
Fauna names
Below are some turtle names, with additional names in Porome , Kiwaian , and Kutubuan languages also provided for comparison:[5]
Language [Location]
Emydura subglobosa
Elseya novaeguineae
Carettochelys insculpta
Pelochelys bibroni
Marine turtle
Ikobi [Kasere] (Kaiam)
Kaso bubal
Kaso bubal
Kaso Uwo
Kaso Mimiri
–
Foroba (Omo, Kuru)
Kinisuga
Kesoga
Buguama
Mimiri
–
Rumu (Kopi, Ogamabu, Irimuku, Lalau, Ario, Waira)
Kehoko
Kehoko, Purapati
Piku
Mimiri, Otohehe
–
Porome [Kibiri] (Veiru, Doibo)
Ketori
Ketori
Watemui
Kauri
–
Porome [Porome] (Ero, Wowou)
Ketoko
Ketoko
Watemu
Dabeuri
–
Kerewo [Goaribari] (Apeawa, Samoa)
–
Koimo
Uwo
Unawaya
Mirimiri, Gamo
Kiwai , Northeast [Urama] (Veraibari)
Koimo
Koimo
Va’ema
Goava’ema
Mia Mia
Foi (Soro, Wasami, Tugiri, Kese, Kapoi)
–
Baregwarabo
–
–
–
Fasu (Wairo, Hebaya)
–
Eketaiyaa
–
–
–
Names for Emydura subglobosa and Elseya novaeguineae are generally identical or similar.
References
^ Capell, Arthur. 1962. Linguistic Survey of the South-Western Pacific (New and revised edition). (South Pacific Commission Technical Paper, 136.) Noumea: South Pacific Commission. 258pp.
^ Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Rumu – Omati River
^ Franklin, K.J. "Other Language Groups in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas". In Franklin, K. editor, The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea . C-26:261-278. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1973. doi :10.15144/PL-C26.261
^ Greenhill, Simon (2016). "TransNewGuinea.org - database of the languages of New Guinea" . Retrieved 2020-11-05 .
^ Georges, A., Guarino, F., & Bito, B. (2006). Freshwater turtles of the TransFly region of Papua New Guinea – notes on diversity, distribution, reproduction, harvest and trade . Wildlife Research , 33(5), 373. doi :10.1071/wr05087
Ross, Malcolm (2005). "Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages". In Andrew Pawley ; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples . Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 15–66. ISBN 0858835622 . OCLC 67292782 .
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