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Waibuk
Waibuk
Haruai
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Madang Province
Native speakers	2,000 (2000)
Language family	Madang – Upper Yuat Upper Yuat Piawi Waibuk; ; ;
Dialects	North (Hamil); Central (Mambar); South (Arama);
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tmd
Glottolog	haru1245
ELP	Haruai

Haruai (less commonly Harway) is one of two languages of the Piawi family of New Guinea. The language has borrowings from Kalam. Young men are likely to know Kobon and Tok Pisin, but many Haruai are monolingual. Haruai is also commonly known as Waibuk, also Wiyaw, Wovan, Taman.

Dialects are North Waibuk (Hamil), Central Waibuk (Mambar), South Waibuk (Arama); word taboo is practiced but does not impede communication.

Language contact

Due to intensive language contact, Haruai shares 35 percent of its vocabulary with Kobon (a Trans-New Guinea language belonging to the Madang branch),^[2] which is the same proportion of vocabulary that Haruai shares with the related language Hagahai.^[3] Some lexical examples:^[3]^: 235

gloss	native Harway word	borrowed Harway word	Kobon word
‘sun’	nayə	sdə	sda
‘dog’	wəɲə	kəyn	kayn
‘father’	acə	bəp	baap
‘wife’s brother’	(no native word)	bənəy	bane
‘grandmother’	(no native word)	əpsəw	aps
‘ear’	(no native word)	rmj	rmd

Harway has both native and borrowed terms for words like ‘sun’, ‘dog’, and ‘father’, but in the case of ‘wife’s brother’, ‘grandmother’, and ‘ear’, only loanwords of Kobon origin are used.^[3]^: 235

Phonology

Consonants^[3]
	Labial		Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
	oral	pal.	Alveolar	Palatal	oral	pal.
Plosive	p	pʲ	t	c	k
Prenasalized	ᵐb	ᵐbʲ	ⁿd	ᶮɟ	ᵑg	ᵑgʲ
Fricative			s
Nasal	m	mʲ	n	ɲ	ŋ	ŋʲ
Approximant	w		r, l	j

Vowels^[3]
	Front	Central	Back
High	i	ɨ	u
Mid	e	ə	o
Low		a

Bibliography

Comrie, Bernard. 1987. A Grammar of the Wiyaw Language. Unpublished Technical Report presented to the National Science Foundation on Project BNS-8504293.
Bernard Comrie, 1988, ‘Haruai verb structure and language classification in the Upper Yuat’. Language and Linguistics in Melanesia 17: 140–160.
Comrie, 1989, ‘Haruai attributes and processing explanations for word order’. In F.J. Heyvaert and F. Steurs, eds.: Worlds Behind Words: Essays in Honour of Prof. Dr. F.G. Droste on the Occasion of his Sixtieth Birthday. (Symbolae Facultatis Litterarum et Philosophiae Lovaniensis, Series C Linguistica, volume 6), 209–215. Leuven: Leuven University Press.
Comrie, 1990, ‘Lexical variation and genetic affiliation: The case of Haruai’. In Jerold A. Edmondson, Crawford Feagin, and Peter Muhlhausler, eds.: Development and Diversity: Linguistic Variation Across Time and Space: A Festschrift for Charles-James N. Bailey (Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 92), 461–466. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and Arlington: University of Texas at Arlington.
Comrie, 1991, ‘How much pragmatics and how much grammar: the case of Haruai’. In Jef Verschueren, ed.: Pragmatics at Issue, 81–92. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Comrie, 1991, ‘On Haruai vowels’. In Andrew Pawley, ed.: Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer, 393–397. Auckland: The Polynesian Society.
Comrie, 1993, ‘The phonology of heads in Haruai’. In Greville G. Corbett, Norman M. Fraser, and Scott McGlashan, eds.: Heads in Grammatical Theory, 36–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, 1993, ‘Some remarks on causatives and transitivity in Haruai’. In Bernard Comrie and Maria Polinsky, eds.: Causatives and Transitivity (Studies in Language Companion Series 23), 315–325. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Comrie, 1995, ‘Serial verbs in Haruai (Papua New Guinea) and their theoretical implications’. In Janine Bouscaren, Jean-Jacques Franckel, Stéphane Robert, eds.: Langues et langage: Problèmes et raisonnement en linguistique, mélanges offerts à Antoine Culioli, 25–37. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Comrie, 1998, ‘Switch reference in Haruai: grammar and discourse’. In Marc Janse, ed.: Productivity and Creativity: Studies in General and Descriptive Linguistics in Honor of E.M. Uhlenbeck (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 116), 421–432. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Comrie, 1999, ‘Haruai numerals and their implications for the history and typology of numeral systems’. In Jadranka Gvozdanović, ed.: Numeral Types and Changes Worldwide (Trends in Linguistics, Studies and Monographs 118), 95–111. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Comrie, 2001, ‘Haruai kin terms’. In Andrew Pawley, Malcolm Ross, and Darrell Tryon, eds.: The Boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian Linguistics in Honour of Tom Dutton, 89–95. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

References

^ Waibuk at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Foley, William A. (2018). "The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 197–432. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.