左懋第

左懋第
签名:
明末畫家崔子忠作左懋第像
明末畫家崔子忠作左懋第像
大明兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史
籍貫山東登州府萊陽縣
族裔漢族
諡號忠貞(乾隆時追諡)
出生萬曆二十八年(1601年)
大明山東等處承宣布政使司登州府萊陽縣
逝世弘光元年(清順治二年,1645年)
大清直隶省顺天府菜市口法场
出身
  • 崇禎三年庚午科山東鄉試舉人
  • 崇禎四年辛未科進士出身

左懋第(1601年—1645年),仲及蘿石,乾隆时追忠贞山東萊陽縣(今萊陽市)人。官至兵部右侍郎。弘光朝任使者,赴北京清朝谈和,被扣押,不肯投降,被斬首。《甲申傳信錄》卷十以「使臣碧血」結尾,卷末載左懋第絕筆詩。後人稱“明末文天祥”。

生平

崇禎三年(1630年),左懋第中山東鄉試第二名舉人,次年聯捷辛未科進士 [1]。任陝西韓城知縣,崇祯十二年(1639年)升戶科給事中,上書提出時局有四弊:民穷、兵弱、臣工推诿、国计虚耗。十四年,督催漕运,道中驰疏言:“臣自静海抵临清,见人民饥死者三,疫死者三,为盗者四。米石银二十四两,人死取以食。惟圣明垂念。”崇祯十六年(1643年)秋,出巡长江防务。[2]崇祯十七年(1644年)三月,李自成破北京,其母陈氏绝食而死。

不久,清兵入關,堂弟左懋泰投降。弘光帝在南京即位,左懋第任兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史,又以陈洪范马绍愉为副使,前往北京,通好議和。十月初,揩二副使及随从百余人至北京张家湾,住进鸿胪寺。懋第在鸿胪寺陈设太牢,率随员北面哭祭三日。十月二十七日多爾袞釋放左懋第南歸。左等走出永定门馮詮(另有一说陈洪范)勸多爾袞不要「放虎歸山」,十一月十四日多爾袞遣百骑在沧州追回,被扣留在北京太醫院,墙上遍布荆棘,自言:“生为明臣,死为明鬼,我志也。”

弘光元年(清顺治二年,1645年)闰六月十五日,清廷颁布剃发令,隨員艾大選遵旨薙髮,懋第將其亂棍打死,清廷前來責問,懋第曰:“吾自行我法,殺我人,與若何預?”清廷设“太平宴”宴请,懋第拒食。又遣洪承疇前來說降,左懋第說:“此鬼也。洪督師在松山死節,先帝賜祭九壇,今日安得更生?”洪承疇慚愧而退。李建泰又来劝降,左懋第怒斥说:“老奴尚在?先帝宠饯,勒兵剿贼,既不殉国,又失身焉,何面目见我?”[3]左懋第又責問勸降的堂兄弟左懋泰:“此非吾弟也。”隨之將其叱離[4]多爾袞大怒,親自提審懋第,懋第直立不跪。當問道:“你為何不肯剃頭?”左懋第回答:“頭可斷,髮不可斷!”金之俊劝他:“先生何不知兴废!”左懋第针锋相对答道:“汝何不知羞耻!”多爾袞知其不降,閏六月十九日,命左右推出宣武门外菜市口處死[5]

临刑时,左懋第南向再拜说:“臣等事大明之心尽矣。”,有绝命诗:“漠漠黄沙少雁过,片云南下竟如何?丹忱碧血消难尽,蕩作寒烟总不磨。”[6]隨員陳用極王一斌張良佐王廷佐劉統等人皆不屈而死。[7]

身後

左懋第幕客咸默將左懋第歸葬萊陽,將陳用極歸葬崑山,王一斌等人則淺葬於金陵郊外。咸默本為秀才,後改為堪輿師浪跡天涯,曾作《哭萊陽詩》以弔左懋第,其詩意淒涼,人不忍讀,咸默事蹟記於《清史稿·列傳·孝義三》。

家族

曾祖左文昇生左奎、左英、左彦。祖父左奎生之龙、之藩、之祯。左之龙(1550-1623),字用化,号云楼,万历七年己卯(1579)举人,历任河北房山、良乡知县,陕西西华知县,延安府同知,滦州知州,署北平太守,南京刑部广东司员外郎、河南司郎中。诰授奉政大夫、敕封光禄大夫。继配陈氏,宁海指挥佥事陈治安长女,敕封夫人,生左懋第。

注釋

  1. ^ 《崇祯四年辛未科进士三代履历》:左懋第,蘿石,春秋房,丁酉十一月二十一日生。莱阳人,庚午二名,会四十九,三甲二百四十五名。兵部政,授韓城知县。己卯考选,授户科给事中,庚辰皇城巡视。曾祖文昇。祖奎。父之龍,南刑部郎中、致仕。
  2. ^ 《明史·列傳275卷》7048-7049:左懋第 ,字蘿石,萊陽人。崇禎四年進士。授韓城知縣,有異政。遭父喪,三年不入內寢,事母盡孝。十二年擢戶科給事中。疏陳四弊,謂民困、兵弱、臣工委頓、國計虛耗也。又陳貴粟之策,令天下贖罪者盡輸粟,鹽筴復開中之舊,令輸粟邊塞充軍食。彗星見,詔停刑,懋第請馬上速傳。又請嚴禁將士剽掠,有司朘削。請散米錢,振輦下饑民,收養嬰孩。明年正月,剿餉罷徵,亦請馬上速行,恐遠方吏不知,先已徵,民不沾實惠。帝並採納。三月,大風霾。帝布袍齋居,禱之不止。懋第言:「去秋星變,朝停刑而夕即滅。今者不然,豈陛下有其文未修其實乎?臣敢以實進。練餉之加,原非得已。乃明旨減兵以省餉,天下共知之,而餉猶未省,何也?請自今因兵徵餉,預使天下知應加之數,官吏無所逞其奸,以信陛下之明詔。而刑獄則以睿慮之疑信,定諸囚之死生,諸疑於心與疑信半者,悉從輕典。豈停刑可止彗,解網不可以返風乎?且陛下屢沛大恩,四方死者猶枕藉,盜賊未見衰止,何也?由蠲停者止一二。存留之賦,有司迫考成,催徵未敢緩,是以莫救於凶荒。請於極荒州縣,下詔速停,有司息訟,專以救荒為務。」帝曰:「然。」於是上災七十五州縣新、舊、練三餉並停,中災六十八州縣止徵練餉,下災二十八州縣秋成督徵。十四年督催漕運,道中馳疏言:「臣自靜海抵臨清,見人民饑死者三,疫死者三,為盜者四。米石銀二十四兩,人死取以食,惟聖明垂念。」又言:「臣自魚臺至南陽,流寇殺戮,村市為墟。其他饑疫死者,屍積水涯,河為不流,振捄安可不速。」已又陳安民息盜之策,請核荒田,察逋戶,予以有生之樂,鼓其耕種之心。又言:「臣有事河干一載,每進父老問疾苦,皆言練餉之害。三年來,農怨於野,商嘆於途。如此重派,所練何兵?兵在何所?剿賊禦邊,效安在?奈何使眾心瓦解,一至此極乎!」又言:「臣去冬抵宿遷,見督漕臣史可法,言山東米石二十兩,而河南乃至百五十兩,漕儲多逋。朝議不收折色,需本色。今淮、鳳間麥大熟,如收兩地折色,易麥轉輸,豈不大利。昔劉晏有轉易之法。今歲河北大稔,山東東、兗二郡亦有收。誠出內帑二三十萬,分發所司,及時收糴,於國計便。」帝即命議行。屢遷刑科左給事中。十六年秋,出察江防。
  3. ^ 《爝火录》上册,354页
  4. ^ 《石匮书后集·左懋第传》,卷29;《明史·左懋第传》,卷275
  5. ^ 《南疆逸史》卷九《左懋第傳》
  6. ^ 《小腆纪年附考》上册,395-396页
  7. ^ 《明史·列傳275卷》7048-7049:明年五月,福王立,進兵科都給事中,旋擢右僉都御史,巡撫應天、徽州諸府。時大清兵連破李自成,朝議遣使通好,而難其人。懋第母陳歿於燕,懋第欲因是返匶葬,請行。乃拜懋第兵部右侍郎兼右僉都御史,與左都督陳弘範、太僕少卿馬紹愉偕,而令懋第經理河北,聯絡關東諸軍。馬紹愉者,故兵部郎官也,嘗為陳新甲通款事至義州而還。新甲既誅,紹愉以督戰致衄,為懋第劾罷。及是紹愉已起官郎中,乃進為少卿,副懋第。懋第言:「臣此行致祭先帝后梓宮,訪東宮二王蹤跡。臣既充使臣,勢不能兼理封疆。且紹愉臣所劾罷,不當復與臣共事。必用臣經理,則乞命弘範同紹愉出使,而假臣一旅,偕山東撫臣收拾山東以待,不敢復言北行。如用臣與弘範北行,則去臣經理,但銜命而往,而罷紹愉勿遣。」閣部議止紹愉,改命原任薊督王永吉。王令仍遵前諭。懋第瀕行言:「臣此行,生死未卜。請以辭闕之身,效一言。願陛下以先帝仇恥為心,瞻高皇之弓劍,則思成祖列聖之陵寢何存;撫江上之殘黎,則念河北、山東之赤子誰卹。更望時時整頓士馬,必能渡河而戰,始能扼河而守;必能扼河而守,始能畫江而安。」眾韙其言。王令齎白金十萬兩、幣帛數萬匹,以兵三千人護行。八月,舟渡淮。十月朔,次張家灣,本朝傳令止許百人從行。懋第衰絰入都門,至則館之鴻臚寺。請祭告諸陵及改葬先帝,不可,則陳太牢於旅所,哭而奠之。即以是月二十有八日遣還出都。弘範乃請身赴江南招諸將劉澤清等降附,而留懋第等勿遣。於是自滄州追還懋第,改館太醫院。順治二年六月,聞南京失守,慟哭。其從弟懋泰先為吏部員外郎,降賊,後歸本朝授官矣,來謁懋第。懋第曰:「此非吾弟也。」叱出之。至閏月十二日,與從行兵部司務陳用極,游擊王一斌,都司張良佐、劉統、王廷佐俱以不降誅,而紹愉獲免。

參考書目

  • 《石匮书后集·左懋第传》

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:明史卷二百七十五》,出自《明史

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