Dialectos do castelán

Dialectos principais do castelán.

O castelán conta con moitas variedades rexionais ou dialectos, que poden ser bastante diverxentes uns dos outros, especialmente no tocante á pronunciación e ao vocabulario, mais non tanto en canto á gramática. Malia que tódolos dialectos do castelán se adhiren ao mesmo estándar escrito, tódalas variedades faladas difiren da versión escrita en diferentes graos. Existen diferenzas entre os castelán peninsular e o castelán de América, ao mesmo tempo que existen diversas áreas dialectais tanto en España como en América Latina.

As principais diferenzas de pronunciación entre os dialectos do castelán inclúen:

  1. O mantemento ou perda de diferenciación entre os fonemas /θ/ e /s/ (distinción vs. seseo e ceceo);
  2. O mantemento ou perda de diferenciación entre os fonemas representados graficamente por ll e y (yeísmo);
  3. O mantemento do [s] ao final de sílba vs. o seu debilitamento en [h] (chamado aspiración, ou de maneira máis precisa debucalización), ou a súa perda; e
  4. A tendencia, en áreas de México central e das terras altas andinas, á neutralización (especialmente silenciando), ou a perda, de vogais sen acentuar, especialmente cando están en contacto con consoantes xordas.[1][2][3]

Entre os trazos gramaticais, a variación máis salientable entre os dialectos é o uso da segunda persoa dos pronomes. En América Latina, a única forma do pronome de segunda persoa plural, tanto no rexistro formal como no informal, é "ustedes", mentres que en España, o pronome informal de segunda persoa plural é "vosotros", sendo "ustedes" usado soamente no tratamento formal. Para o pronome de segunda persoa en singular, algúns dialectos de América Latina empregan "tú", mentres que outros empregan a forma "vos".

Existen diferenzas significativas no vocabulario entre as diferentes variedades do castelán, en especial nos termos referidos a comida, obxectos do día a día e roupa. Moitas variedades de América Latina teñen unha considerable influencia léxica das linguas indíxenas de América.

Notas

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

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