"Space Invaders", one of the most popular arcade video games of its time and a breakthrough in display, was introduced in arcades in Japan by the electronic entertainment company Taito, and would be brought to North America in November.[1][2] The game was the first in video with no time limit and no limit on scoring, with players able to continue (as in pinball) for as long as their skills would allow.[3]
In Yanchuan County in China's Shaanxi province, 12 people were killed when a truck fell off a road and into a deep valley near the village of Yanshuiguan.[13]
In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, five children between the ages of 4 months and 9 years died in a house fire after their mother left them alone to go grocery shopping. Firefighters delayed entering the house because they thought it was empty.[14]
The long-running American TV show Dallas, starring Larry Hagman as J. R. Ewing, began a run of 14 seasons and 357 seasons on CBS, creating the modern-day primetime soap opera. The show, popular worldwide, was ranked #1 in the U.S. Nielsen ratings in the 1980–81 and 1981–82 seasons, as well as the 1983–84 season.[33]
The "Bell Island Boom", the thunder from an unusually powerful lightning bolt in the upper atmosphere, was heard in and around the town of Bickfordville, Newfoundland, on Canada's Bell Island shortly before noon.[36][37][38]
Nick Berg, American freelance businessman known for being kidnapped and beheaded by Islamic militants who videotaped the killing; in West Chester, Pennsylvania (murdered 2004)[45]
The San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted, 10 to 1, to pass a gay rights ordinance, prohibiting discrimination against gay and lesbian people in employment, housing and public accommodations.[61] The proposal had been introduced by the first openly gay city council member in the U.S., Harvey Milk, and the only vote against it was cast by Dan White. San Francisco mayor George Moscone signed the ordinance into law a few days later. White resigned on November 10, but sought to get his job back four days later. Refused, White murdered Moscone and Milk at City Hall on November 27, 1978.[62]
The French children's television series 1, rue Sésame, a French adaptation of the U.S. series Sesame Street, made its debut on the TF1 network.[63]
Born:
Luca Moncada, Italian rower and winner of the World Rowing Championships in 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007; in Palermo[64]
Pakistani nuclear physicist A. Q. Khan announced that he and his team at the Engineering Research Laboratories in Kahuta had produced enriched uranium (with a substantial quantity of the isotopeuranium-235) for the first time, less than two years after the laboratories had been established by Pakistan's secret "Project-706".[76][77] The breakthrough in producing fissionable uranium made it possible for Pakistan to create its first atomic weapon; the explosion of an atomic bomb would not be attempted by Pakistan until May 26, 1998.
Cyclone Alby caused heavy damage, killed 5 people and caused wildfires that (according to one report) destroyed two towns in Western Australia.[78]
René Wolff, German track cyclist who won the 2005 world championship for the sprint, and helped Germany win the 2004 Olympic gold medal; in Erfurt, Thuringia, East Germany[80]
Marcel Nkueni, Congolese footballer with 12 caps for the Democratic Republic of the Congo team between 1997 and 2001; in Kinshasa, Zaire[81]
Avraham Amram, an Israeli Defense Forces soldier, was taken as a prisoner of war after being captured in a clash in Lebanon with soldiers of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. He would be freed on March 14, 1979, in return for the release by Israel of 76 convicted Palestinian prisoners in Israel's first prisoner exchange with an Arab terrorist organization.[89]
John Errol Ferguson, known for murdering 12 people in and around Carol City, Florida, over three and a half years, was arrested by FBI agents who had been tipped off about his location.[90] Ferguson and three other people, Marvin Francois, Beauford White, and Adolphus Archie, were linked to the July 27, 1977, execution-style murder of six people at a Carol City home. While the other three were arrested a month later,[91] Ferguson had remained at large and killed two teenagers on January 8. Ferguson would remain on death row the longest and would be executed by lethal injection on August 5, 2013.[92]
U.S. President Jimmy Carter gave an interview to Black Perspective, answering questions on his trip to Africa, national urban policy, support from African-Americans, his views on the presidency, reverse discrimination, the Humphrey-Hawkins bill, administration programs, foreign relations of the United States, and human rights.[93]
Fred Richmond, a member of the United States House of Representatives from New York, was arraigned in Washington, D.C., on a charge of soliciting sex from a 16-year-old boy.[118] Although Richmond admitted to the act, he won the Democratic primary nomination again the following month and would be re-elected to Congress in 1978 and in 1980, before being arrested in 1982 on charges of tax evasion and drug possession, after which he would resign from Congress.[119]
Fabiano Pereira, Brazilian footballer with 20 caps for the Brazilian national team that appeared in the 2000 Summer Olympic; in Marília, São Paulo, Brazil[127]
Leslie Barker, 28, American schoolteacher and murder victim, was murdered in Akron, Ohio, between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m. after having gone to a bar hours earlier on a date with a person matched by a "computer dating" service. Barker's remains were found in the back seat of her car, which had been set on fire. As of 2021[update] the case would remain unsolved.[139]
U.S. President Jimmy Carter decided to postpone production of the neutron bomb, a weapon that kills people with radiation, but leaves buildings relatively intact.[143]
Died:Albert Tangora, 74, American office supplies store owner best known for setting the record of 147 words per minute on a manual typewriter in a speed typing contest on October 22, 1923, a mark that has never been exceeded in more than 100 years after it was achieved.[157]
April 8, 1978 (Saturday)
The homes of two Iranian dissidents were bombed by SAVAK, the Shah of Iran's secret police, in Tehran. Neither Mehdi Bazargan, who would become the first Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran, nor Karim Sanjabi, the republic's first Minister of Foreign Affairs, sustained any injuries. A group that called itself "The Underground Committee for Revenge" claimed responsibility for both attacks.[158]
Bernt Haas, Swiss footballer with 36 caps for the Switzerland national team; in Vienna, Austria[162]
Evans Rutto, Kenyan long-distance runner who won the Chicago Marathon in 2003 and 2004, and the London Marathon in 2004, before being injured; in Marakwet District, Kenya[163]
As part of the Hundred Days' War in Lebanon, fighting took place between the Christian suburb of Ain el-Rummaneh and the Muslim suburb of Chyah, both near Beirut.[184]
The Frank Sinatra International Student Center in 2009
In the northeast United States, fires in three different apartment buildings killed a total of 16 people.[188][189] In Syracuse, New York, four members of the Syracuse Fire Department – Stanley Duda, Michael Petragnani, Frank Porpiglia Jr. and Robert Schuler — were killed when the roof collapsed on them while they were searching the top floor of an apartment house after receiving an incorrect report that a woman was trapped inside. The fire had started from a candle that had been left burning by one of the residents.[190] On the same morning, a five-member family (including two children) was killed in a predawn tenement fire in Monticello, New York.[191] Finally, five children, their mother and a family friend died in an apartment building fire caused by arson in Lawrence, Massachusetts.[192][193]
Lee Kam of Hong Kong poisoned her family's breakfast orange juice with cyanide, killing herself and her 8- and 9-year-old sons. Her 14-year-old daughter refused her mother's order to drink the juice and called the police. Lee Kam had been upset about marital problems.[194]
Christian residents of Beirut, Lebanon, fought a half-hour gun battle with Syrian peacekeeping troops that began when mourners firing rifles into the air at a funeral procession began firing on the Syrians. The previous day's fighting between Ain el-Rummaneh and Chyah tapered off but killed two more people, for a total death toll of at least seven, including a 13-year-old girl.[184]
The body of Baron Charles Bracht, a wealthy Belgian businessman who at one time had been in the Winter Olympics as an alpine skier, was found in a garbage dump in Oelegem, a suburb of Antwerp. Bracht had been kidnapped in Antwerp on March 7.[219][220][221]
A three-way traffic collision in Clair-Mel City, Florida, killed the driver of a tank truck and injured two other motorists. A cloud of ammonia gas escaped from the overturned truck, forcing several hundred people to evacuate.[222]
A blackout across most of the Canadian province of Quebec lasted for almost two hours, leaving over 1.5 million homes without power.[223]
Katja Kettu (pen name for Katja Maaria Heikkinen), Finnish novelist and film producer known for her 2011 bestseller Kätilö, translated into English in 2016 as The Midwife and the 2015 film adaptation distributed in North America as Wildeye; in Muhos[225]
Rustam Saparow, Turkmenistani footballer with 17 caps for the national team[226]
Albert Vollrat, 74, Estonian footballer and wrestler, later the manager of FC Spartak Moscow whose team won the Soviet Cup in 1946 and 1947 and manager of the Estonia national team in 1932[234]
After 10 days in which former First Lady of the United States Betty Ford was in an intervention by her family for substance abuse, including an addiction to alcohol and prescription narcotics, and Mrs. Ford's public acknowledgment of her problem, she checked herself in to a rehabilitation program at the Naval Regional Medical Center in Long Beach, California.[237] Her public admission of an addiction problem would help remove the social stigma of seeking help for substance abuse, and lead to the establishment of the Betty Ford Center in 1982.[237]
Former National Basketball Association player John Brisker telephoned his girlfriend in Seattle, Washington, supposedly from Africa, where he had traveled to launch an import-export business. This was the last known communication with Brisker, who would be declared legally dead in May 1985.[238]
The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), the largest of the 15 constituent republics of the USSR, adopted the Russian Constitution of 1978. As with the subnational constitutions adopted by other member states of the USSR, the purpose was consistency to bring the principles of the 1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union to each republic's laws.[262]
The foreign ministers of India and Pakistan signed a bilateral agreement to jointly build the Salal Dam, a hydroelectric power project to bring electricity to the disputed Kashmir region, claimed by both nations, with India administering the state of Jammu and Kashmir, and Pakistan governing the Azad Jammu Kashmir province.
In a racisthate crime, Betty Gardner, a 33-year-old African American woman, was raped, tortured and murdered in Saint Helena Island, South Carolina, by four white people who picked her up while she was hitchhiking. John Arnold, who had suggested killing her, and John Plath, who helped another woman would be convicted of her murder in February 1979; both of them would be executed by lethal injection in 1998.[264] The execution was a rare instance of white perpetrators in the U.S. being executed for the murder of a black victim. According to a 2020 Associated Press report, in the 42 years that followed the 1977 resumption of executions in the U.S., "295 Black defendants were executed for killing a white victim, but only 21 white defendants were executed for the killing of a Black victim even though Black people are disproportionately the victims of crime."[265]
The 43rd Amendment to the Constitution of India, restoring human rights that had been taken away in 1977 during the administration of Indira Gandhi, took effect upon ratification by 18 of India's 22 states, and repealed the 42nd Amendment, which had added six articles that had given India's Parliament broad power to enforce Gandhi's decrees, and prohibited the India Supreme Court from declaring a law unconstitutional.[277]
The first of three assassination attempts against Spanish politician José Larrañaga Arenas took place in Spain in San Sebastián in the province of Gipuzkoa. Larrañaga was wounded when two people shot him from a car, fracturing his left leg.[278] Earlier in the day, an early-morning attempted car bombing at the offices of ADEGUI (Asociación Democrática Empresarial de Guipúzcoa) injured one of the perpetrators, who surrendered to French authorities after fleeing across the border.[279] Larrañaga was wounded in the chest in a second shooting on April 10, 1980, and the third assassination attempt by the Basque ETA terrorist group, on December 31, 1984, would be successful.[280]
In Rhodesia, nine black ministers were sworn in to serve on the Ministerial Council of the Transitional Government.[citation needed]
Abel Mthembu, former deputy president of the African National Congress in the Transvaal, was murdered after turning state witness at the Pretoria ANC trial.[300]
In India, the government-controlled Samachar News Agency, created in 1976 by the forcible merger of the four independent agencies, was dissolved and split into its four original organizations, reviving United News of India, Press Trust of India (PTI), Hindustan Samachar and Samachar Bharati.[301]
Born:
Toni Söderholm, Finnish ice hockey defenceman and coach, winner of trophies in Finland's Liiga for rookie of the year (2003), best defenseman (2004), best player in the playoffs (2011) and most effective player (2012); in Kauniainen[302]
The derailment of two trains in Italy killed 48 people and injured 117 others near the town of Murazze di Vado in the Province of Bologna. Express train 572-B had been traveling north from Florence to Bologna, while the train Rapido 813 was traveling south from Bolzano toward Rome. Shortly after noon, Train 572-B derailed after heavy rain caused a landslide to spill over the railroad, and several cars plunged into a ravine, while a locomotive was pushed across both the northbound and southbound tracks. Minutes later, Rapido 813 crashed into 572-B's derailed engine. Two engineers on 572-B were killed, while the front four passenger cars of Rapido 813 fell into a ravine, killing 46 of the people on board.[312]
Four people were killed and 31 injured at the Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the U.S. state of California when the aerial car on which they were riding came off one of its cables and dropped 75 feet (23 m). On the way down, it collided with another cable that sheared through the car.[313]
Olan Mills Sr., 78, American photographer and entrepreneur who founded, with his wife, the traveling Olan Mills portrait photography service, died of head injuries sustained in a fall.[330]
Michael Lerner, 87, American businessman and co-founder of the Lerner Shops chain of women's stores, later a renowned sports fisherman, died of cancer.[357]
The World Health Organization (WHO) branch office in Nairobi, Kenya, sent a telegram to the world headquarters about the results of searches of houses after the 1977 outbreak of smallpox, with the message, "Search complete. No cases discovered. Ali Maow Maalin is the world's last known smallpox case." On October 26, 1979, WHO would be able to declare the disease completely eradicated.[360]
The "Malatya massacre", an attack on the Alevi Muslims in the city of Malatya in Turkey, began after the assassination earlier in the day of the city's mayor, Hamit Fendoğlu. A package had been sent to Fendoğlu's house and contained a bomb which exploded, killing him, his daughter-in-law, and two grandchildren. While there was no proof of involvement of the Alevi Muslim minority, a group of Sunni Muslims targeted the homes of Alevis with red X marks, and then attacked the marked buildings after darkness fell. Over the next three days, 8 people were killed, hundreds injured and 960 workplaces and houses were destroyed.[363]
Hannu Manninen, Finnish Nordic combined skier and member of the teams that won an Olympic gold medal (2002) and three world championship medals (1999 and 2007); in Rovaniemi, Finland[369]
Police in Rome received a communication from Italy's Red Brigades terrorist group that announced that kidnapped former prime minister Aldo Moro was dead and that his body had been dropped into a mountain lake, the Lago della Duchessa, in the province of Rieti. Police searched the lake and concluded that the message had been false.[386] Moro was still alive, though he would be murdered three weeks later by his captors.
Born:
Ryōta Tsuzuki, Japanese footballer and goalkeeper with six caps for the Japan national team; in Heguri, Nara prefecture[387]
Israel's 120-member parliament, the Knesset, held a vote to select the fifth President of Israel. Yitzhak Navon, unopposed, required at least 61 votes; 86 were cast for him and 23 blank votes were submitted by Knesset members, while another 11 members declined to vote.[400]
In the finish of the playoff of Spain's futbol league, La Liga, FC Barcelona defeated UD Las Palmas, 3 to 1, to win the Copa del Rey, also called the Spanish Cup.[402] Barcelona finished second to Real Madrid in La Liga and Las Palmas finished in seventh place.[403]
More than nine years after the Farmington Mine disaster that killed 78 coal miners in the U.S. state of West Virginia, the Consolidation Coal Company announced that it was ceasing further recovery efforts for the 19 remaining bodies still inside Mine Number 9. The site of the tragedy was then sealed as a permanent tomb.[404]
Krystyna Chojnowska-Liskiewicz of Poland became the first woman to sail around the world by herself, arriving back at Las Palmas in the Canary Islands more than two years (401 days) after her departure from there on March 28, 1976, on the sloop sailboat Mazurek.[442] During her voyage, she traveled 35,865 miles (57,719 km).[443]
U.S. President Jimmy Carter announced that he would reduce the number of U.S. troops in South Korea by two-thirds by the end of the year, after being unable to get Congress to approve a budget for a compensatory aid package for the South Korean government.[444]
Adventure World (Shirahama Adobenchā Wārudo), a Japanese combination of zoo, aquarium and amusement park, opened in the town of Shirahama, Wakayama prefecture, as Nanki Shirahama World Safari.[460]
Colombian professional boxer Rodrigo Valdez, the WBA world midleweight champion since 1974 and the undisputed champion of the WBA and WBC since 1977, lost the first defense of his title, beaten by points after a 15-round bout against Hugo Corro of Argentina in Sanremo in Italy.[461]
Dundalk defeated Cork Alberts on a penalty shootout to win the League of Ireland Cup, when the two teams remained tied, 4 to 4 on aggregate, after extra time. In the first game, played at Dundalk, the 2–2 draw, and the teams had played another 2–2 draw at Cork. On the shoot-out, Dundalk outshot Cork, 4 to 2.[462]
The weir on the Blanchard River in Findlay, Ohio
In Findlay, Ohio, two teenagers and the two firefighters attempting to rescue them drowned after the overturning of a canoe on the Blanchard River. The city later erected a memorial to them.[463]
DJ Drama (stage name for Tyree Cinque Simmons), American DJ, record executive and music promoter, 2022 Grammy Award winner for Best Rap Album; in Philadelphia[468]
Ezekiel Jackson (ring name for Rycklon Ezekiel Stephens), Guyanese-born American professional wrestler and bodybuilder, 2011 world champion; in Linden[469]
The Red Brigades, who had taken former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro hostage on March 16, offered to free him in exchange for the release of 13 members of the terrorist group.[499] The statement was the first indication, since the passage of a deadline of 3:00 pm on April 22, that Moro was still alive. The letter was followed later in the day by another letter, apparently written by Moro himself, asking his fellow Christian Democrat party members to save his life, and adding, "We are almost at zero hour, the moment of slaughter." After a meeting of the chief ministers, convened by Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, the Italian government rejected the demand, declaring that it would "not submit to blackmail" and that the authorities believed that the terrorists had no intention of letting Moro live.[500]
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that broadcasters are liable for civil damages when an episode of violence on television leads to a real-life crime. The decision cleared the way for an $11 million lawsuit against NBC for its broadcast on September 17, 1974, of the TV film Born Innocent, depicting a violent sexual assault. Three days after the broadcast, a group of juveniles had made a similar attack on a 9-year-old girl and told police that they had been inspired by the film.[501][502]
A judge in New York ruled that David Berkowitz, the accused "Son of Sam" killer, was mentally competent to stand trial for the murder last July 31 of 20-year-old Stacy Moskowitz.[503]
The ordeal of 19-year-old Kevin Strickland, who would spend 43 years in prison in the U.S. for his wrongful conviction on a murder charge, began in Kansas City, Missouri, when a group of three men carried out a home invasion and killed three of the four residents. A fourth victim, Cynthia Douglas, had survived by pretending to be dead, and initially identified Strickland as one of the three assailants. In the years that followed, Douglas would make multiple attempts prior to her death in 2015 to recant her identification of Strickland [518] Strickland would remain incarcerated until November 23, 2021, and freed at the age of 65 with the overturning of the conviction.[519]
Japan's railways and subways were shut down by a walkout of 330,000 members of the Japan Railway Workers' Union and the National Railway Locomotive Engineers' Union. With highways normally jammed with traffic on normal weekdays, the gridlock got worse as thousands of extra cars were used by commuters, prompting an 18-mile (29 km) traffic jam on roads leading into the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.[520]
The Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation between Spain and Portugal became effective when Spain's parliament ratified the agreement, which had been signed on November 22, 1977, and ratified by Portugal eight days before Spain acted.[521] The treaty, which came after both nations on the Iberian Peninsula had made the transition to democracy, replaced the 1939 Iberian Pact that had been signed by the dictators of the two nations.
Duncan Kibet, Kenyan marathon runner with the second fastest time for a marathon ever (2 hours, 4 minutes 27 seconds), winner of the 2009 Rotterdam Marathon[527]
Lee Kim Lai, 18, Singapore Police Force member, was abducted from the police unit at Mount Vernon, Singapore, forced into a stolen taxi and murdered for his service revolver. The taxi driver had previously been murdered. The crime became famous within Singapore, both because of the low crime rate in the Asian nation and because the murderers were apprehended the next day.[536]
In Afghanistan, President Mohammad Daoud Khan ordered the arrest of several members of the PDPA in the wake of protests over the April 17 killing of Mir Akbar Khyber. Those arrested included PDPA leader Nur Mohammed Taraki and Babrak Karmal. Hafizullah Amin remained free until 10 hours later, but had used the time to give handwritten orders on carrying out the overthrow of the Daoud regime.[361]
The U.S. Supreme Court ruled for the first time that corporations had the same constitutional right to freedom of speech that applied to people. In a 5 to 4 decision in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, the Court struck down a Massachusetts law that prohibited corporate donations to campaigns on ballot initiatives.[545]
The 1978 Ice Hockey World Championships began in Prague, Czechoslovakia, with eight teams (Canada, Czechoslovakia, Finland, East Germany, West Germany, Sweden, the U.S. and the USSR) participating, with each team to play the other seven in the first round. On the first day, the USSR beat the U.S., 9 to 5, Sweden beat West Germany 6 to 2, and Czechoslovakia defeated East Germany, 8 to 0. The four best teams (the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Canada and Sweden, each playing the other three twice) played the second round through May 14.[546]
In the first leg of the 1978 UEFA Cup Final, played at Stade Furiani in Corsica, France, SC Bastia (of Corsica) and visiting PSV Eindhoven of the Netherlands played to a goalless draw. The second leg of the two-game series, with winner to be determined by the aggregate of the two scores, was scheduled for May 9.[547]Jacques Tati directed a film, Forza Bastia, documenting the match.[548]
Giovanna Amati, 18, a future Formula One driver, was ransomed by her father for 800,000,000 Italian lire (equivalent to US$933,000 at the time) from kidnappers who had threatened to rape her and send her father a recording of the crime. Amati had been kept chained in a wooden box for two and a half months.[571] Her father, a movie theater chain owner, paid part of the ransom with box office receipts from the film Star Wars.[572][573] His wife sold some of her jewelry and borrowed her servants' life savings.[573]
In response to a petition filed the previous year by the Health Research Group, an organization affiliated with Ralph Nader, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) voted unanimously to ban benzene. The Health Research Group criticized the CPSC's delay in imposing the ban, saying that it had caused new cases of leukemia.[574]
Fredrik Neij, Swedish entrepreneur who founded The Pirate Bay provider of Internet service and the web hosting company PRQ, as well as being a hacker who identified as "TiAMO"; later convicted of copyright infringement and assessed damages and a prison sentence; in Jönköping[576]
John Doeg, 69, American tennis player who won the men's singles competition at the U.S. Open in 1930, and the doubles at the U.S. Open in 1929 and 1930[585]
In Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), black Justice Minister Byron Mtonhodzi Hove (who served jointly with the white Justice Minister, Hilary Squires) was fired from his job by the African nation's multiracial transitional cabinet, after publicly criticizing the exclusion of black Zimbabweans from high-level jobs.[589]
In West Germany's soccer football league, the 1977–78 Bundesliga season ended with 1. FC Köln in first place and Borussia Mönchengladbach in second, based on the tiebreaker rule of goal difference after both FC Köln (22 wins and 4 draws) and Mönchengladbach had finished with 48 points in the standings. Going into the 34th and final games of the season, FC Köln had 21 wins and 4 draws, with 81 goals for them and 41 against them, a difference of +40. Mönchengladbach had 19 wins and 8 draws, with 74 goals for and 44 against for a difference of +30. Mönchengladbach set a record by defeating Borussia Dortmund, 12 to 0 to increase its goal difference to +42 and hoped that FC Köln would either draw or lose its game against FC St. Pauli, or that Köln win its game by only one goal. Instead, Köln defeated St. Pauli, 5 to 0, for one of the narrowest championship wins in Bundesliga history.[609]
Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan, the most successful doubles team in tennis of all time, who won 16 Grand Slam men's doubles titles between 2003 and 2014, with six in the Australian Open (2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013); five in the U.S. Open (2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014); three at Wimbledon (2006, 2011, 2013) and two at the French Open (2003, 2013); in Camarillo, California[610][611]
The Ba Chúc massacre of Vietnamese civilians by an invasion of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge guerrillas came to an end after 12 days and the deaths of an estimated 3,157 people.[630]
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^Kubik, Jan (1994). The Power of Symbols Against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. Penn State Press.
Cost of making any trade In economics and related disciplines, a transaction cost is a cost in making any economic trade when participating in a market.[1] The idea that transactions form the basis of economic thinking was introduced by the institutional economist John R. Commons in 1931, and Oliver E. Williamson's Transaction Cost Economics article, published in 2008,[2] popularized the concept of transaction costs.[3] Douglass C. North argues that institutions, under...
Distrito de La Arena Distrito del PerúBanderaEscudo Coordenadas 5°20′48″S 80°42′40″O / -5.34665, -80.71098Capital La ArenaEntidad Distrito del Perú • País Perú • Departamento Piura • Provincia PiuraAlcalde Venancio Risco Juarez (RPT)(2023-2026)Eventos históricos • Fundación CreaciónLey 15434 del 15 de junio de 1920Superficie • Total 160.22 km²Altitud • Media 22 m s. n. m.Población (200...
Опис файлу Обґрунтування добропорядного використання для статті «Торкнися Зена» [?] Опис Постер фільму Торкнися Зена Джерело http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/gallery.asp?fid=1103&id=8940#pic Автор невідомо Час створення 1971 Мета використання Для ілюстрації статті про фільм чи захід. Допомага...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع سكوت روبرتسون (توضيح). هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) سكوت روبرتسون معلومات شخصية الميلاد 21 أغسطس 1974 (49 سنة) تاورانجا مواطنة نيوزيلندا الطول 190 سنتيمتر ا
Comisión Federal de Competencia Económica LocalizaciónPaís MéxicoInformación generalSigla CofeceJurisdicción México MéxicoTipo órgano constitucional autónomoSede Avenida Revolución 725 Col. Santa María Nonoalco, Benito Juárez, Ciudad de MéxicoOrganizaciónComisionada Presidenta Brenda Gisela Hernández Ramírez(Interina)Comisionados Alejandro Faya RodríguezJosé Eduardo Mendoza Contreras Brenda Gisela Hernández Ramírez Ana María Reséndiz MoraHistoriaFundación 10 de septie...
Anne J. CotoAnne di lokasi syuting serial Scandal 2: Love, Sex & Revenge pada 2022LahirAnne Junita Coto29 Juni 1974 (umur 49)Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, IndonesiaPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1995—sekarangSuami/istri Mark Patrick Hanusz (m. 2005; c. 2012) Aaron Klep (m. 2014) Anak2 Anne Junita Coto (lahir 29 Juni 1974) adalah aktris berkebangsaan Indonesia. Karier Anne memulai kariernya di dunia hi...
Daftar Tokoh Sumatera Selatan ini berisi daftar tokoh tokoh keturunan Sumatera Selatan ataupun tokoh tokoh dari etnik lain yang lahir di Sumatera Selatan. Daftar ini belumlah lengkap, para pembaca dipersilakan untuk ikut menambahnya dengan baik untuk pengetahuan kita bersama. Ahli dan akademisi Alikabul Mahi, MS, ahli Bidang Evaluasi lahan, dosen Universitas Lampung Aminurrahman Fikri, ahli audit Aulia Pohan, ekonom, deputi gubernur BI Bayu Indrawan, ahli Waste-to-Energy, pengelolaan sampah d...
新加坡政府機構National Arts Council機構概要成立時間1991年10月15日，32年前（1991-10-15）前身機構Singapore Cultural FoundationCultural Division of Ministry of Community DevelopmentFestival of Arts SecretariatNational Theatre Trust機構類型新加坡政府法定机构机构驻地90 Goodman Road, Goodman Arts Centre, Blk A #01-01, Singapore 439053隸屬部長唐振輝上级机构新加坡文化、社區及青年部網站www.nac.gov.sg 國家藝術理...
Genus of parasitic flagellate protist This article is about the parasite. For the infection, see Leishmaniasis. Leishmania L. donovani in bone marrow cell Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Phylum: Euglenozoa Class: Kinetoplastea Order: Trypanosomatida Genus: LeishmaniaRoss, 1903 Species L. aethiopica L. amazonensis L. arabica L. archibaldi (starus species) L. aristedesi (status disputed) L. (Viannia) braziliensis L. chagasi (syn. L. infantum) L. donovani L. (Mundinia) enriettii L. f...
Полная система (др.-греч. σύστημα τέλειον, лат. onstitutio tota), устар. Совершенная система — звуковая система античной музыки, представленная в виде ряда всех входящих в неё разновысотных ступеней, полный звукоряд древнегреческой и древнеримской музыки. Содержание 1 Общая х...
American guitarist and recording artist For other people named Eric Johnson, see Eric Johnson (disambiguation). Eric JohnsonJohnson in 2017Background informationBorn (1954-08-17) August 17, 1954 (age 69)Austin, Texas, U.S.GenresRockinstrumental rockjazz fusionbluescountryOccupation(s)MusiciansingersongwriterproducerInstrument(s)GuitarvocalspianoYears active1969–presentLabelsRepriseCapitolEpicWarner Bros.Favored NationsArk21EMIConcordMember ofElectromagnetsFormerly ofAlien Love ChildWeb...
Vehicle frame designed to protect occupants in the event of a crash Rollcage redirects here. For the PlayStation and PC video game, see Rollcage (video game). Racecar roll cage inside a Suzuki Swift A roll cage is a specially engineered and constructed frame built in (or sometimes around, in which case it is known as an exo cage) the passenger compartment of a vehicle to protect its occupants from being injured or killed in an accident, particularly in the event of a rollover. Designs Unimog ...
Early gunpowder weapon A fire lance as depicted in the Huolongjing, late 14th century (c. 1360-1375). The fire lance (simplified Chinese: 火枪; traditional Chinese: 火槍; pinyin: huǒ qiāng; lit. 'fire spear') was a gunpowder weapon and the ancestor of modern firearms.[1] It first appeared in 10th–12th century China and was used to great effect during the Jin-Song Wars. It began as a small pyrotechnic device attached to a polearm weapon, used to gain a...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (فبراير 2019) تحتاج هذه المقالة إلى تهذيب لتتناسب مع دليل الأسلوب في ويكيبيديا. فضلاً، ساهم ...
1927 film by F. Richard Jones You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template:...
See also: Governor of Puerto Rico La Fortaleza in Old San Juan is the official residence of the governor of Puerto Rico. It was built between 1533 and 1540. History of Puerto Rico By year Spanish rule, 1493–1898 U.S. rule, 1898–present Topics: Economic - Military - Political - Social Puerto Rico portalvte This list of governors of Puerto Rico includes all persons who have held that post, either under Spanish or American rule. The governor of Puerto Rico is the head of government...
Drawbridge in Seattle, Washington, United States Ballard BridgeThe Ballard Bridge seen from the Seattle Maritime AcademyCoordinates47°39′34″N 122°22′34″W / 47.6594°N 122.376°W / 47.6594; -122.376Carries15th Avenue NWCrossesSalmon BayLocaleSeattleOther name(s)15th Avenue BridgeMaintained bySeattle Department of TransportationHeritage statusNRHPCharacteristicsTotal length2,854 ft (870 m)Longest span218 ft (66 m)HistoryArchitectA.H. DimockC...
Country house in Bradfield, South Yorkshire, UK Sugworth Hall Sugworth Hall is an English country house on Sugworth Road in Bradfield Dale, near Sheffield, England. It is situated approximately 8 miles (13 km) west from Sheffield City Centre. The hall is a Grade II listed building which stands within the Peak District National Park at a height of 984 feet (300 m) above sea level. History The exact date of construction of Sugworth Hall is unknown, English Heritage and some publicatio...
American bacteriologist (1910-1953) Not to be confused with Frank Olsen or Frank Olsson. Frank Rudolph OlsonBorn(1910-07-17)July 17, 1910Hurley, Wisconsin, United StatesDiedNovember 28, 1953(1953-11-28) (aged 43)Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.Occupation(s)Bacteriologist, bioweaponeerYears active1943–1953SpouseAlice Smith Wicks OlsonChildren3 Frank Rudolph Emmanuel Olson (July 17, 1910 – November 28, 1953) was an American bacteriologist, biological warfare scientist, and...
Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!
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