Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western third of the land area of Australia, excluding external territories.[5] It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. With a total land area of 2,527,013 square kilometres (975,685 sq mi),[5] Western Australia is Australia's largest state as well as the second-largest subdivision of any country on Earth, surpassed only by the Sakha Republic in eastern Russia. As of 2021,[update] the state has 2.76 million inhabitants—11 percent of the national total.[6] The vast majority (92 percent) live in the south-west corner; 79 percent of the population lives in the Perth area,[7] leaving the remainder of the state sparsely populated.
The first Europeans to visit Western Australia belonged to the Dutch Dirk Hartog expedition, who visited the Western Australian coast in 1616. The first permanent European colony in what is today Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government.[8] Lockyer established a convict-supported military garrison at King George III Sound, at present-day Albany, and on 21 January 1827[8] he formally took possession for the British Crown of the western part of the continent that was not already claimed by the Crown.[9] This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, Perth.
York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres (60 miles) east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831.[10] Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890 and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901.
Today, Western Australia's economy mainly relies on mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46 percent of Australia's exports.[11] Western Australia is the largest iron ore producer in the world.[12] Its nickname is "The Wildflower State".[13]
Western Australia has a geological history dating back to 4.4 billion years ago when Hadean zircons were formed. The earliest direct known life on land, known as stromatolites, started to be created by microbes at around 3.48 billion years ago.
The first human inhabitants of Australia arrived from the north "over 50,000 years ago and possibly as much as 70,000 years ago".[14]: 5 Over thousands of years they eventually spread across the whole landmass. These Indigenous Australians were long established throughout Western Australia by the time European explorers began to arrive in the early 17th century.
The first Europeans to visit Western Australia were those of the Dutch Dirk Hartog expedition, who on 25 October 1616 landed at what is now known as Cape Inscription, Dirk Hartog Island. For the rest of the 17th century, other Dutch and British navigators encountered the coast of what Abel Tasman named New Holland in 1644, usually unintentionally as demonstrated by the many shipwrecks along the coast of ships that deviated from the Brouwer Route (because of poor navigation and storms).[16] By the late 18th century, British and French sailors had begun to explore the Western Australian coast. The Baudin expedition of 1800–03 included the coast of Western Australia and resulted in the Freycinet Map of 1811, the first published map featuring the full outline of Australia. The name New Holland remained in popular and semi-official use until at least the mid-1850s; that is, it was in use for about 206 years in comparison to the name Australia which to date has been in use for about 195 years.[17]: 11
The origins of the present state began with the establishment by Lockyer[8] of a convict-supported settlement from New South Wales at King George III Sound. The settlement was formally annexed on 21 January 1827 by Lockyer when he commanded the Union Jack be raised and a feu de joie fired by the troops. The settlement was founded in response to British concerns about the possibility of a French colony being established on the coast of Western Australia.[8] On 7 March 1831 it was transferred to the control of the Swan River Colony,[10] and named Albany in 1832.
In 1829 the Swan River Colony was established on the Swan River by Captain James Stirling. By 1832, the British settler population of the colony had reached around 1,500, and the official name of the colony was changed to Western Australia on 6 February that year.[20][21] The two separate townsites of the colony developed slowly into the port city of Fremantle and the state's capital, Perth. York was the first inland settlement in Western Australia, situated 97 kilometres (60 mi) east of Perth and settled on 16 September 1831. York was the staging point for early explorers who discovered the rich gold reserves of Kalgoorlie.
Population growth was very slow until significant discoveries of gold were made in the 1890s around Kalgoorlie.
In 1896, after discoveries of gold at Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie, the Western Australian Parliament authorised the raising of a loan to construct a pipeline to transport 23 megalitres (5 million imperial gallons) of water per day to the burgeoning population on the goldfields. The pipeline, known as the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, was completed in 1903. C. Y. O'Connor, Western Australia's first engineer-in-chief, designed and oversaw the construction of the pipeline. It carries water 530 km (330 mi) from Perth to Kalgoorlie, and is attributed by historians as an important factor driving the state's population and economic growth.[22]
Following a campaign led by Forrest, electors of the colony of Western Australia voted in favour of federation with the five other Australian colonies, resulting in Western Australia officially becoming a state on 1 January 1901.[23]
The total length of the state's eastern border is 1,862 km (1,157 mi).[26] There are 20,781 km (12,913 mi) of coastline, including 7,892 km (4,904 mi) of island coastline.[27] The total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2 (970 thousand sq mi).[28]
Because the only mountain-building since then has been of the Stirling Range with the rifting from Antarctica, the land is extremely eroded and ancient, with no part of the state above 1,249 metres (4,098 ft) AHD (at Mount Meharry in the Hamersley Range of the Pilbara region). Most of the state is a low plateau with an average elevation of about 400 metres (1,200 ft), very low relief, and no surface runoff. This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/Darling Scarp near Perth).
The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently laterised. Even soils derived from graniticbedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum and sometimes potassium and calcium.
The infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of fertilisers. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations.[citation needed] The grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils.
Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora and fauna. As a result, the South West region of the state has a higher concentration of rare, threatened or endangered flora and fauna than many areas of Australia, making it one of the world's biodiversity "hot spots". Large areas of the state's wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water.
Climate
The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate. It was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world.[31] This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, with a higher proportion of endemic species than most other equivalent regions. Thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world.
Average annual rainfall varies from 300 millimetres (12 in) at the edge of the Wheatbelt region to 1,400 millimetres (55 in) in the wettest areas near Northcliffe, but from November to March, evaporation exceeds rainfall, and it is generally very dry. Plants are adapted to this as well as the extreme poverty of all soils.
The central two-thirds of the state is arid and sparsely inhabited. The only significant economic activity is mining. Annual rainfall averages less than 300 millimetres (8–10 in), most of which occurs in sporadic torrential falls related to cyclone events in summer.[32]
An exception to this is the northern tropical regions. The Kimberley has an extremely hot monsoonal climate with average annual rainfall ranging from 500 to 1,500 millimetres (20–60 in), but there is a very long almost rainless season from April to November. Eighty-five percent of the state's runoff occurs in the Kimberley, but because it occurs in violent floods and because of the insurmountable poverty of the generally shallow soils, the only development has taken place along the Ord River.
Snow is rare in the state and typically occurs only in the Stirling Range near Albany, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated. More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range. Snow outside these areas is a major event; it usually occurs in hilly areas of southwestern Australia. The most widespread low-level snow occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in the Perth Hills, as far north as Wongan Hills and as far east as Salmon Gums. However, even in the Stirling Range, snowfalls rarely exceed 5 cm (2 in) and rarely settle for more than one day.[33]
The highest observed temperature of 50.7 °C (123.3 °F) was recorded in Onslow on 13 January 2022.[34] The lowest temperature recorded was −7.2 °C (19.0 °F) at Eyre Bird Observatory on 17 August 2008.[35]
Western Australia is home to around 630 species of birds (depending on the taxonomy used). Of these around 15 are endemic to the state. The best areas for birds are the southwestern corner of the state and the area around Broome and the Kimberley.
The Flora of Western Australia comprises 10,162 published native vascular plant species, along with a further 1,196 species currently recognised but unpublished. They occur within 1,543 genera from 211 families; there are also 1,276 naturalised alien or invasive plant species, more commonly known as weeds.[38][39] In the southwest region are some of the largest numbers of plant species for its area in the world.
Europeans began to settle permanently in 1826 when Albany was claimed by Britain to forestall French claims to the western third of the continent. Perth was founded as the Swan River Colony in 1829 by British and Irish settlers, though the outpost languished. Its officials eventually requested convict labour to augment its population. In the 1890s, interstate immigration, resulting from a mining boom in the Goldfields region, resulted in a sharp population increase.
Western Australia did not receive significant flows of immigrants from Britain, Ireland or elsewhere in the British Empire until the early 20th century. At that time, its local projects—such as the Group Settlement Scheme of the 1920s, which encouraged farmers to settle the southwest—increased awareness of Australia's western third as a destination for colonists.
Led by immigrants from the British Isles, Western Australia's population developed at a faster rate during the twentieth century than it had previously. After World War II, both the eastern states and Western Australia received large numbers of Italians, Croatians and Macedonians. Despite this, Britain has contributed the greatest number of immigrants to this day. Western Australia—particularly Perth—has the highest proportion of British-born of any state: 10.3% in 2011, compared to a national average of 5.1%. This group is heavily concentrated in certain parts, where they account for a quarter of the population.[41]
At the 2016 census, 75.2% of inhabitants spoke only English at home, with the next most common languages being Mandarin (1.9%), Italian (1.2%), Vietnamese (0.8%), Cantonese (0.8%) and Tagalog (0.6%).[43][44]
Religion
According to the 2021 census, Christianity is the major religious affiliation in WA, followed by 41.1% of its population. In 1971, Christianity was followed by 85.5% of the population and it has been declining since, while the percentage of people who identified as having no religious affiliation has increased from 8.7% in 1971 to 42.9% in 2021.
A small minority of the population are Muslims (2.5%), Buddhists (2.2%) and Hindus (2.0%).[46][47][44]
Western Australia's economy is largely driven by extraction and processing of a diverse range of mineral and petroleum commodities. The structure of the economy is closely linked to these natural resources, providing a comparative advantage in resource extraction and processing. As a consequence:
Western Australia contributes an estimated 58% of Australia's Mineral and Energy Exports,[48] potentially earning up to 4.64% of Australia's total GDP.[49]
Gross state product per person ($97,940 in 2017–18) is higher than any other state and well above the national average ($73,267).[50]
Diversification (i.e. a greater range of commodities) over the past 15 years has provided a more balanced production base and less reliance on just a few major export markets, insulating the economy from fluctuations in world prices to some extent.[citation needed]
Finance, insurance and property services and construction have grown steadily and have increased their share of economic output.[51]
Recent growth in global demand for minerals and petroleum, especially in China (iron-ore) and Japan (for LNG), has ensured economic growth above the national average.
In 2019 Western Australia's overseas exports accounted for 46% of the nation's total.[11][52] The state's major export commodities included iron-ore, petroleum, gold, alumina, nickel, wheat, copper, lithium, chemicals and mineral sands.[53]
Western Australia is the world's largest iron-ore producer (34% of the world's total), and extracts 66% (6.9% of world production) of Australia's 324 tonnes of gold. It is a major world producer of bauxite, which is processed into alumina at four refineries providing 11% of total world production. Until 2020 diamonds were extracted from the world's largest diamond mine in the far north Kimberley region. Coal mined at Collie is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west.[53][54]
Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. In the period 2010–2019 wheat production in WA has averaged nearly 10 million tonnes ($2.816 billion in 2019), accounting for half the nation's total and providing $2–3 billion in export income.[55][56]
Other significant farm output includes wool, beef, lamb, barley, canola, lupins, oats and pulses.[55] There is a high level of overseas demand for live animals from WA, driven mainly by southeast Asia's feedlots and Middle Eastern countries, where Islamic dietary laws and a lack of storage and refrigeration facilities favour live animals over imports of processed meat. About half of Australia's live cattle exports come from Western Australia.[57]
Resource sector growth in recent years has resulted in significant labour and skills shortages, leading to recent efforts by the state government to encourage interstate and overseas immigration.[58] According to the 2006 census,[59] the median individual income was A$500 per week in Western Australia (compared to A$466 in Australia as a whole). The median family income was A$1246 per week (compared to A$1171 for Australia). Recent growth has also contributed to significant rises in average property values in 2006, although values plateaued in 2007.
Located south of Perth, the heavy industrial area of Kwinana had the nation's largest oil refinery with a capacity of 146,000 barrels of oil per day, producing most of the state's petrol and diesel.[60][61][62] Kwinana also hosts alumina and nickel processing plants, port facilities for grain and other bulk exports, and support industries for mining and petroleum such as heavy and light engineering, and metal fabrication. Shipbuilding (e.g. Austal) and associated support industries are found at nearby Henderson, just north of Kwinana. Significant secondary industries include cement and building product manufacturing, flour milling, food processing, animal feed production, automotive body building and printing.
Western Australia has a significant fishing industry. Products for local consumption and export include western rock lobsters, prawns, crabs, shark and tuna, as well as pearl fishing in the Kimberley region of the state. Processing is conducted along the west coast. Whaling was a key marine industry but ceased at Albany in 1978.
In recent years, tourism has grown in importance, with significant numbers of visitors to the state coming from the UK and Ireland (28%), other European countries (14%) Singapore (16%), Japan (10%) and Malaysia (8%).[56] Revenue from tourism is a strong economic driver in many of the smaller population centres outside of Perth, especially in coastal locations.
Tourism forms a major part of the Western Australian economy with 833,100 international visitors making up 12.8% of the total international tourism to Australia in the year ending March 2015. The top three source markets include the United Kingdom (17%), Singapore (10%), and New Zealand (10%) with the majority of purpose for visitation being holiday/vacation reasons.[66] The tourism industry contributes $9.3 billion to the Western Australian economy and supports 94,000 jobs within the state. Both directly and indirectly, the industry makes up 3.2% of the state's economy whilst comparatively, WA's largest revenue source, the mining sector, brings in 31%.[67]
Tourism WA is the government agency responsible for promoting Western Australia as a holiday destination.[68]
Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890[69] with a bicameral Parliament located in Perth, consisting of the Legislative Assembly (or lower house), which has 59 members; and the Legislative Council (or upper house), which has 36 members. Suffrage is universal and compulsory for citizens over 18 years of age.
With the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901, Western Australia became a state within Australia's federal structure; this involved ceding certain powers to the Commonwealth (or Federal) government in accordance with the Constitution; all powers not specifically granted to the Commonwealth remained solely with the State. However over time the Commonwealth has effectively expanded its powers through broad interpretation of its enumerated powers and increasing control of taxation and financial distribution (see Federalism in Australia).
Whilst the sovereign of Western Australia is the monarch of Australia (currently Charles III) and executive power is nominally vested in his or her state representative, the Governor (currently Chris Dawson), executive power rests with the premier and ministers drawn from the party or coalition of parties holding a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly. Roger Cook is the premier, having succeeded Mark McGowan after his resignation in June 2023.
Secessionism has been a recurring feature of Western Australia's political landscape since shortly after European settlement in 1826. Western Australia was the most reluctant participant in the Commonwealth of Australia.[70] Western Australia did not participate in the earliest federation conference. Longer-term residents of Western Australia were generally opposed to federation; however, the discovery of gold brought many immigrants from other parts of Australia. It was these residents, primarily in Kalgoorlie but also in Albany who voted to join the Commonwealth, and the proposal of these areas being admitted separately under the name Auralia was considered.[citation needed]
In a referendum in April 1933, 68% of voters voted for the state to leave the Commonwealth of Australia with the aim of returning to the British Empire as an autonomous territory. The State Government sent a delegation to Westminster, but the British Government ruled that after the Statute of Westminster 1931, it no longer had the authority to amend the constitution of Australia without the consent of its federal government; the British Government took no action.[71]
Education in Western Australia consists of one year of pre-school at age 4 or 5, followed by six years of primary education for all students as of 2015.[73] At age 12 or 13, students begin six years of secondary education. Students are required to attend school up until they are 16 years old. Sixteen and 17 year olds are required to be enrolled in school or a training organisation, be employed or be in a combination of school/training/employment.[74] Students have the option to study at a TAFE college after Year 10,[75] or continue through to Year 12 with vocational courses or a university entrance courses.[76]
Western Australia has two daily newspapers: the Seven West Media-owned tabloid The West Australian and the Kalgoorlie Miner. Also published is one weekend paper, The Weekend West, and one Sunday tabloid newspaper, which is also owned by Seven West Media after purchase from News Corporation'sThe Sunday Times. There are also 17 weekly community newspapers with distribution from Yanchep in the north to Mandurah in the south. There are two major weekly rural papers in the state, Countryman and the Australian Community Media-owned Farm Weekly. The national broadsheet publication The Australian is also available, although with sales per capita lagging far behind those in other states. WAtoday is an online newspaper owned by Nine Entertainment, focusing its coverage on Perth and Western Australia.
Television
Metropolitan Perth has five broadcast television stations;
Perth formerly had West TV, a free-to-air community television channel that began broadcasting in April 2010 and ceased broadcasting in February 2020. It replaced Access 31, which ceased broadcasting in August 2008.
Regional WA has a similar availability of stations as Perth. Geographically, it is one of the largest television markets in the world, including almost one-third of the continent.
West Digital Television. Affiliated with Ten (Callsigns: SDW South West, VDW Goldfields/Esperance, GDW Central West, WDW remote areas)
Regional WA used to have Westlink. An open-narrowcast community-based television channel that was only on satellite until Westlink's discontinuation in 2018. (Satellite only)
In addition, broadcasters operate digital multichannels:
Pay TV services are provided by Foxtel, which acquired many of the assets and all the remaining subscribers of the insolvent Galaxy Television satellite service in 1998. Some metropolitan suburbs are serviced by Pay TV via cable; however, most of the metropolitan and rural areas can only access Pay TV via satellite.
Western Australia's largest sports stadium is Perth Stadium, also known by naming rights sponsorship as Optus Stadium. It has a capacity of over 60,000 people and is primarily used for Australian rules football and cricket.
In 1981, a sister state agreement was drawn up between Western Australia and Hyōgo Prefecture in Japan that was aimed at improving cultural ties between the two states.[85][86] To commemorate the 10th anniversary of this agreement, the Hyōgo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre was established in Perth in 1992.[87] Prior to that, the Western Australian government opened an office in Kobe, the largest city in Hyōgo, to facilitate maintenance of the relationship in 1989.[86][88]
Following the Great Hanshin earthquake that devastated southern Hyōgo in January 1995, Western Australian groups and businesses raised funds and provided materials, whilst individuals travelled to Hyōgo to help with emergency relief and the subsequent reconstruction process.[89][90][91] The two governments signed a memorandum of understanding on the 20th anniversary in 2001 that aimed to improve the economic relationship between the two states.[86]
Further to the sister state relationship, the City of Rockingham in Western Australia and the City of Akō in Hyōgo signed a sister city agreement in 1997. It is one of nine sister city relationships between Western Australian and Japanese cities.[92]
^In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, Mainland China and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau are listed separately
^As a percentage of 2,286,107 persons who nominated their ancestry at the 2016 census.
^The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the Anglo-Celtic group.[45]
^Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
^Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying as Aboriginal Australians or Torres Strait Islanders. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
^ abKnibbs, G.H. (1911). "The Creation of the Several Colonies". Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia. Vol. 4. Melbourne: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. p. 16.
^"A Thematic History of Western Australia"(PDF). Dedicated to author Clare Menck. Perth: Heritage Council, State of Western Australia. 2022. Archived(PDF) from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Blaeu, Johannes Willemszoon (1659). "Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus (Karte 27)" [Archipelago Eastern or Asiatic (Map 27)]. Atlas des Großen Kurfürsten [Atlas of the Great Elector]. Amsterdam. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 5 August 2020 – via Berlin State Library (German: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin).
^ ab"Limits of Oceans and Seas"(PDF). Special Publication (3rd ed.). Monte Carlo: International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. OCLC224683742. Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 October 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
^Diels, Ludwig (1981). "Extra-tropical Western Australia". In Carr, D. J.; Carr, S. G. M. (eds.). People and plants in Australia. Translated by Carr, D. J. Academic Press Australia. pp. 47–78. ISBN978-0-12-160720-3.
^"Country of Birth"(xls). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
^ ab"Western Australia Economic Profile"(PDF). Perth, WA: Government of Western Australia, Department of Jobs, Tourism, Science and Innovation. March 2020. p. 8. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ abWilkinson, Ian (9 April 2019). "Western Australian wheat industry". South Perth, WA: Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food division. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
^ ab"WA at a Glance 2008"(PDF). Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
^"2008 Live Exports"(PDF). ABARE. 31 March 2008. p. 9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
^"Go West Now". Government of Western Australia. 2008. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2008.
^"About the centre". Hyogo Prefectural Government Cultural Centre. 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
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Elvis sings The Wonderful World of ChristmasBerkas:Elvis Wonderful Christmas.jpgAlbum studio karya Elvis PresleyDirilis20 Oktober 1971 (1971-10-20)Direkam27 Juni 1968 – 16 Mei 1971GenreNatal, pop, rock and rollDurasi35:06LabelRCA RecordsProduserFelton JarvisKronologi Elvis Presley I Got Lucky(1971)I Got Lucky1971 Elvis sings The Wonderful World of Christmas(1971) Elvis Now(1972)Elvis Now1972 Singel dalam album Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas Merry Christmas Baby / O Come …
A WomanPoster teatrikal Prancis untuk A WomanSutradara Charlie Chaplin Produser Jess Robbins Ditulis oleh Charlie Chaplin PemeranCharles Chaplin Charles Inslee Marta Golden Edna Purviance Leo WhitePenata musikRobert Israel (perilisan video Kino)SinematograferHarry EnsignPenyuntingCharlie ChaplinDistributorEssanay Studios General Film CompanyTanggal rilis12 Juli 1915Durasi20 menitNegara Amerika Serikat BahasaFilm bisu dengan antar judul Inggris A Woman A Woman adalah film kesembilan Charlie…
TNI Angkatan Udara atau TNI AU adalah kesatuan dalam Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Berikut daftar kecabangan atau Korps di TNI Angkatan Udara:[1] Korps Tempur TNI Angkatan Udara Korps Penerbang (PNB) Penerbang Tempur Penerbang Helikopter Penerbang Angkut Korps Komando Pasukan Gerak Cepat (PAS) Korps Kecabangan Lain TNI Angkatan Udara Korps Navigator (NAV) Korps Teknik (TEK) Teknik Pesawat Terbang Teknik Senjata Teknik Sarana Bantuan Korps Elektronika (LEK) Avionik Radar Simulator Komunikas…
Monumen Tugu Thomas Parr adalah sebuah monumen yang terletak di Bengkulu, Bengkulu, Indonesia dan didedikasikan kepada Thomas Parr, Residen Inggris di Bengkulu yang terbunuh pada 1807. Dibangun setahun setelah kematiannya, bangunan tersebut dianggap sebagai cagar budaya. Lokasi Tugu Thomas Parr terletak di Jalan Ahmad Yani, di subdistrik Kampung Cina di Kota Bengkulu, Bengkulu.[1] Tempat tersebut tidak jauh dari pusat kotanya dan mudah diakses.[2] Monumen tersebut berjarak sekita…
Vigilantisme internet adalah tindak membawa kegiatan vigilante melalui Internet (jaringan komunikasi atau penyedia layanan internet) atau melakukannya dengan memakai aplikasi (World Wide Web, e-mail) yang bergantung pada Internet. Istilah tersebut meliputi vigilantisme terhadap tuduhan berita bohong, kejahatan dan perilaku terkait non-Internet. Bacaan tambahan Cheong, P. H., & Gong, J. (2010) “Cyber vigilantism, transmedia collective intelligence, and civic participation.”, Chinese Journ…
Kam Tin Shing Mun San Tsuen archway. Kam Tin Shing Mun San TsuenTraditional Chinese錦田城門新村Simplified Chinese锦田城门新村TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJǐn Tián Chéngmén XīncūnYue: CantoneseJyutpinggam2 tin4 sing4 mun4 san1 cyun1Kam Tin San TsuenTraditional Chinese錦田新村Simplified Chinese锦田新村TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinJǐn Tián XīncūnYue: CantoneseJyutpinggam2 tin4 san1 cyun1 Kam Tin Shing Mun San Tsuen (Chinese: …
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Harimau kertas (disambiguasi). Harimau kertas dengan bendera Amerika Serikat untuk mendeskripsikan imperialisme Amerika dalam China Pictorial pada 1950 Harimau kertas adalah terjemahan dari frase Tionghoa zhilaohu (纸老虎/…
Human settlement in WalesCraig-y-penrhynCraig-y-penrhynLocation within CeredigionOS grid referenceSN 6551 9276• Cardiff79.3 mi (127.6 km)• London178.1 mi (286.6 km)CommunityLlangynfelynPrincipal areaCeredigionCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townMachynllethPostcode districtSY20PoliceDyfed-PowysFireMid and West WalesAmbulanceWelsh UK ParliamentCeredigionSenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentCeredigion List of places UK Wales …