Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century, the Philadelphia area was home to the LenapeIndians in the village of Shackamaxon. They were also called the Delaware Indians,[44] and their historical territory was along the Delaware Riverwatershed, western Long Island, and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of the region during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts.[44] Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and conflict with Europeans. The Iroquois occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. Following the American Revolutionary War and subsequent formation of an independent United States, the Lenape began moving further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most remaining Lenape in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territories as part of the Indian removal policy.
In 1655, a Dutch military campaign led by New Netherland Director-General Peter Stuyvesant took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence. The Swedish and Finnish people settlers continued to have their own militia, religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. An English fleet captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, though the situation did not change substantially until 1682, when the area was included in William Penn's charter for Pennsylvania.[46]
In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England granted Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local Lenape in an effort to establish good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for the colony.[47] Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown neighborhood.[3] Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for "brotherly love", derived from the Ancient Greek terms φίλοςphílos (beloved, dear) and ἀδελφόςadelphós (brother, brotherly). There were a number of cities named Philadelphia in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Greek and Roman periods, including modern Alaşehir, mentioned as the site of an early Christian congregation in the Book of Revelation. As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, which exceeded that of other colonies, led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city.[48]
Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart with areas for gardens and orchards.
The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, however, and instead crowded the present-day Port of Philadelphia on the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots.[49] Before Penn left Philadelphia for the final time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. Though poor at first, Philadelphia became an important trading center with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. Benjamin Franklin, a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones that were among the first in the nation, including a fire company, library, and hospital.
A number of philosophical societies were formed, which were centers of the city's intellectual life, including the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785), the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts (1787), the Academy of Natural Sciences (1812), and the Franklin Institute (1824).[50] These societies developed and financed new industries that attracted skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe.
From 1775 to 1781, Philadelphia hosted the Second Continental Congress,[54] which adopted the Declaration of Independence in what was then called the Pennsylvania State House and was later renamed Independence Hall. Historian Joseph Ellis, in 2007, described the Declaration of Independence, written predominantly by Thomas Jefferson, as "the most potent and consequential words in American history,"[14] and its adoption represented a declaration of war against the British Army, which was then the world's most powerful military force. Since the Declaration's July 4, 1776, adoption, its signing has been cited globally and repeatedly by various peoples of the world seeking independence and liberty. It also has been, since its adoption, the basis for annual celebration by Americans; in 1938, this celebration of the Declaration was formalized as Independence Day, one of only eleven designated U.S. federal holidays.
After George Washington's defeat at the Battle of Brandywine in Chadds Ford Township, on September 11, 1777, during the Philadelphia campaign, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless and the city prepared for what was perceived to be an inevitable British attack. Because bells could easily be recast into munitions, the Liberty Bell, then known as the Pennsylvania State Bell, and bells from two Philadelphia churches, Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, were hastily taken down and transported by heavily guarded wagon train out of the city. The Liberty Bell was taken to Zion German Reformed Church in Northampton Town, which is present-day Allentown, where it was hidden under the church's floor boards for nine months from September 1777 until the British Army's departure from Philadelphia in June 1778.[55] Two Revolutionary War battles, the Siege of Fort Mifflin, fought between September 26 and November 16, 1777, and the Battle of Germantown, fought on October 4, 1777, took place within Philadelphia's city limits.
In Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation on November 15, 1777, and the city later served as the meeting place for the Constitutional Convention, which ratified the Constitution in Independence Hall in Philadelphia on September 17, 1787.
Philadelphia served as capital of the United States for much of the colonial and early post-colonial periods, including for a decade, from 1790 to 1800, while Washington, D.C., was being constructed and prepared to serve as the new national capital.[56] In 1793, the largest yellow fever epidemic in U.S. history killed approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people in Philadelphia, or about ten percent of the city's population at the time.[57][58] The capital of the United States was moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800 upon completion of the White House and U.S. Capitol buildings.
The state capital was moved from Philadelphia to Lancaster in 1799, then ultimately to Harrisburg in 1812. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until the late 18th century. It also was the nation's financial and cultural center until ultimately being eclipsed in total population by New York City in 1790. In 1816, the city's free Black community founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent Black denomination in the country, and the first Black Episcopal Church. The free Black community also established many schools for its children with the help of Quakers. Large-scale construction projects for new roads, canals, and railroads made Philadelphia the first major industrial city in the United States.
Immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Germany, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. These immigrants were largely responsible for the first general strike in North America in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of South Street and later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of Catholic churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic nativistriots erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the Act of Consolidation of 1854, which extended the city limits from the 2 square miles (5.2 km2) of Center City to the roughly 134 square miles (350 km2) of Philadelphia County.[60][61]
In the latter half of the 19th century and leading into the 20th century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Italy, and African Americans from the southern U.S. settled in the city.[62]
Philadelphia was represented by the Washington Grays in the American Civil War. The African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930, largely stemming from the Great Migration from the South.[63][64]
In 1917, following outrage over the election-year murder of a Philadelphia police officer, led to the shrinking of the City Council from two houses to just one.[67] In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a race riot during Red Summer in post-World War I unrest as recent immigrants competed with Blacks for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of Prohibition laws, organized crime, mob violence, and corrupt police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of Brig. Gen.Smedley Butler of the U.S. Marine Corps as the city's director of public safety, but political pressure still prevented long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.[68]
In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population.[69] In 1950, the population peaked at more than two million residents, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry that led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization enticed many affluent residents to depart the city for its outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. The resulting reduction in Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment, and it approached bankruptcy by the late 1980s.[70][71]
In 1985, the MOVE Bombing of the Cobbs Creek neighborhood by city helicopters occurred, killing 11 and destroying 61 homes.[72]
Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century with much of the development occurring in the Center City and University City neighborhoods. But this expanded a shortage of affordable housing in the city. After many manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination. Contemporary glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s. Historic areas such as Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s, making both areas among the most desirable Center City neighborhoods. Immigrants from around the world began to enter the U.S. through Philadelphia as their gateway, leading to a reversal of the city's population decline between 1950 and 2000, during which it lost about 25 percent of its residents.[73][74]
21st century
Philadelphia eventually began experiencing a growth in its population in 2007, which continued with incremental annual increases through the present.[75][76] A migration pattern has been established from New York City to Philadelphia by residents opting for a large city with relative proximity and a lower cost of living.[77][78]
Philadelphia's skyline at twilight from the southwest on the South Street Bridge with the Schuylkill River on the left in July 2016 (annotated version)
Philadelphia was created in the 17th century, following the plan by William Penn's surveyor Thomas Holme. Center City is structured with long, straight streets running nearly due east–west and north–south, forming a grid pattern between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers that is aligned with their courses. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire.[84] In keeping with the idea of a "Greene Countrie Towne", and inspired by the many types of trees that grew in the region, Penn named many of the east–west streets for local trees.[85] Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824.[84] Centre Square was renamed Penn Square;[86] Northeast Square was renamed Franklin Square; Southeast Square was renamed Washington Square; Southwest Square was renamed Rittenhouse Square; and Northwest Square was renamed Logan Circle/Square.[87]Center City had an estimated 183,240 residents as of 2015[update], making it the second-most populated downtown area in the United States after Midtown Manhattan in New York City.[88]
Philadelphia's neighborhoods are divided into six large sections that surround Center City: North Philadelphia, Northeast Philadelphia, South Philadelphia, Southwest Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, and Northwest Philadelphia. The city's geographic boundaries have been largely unchanged since these neighborhoods were consolidated in 1854. However, each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods, some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs, townships, and other communities that constituted Pennsylvania County before their inclusion within the city.[89]
The City Planning Commission, tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan.[90][91] Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors John F. Street and Michael Nutter. The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning maps to facilitate future community development, as the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs will be added by 2035.
The Philadelphia Housing Authority (PHA) is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania. Established in 1937, the PHA is the nation's fourth-largest housing authority, serving about 81,000 people with affordable housing, while employing 1,400 on a budget of $371 million.[92] The Philadelphia Parking Authority is responsible for ensuring adequate parking for city residents, businesses, and visitors.[93]
Philadelphia's architectural history dates back to colonial times and includes a wide range of styles. The earliest structures were constructed with logs, but brick structures were common by 1700. During the 18th century, the cityscape was dominated by Georgian architecture, including Independence Hall and Christ Church.
For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the row house. The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows".[94] A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Federal-style continuous blocks in Old City and Society Hill to Victorian-style homes in North Philadelphia to twin row houses in West Philadelphia. While newer homes have been built recently, much of the housing dates to the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, which has created problems such as urban decay and vacant lots. Some neighborhoods, including Northern Liberties and Society Hill, have been rehabilitated through gentrification.[97][98]
Elfreth's Alley, first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.[99]
As of 2014[update], the city's total park space, including municipal, state, and federal parks in the city, amounts to 11,211 acres (17.5 sq mi).[22] Philadelphia's largest park is Fairmount Park, which includes the Philadelphia Zoo and encompasses 2,052 acres (3.2 sq mi) of the total parkland. Fairmount Park's adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park contains 2,042 acres (3.2 sq mi).[100] Fairmount Park, when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the U.S.[22] The two parks, along with the Colonial Revival, Georgian and Federal-style mansions in them, have been listed as one entity on the National Register of Historic Places since 1972.[101]
Snowfall is highly variable. Some winters have only light snow while others include major snowstorms. The normal seasonal snowfall averages 22.4 in (57 cm), with rare snowfalls in November or April, and rarely any sustained snow cover.[105] Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1972–73, to 78.7 inches (200 cm) in the winter of 2009–10.[105][b] The city's heaviest single-storm snowfall was 30.7 in (78 cm), which occurred in January 1996.[106]
Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to eleven wet days per month,[107] at an average annual rate of 44.1 inches (1,120 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011.[105] The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.[105] Philadelphia has a moderately sunny climate with an average of 2,498 hours of sunshine annually. The percentage of sunshine ranges from 47% in December to 61% in June, July, and August.[108]
The January daily average temperature is 33.7 °F (0.9 °C). The temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws. July averages 78.7 °F (25.9 °C). Heat waves accompanied by high humidity and heat indices are frequent, with highs reaching or exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 30 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 to April 2,[105] allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry, with February having the lowest average precipitation at 2.75 inches (70 mm). The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 and 64.5 °F (15 and 18 °C).[105]
The highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) on August 7, 1918. Temperatures at or above 100 °F (38 °C) are not common, with the last occurrence of such a temperature being July 21, 2019.[109] The lowest officially recorded temperature was −11 °F (−24 °C) on February 9, 1934.[109] Temperatures at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) are rare, with the last such occurrence being January 19, 1994.[105] The record low maximum is 5 °F (−15 °C) on February 10, 1899, and December 30, 1880. The record high minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on July 23, 2011, and July 24, 2010.[110]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Philadelphia County received an ozone grade of F and a 24-hour particle pollution rating of D in the American Lung Association's 2017 State of the Air report, which analyzed data from 2013 to 2015.[115][116] The city was ranked 22nd for ozone, 20th for short-term particle pollution, and 11th for year-round particle pollution.[117] According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.[116]
U.S. Decennial Census[118] 2010–2020[11] Source: U.S. Decennial Census[119]
As of the 2020 U.S. Census, there were 1,603,797 people residing in Philadelphia, representing a 1.2% increase from the 2019 census estimate.[76] The racial composition of the city was 39.3% Black alone (42.0% Black alone or in combination), 36.3% White alone (41.9% White alone or in combination), 8.7% Asian alone, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 8.7% some other race, and 6.9% multiracial. 14.9% of residents were Hispanic or Latino.[120]
34.8% had a bachelor's degree or higher. 23.9% spoke a language other than English at home, the most common of which was Spanish (10.8%). 15.0% of the populations foreign born, roughly half of whom are naturalized U.S. citizens. 3.7% of the population are veterans. The median household income was $52,889 and 22.8% of the population lived in poverty. 49.5% of the population drove alone to work, while 23.2% used public transit, 8.2% carpooled, 7.9% walked, and 7.0% worked from home. The average commute is 31 minutes.[120]
After the 1950 census, when a record high of 2,071,605 was recorded, the city's population began a long decline. The population dropped to a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Between 2006 and 2017, Philadelphia added 92,153 residents. In 2017, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the city was 41.3% Black (non-Hispanic), 34.9% White (non-Hispanic), 14.1% Hispanic or Latino, 7.1% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.05% Pacific Islander, and 2.8% multiracial.[121]
In addition to the city's economic growth, the city's population has been fueled by foreign immigration. According to The Pew Charitable Trusts, the city's foreign-born population increased by 69% between 2000 and 2016 to constitute nearly 20% of Philadelphia's workforce,[125] and it doubled between 1990 and 2017 to constitute 13.8% of the city's total population, with the top five countries of origin being China by a significant margin followed by the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, India, and Vietnam.[126]
Top 10 countries of origin for foreign-born Philadelphians, 2017[127]
Irish, Italian, German, Polish, English, Russian, Ukrainian, and French ancestries constitute the largest European ethnic groups in the city.[128] Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market.
The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington, Port Richmond, and Fishtown neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is a center for the Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is home to a Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a Jewish community. Nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant community.
The Puerto Rican population in Philadelphia is the second-largest on the U.S. mainland after New York City, and the second-fastest growing after Orlando.[130] Eastern North Philadelphia, particularly Fairhill and surrounding areas to the north and east, has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans outside Puerto Rico, with many large swaths of blocks being close to 100% Puerto Rican.[131][132] Puerto Rican and Dominican populations reside in North Philadelphia and the Northeast, and Mexican and Central American populations exist in South Philadelphia.[133]South American migrants were being transported by bus from Texas to Philadelphia beginning in 2022.[134]
In a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 68% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christian.[141] Approximately 41% of Christians in the city and area professed attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, while 26% professed Catholic beliefs.
The Philadelphia metropolitan area's Jewish population was estimated at 206,000 in 2001, which was the sixth-largest in the U.S. at that time.[144] Jewish traders were operating in southeastern Pennsylvania long before William Penn. Jews in Philadelphia took a prominent part in the War of Independence. Although the majority of the early Jewish residents were of Portuguese or Spanish descent, some among them had emigrated from Germany and Poland. About the beginning of the 19th century, a number of Jews from the latter countries, finding the services of the Congregation Mickvé Israel unfamiliar to them, resolved to form a new congregation which would use the ritual to which they had been accustomed.
As of 2010[update], 79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) Vietnamese, 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) other Asian languages, 0.58% (8,217) African languages, 0.56% (7,933) Cambodian (Mon-Khmer), and Italian was spoken as a main language by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[147]
Poverty
Philadelphia is home to many food poverty programs, of which two of the largest are Philabundance which claims to feed 90000 people per week.[148][149][150][151] and Share Food Program which claims to feed 1 million people per month.[152]
Philadelphia's history attracts many tourists, with the Independence National Historical Park, which includes the Liberty Bell, Independence Hall, and other historic sites, received over 5 million visitors in 2016.[160] The city welcomed 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion, generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania.[23] The annual Naked Bike Ride attracts participants from around the United States and internationally to Philadelphia.
The city's K-12 enrollment in district–run schools dropped from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015.[157] This consistent drop in enrollment led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013.[168] During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.[157]
Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, steadily increased in the ten years from 2005. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but subsequently decreased. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached their peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.[157]
Philadelphia has more public art than any other American city.[187] In 1872, the Association for Public Art, formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association, was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and urban planning.[188] In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the Percent for Artordinance, the first for a U.S. city.[189] The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by the Philadelphia Office of Arts and Culture, the city's art agency.[190] The city has more murals than any other American city, due to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation's Mural Arts Program, which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for graffiti artists. The program has funded more than 2,800 murals by professional, staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia.[191]
The city is home to a number of art organizations, including the regional art advocacy nonprofit Philadelphia Tri-State Artists Equity,[192] the Philadelphia Sketch Club, one of the country's oldest artists' clubs,[193] and The Plastic Club, started by women excluded from the Sketch Club.[194] Many Old City art galleries stay open late on the First Friday event of each month.[195]
Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the music of the United States. The culture of American popular music has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers, in both the recording and broadcasting industries. In 1952, the teen dance party program called Bandstand premiered on local television, hosted by Bob Horn. The show was renamed American Bandstand in 1957, when it began national syndication on ABC, hosted by Dick Clark and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles.[201] Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as teen idols to appeal to the young audience. Philadelphia-born singers such as Frankie Avalon, James Darren, Eddie Fisher, Fabian Forte, and Bobby Rydell, along with South Philly-raised Chubby Checker, topped the music charts, establishing a clean-cut rock and roll image.
McGillin's Olde Ale House, opened in 1860 on Drury Street in Center City, is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city.[211] The City Tavern is a replica of a historic 18th-century building first opened in 1773, demolished in 1854 after a fire, and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of Independence National Historical Park.[212] The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.[213]
The Reading Terminal Market is a historic food market founded in 1893 in the Reading Terminal building, a designated National Historic Landmark. The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country, hosting over a hundred merchants offering Pennsylvania Dutch specialties, artisan cheese and meat, locally grown groceries, and specialty and ethnic foods.[214]
The traditional Philadelphia accent is considered by some linguists to be the most distinctive accent in North America.[215] The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the Delaware Valley and South Jersey, is part of a larger Mid-Atlantic American English family, a designation that also includes the Baltimore accent. Additionally, it shares many similarities with the New York accent. Owing to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania under sociolinguist William Labov, the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best-studied forms of American English.[216][217][f] The accent is especially found within the Irish American and Italian American working-class neighborhoods.[218] Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of neologisms and slang terms.[219]
Philadelphia was the second of eight American cities to have won titles in all four major leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL and NBA), and also has a title in soccer from the now-defunct North American Soccer League in the 1970s. The city's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship, from the 76ers 1983 NBA Finals win[228] until the Phillies 2008 World Series win.[229][230] The lack of championships was sometimes attributed in jest to the Curse of Billy Penn after One Liberty Place became the first building to surpass the height of the William Penn statue on top of City Hall's tower in 1987.[231] After nine years passed without another championship, the Eagles won their first Super Bowl following the 2017 season.[232] In 2004, ESPN placed Philadelphia second on its list of The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities.[233][234] Fans of the Eagles and Phillies were singled out as the worst fans in the country by GQ magazine in 2011, which used the subtitle of "Meanest Fans in America" to summarize incidents of drunken behavior and a history of booing.[235][236]
Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia but later moved to other cities include the Golden State Warriors basketball team, which played in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962[237] and the Oakland Athletics baseball team, which was originally the Philadelphia Athletics and played in Philadelphia from 1901 to 1954.[238]
Philadelphia County is a legal nullity. All county functions were assumed by the city in 1952.[256] The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854.[61]
Philadelphia's 1952 Home RuleCharter was written by the City Charter Commission, which was created by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in an act of April 1949, and a city ordinance of June 1949. The existing city council received a proposed draft in February 1951, and the electors approved it in an election held in April 1951.[257] The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951, and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952.[256]
The city uses the strong-mayor version of the mayor–council form of government, which is led by one mayor in whom executive authority is vested. The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council. Elected at-large, the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but can run for the position again after an intervening term.[257]
The Philadelphia Municipal Court handles traffic cases, misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years, and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ($15,000 in real estate and school tax cases), and all landlord-tenant disputes. The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters.[263]
The current mayor is Cherelle Parker who won the election in November 2023.[272] Parker's predecessor, Jim Kenney, served two terms from 2016 to January 2024.[273] Parker is a member of the Democratic Party. For over seven decades, since 1952, every Philadelphia mayor has been a Democrat.
Philadelphia City Council is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected at-large, all of whom are elected to four-year terms.[274] Democrats are currently the majority and hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at-large seats. Republicans hold one seat: the Northeast-based Tenth District. The Working Families Party holds two at-large seats making them the council's minority party. The current council president is Kenyatta Johnson.[275]
Philadelphia's political structure consists of a system of wards and divisions. There are 66 wards with 11 to 51 divisions each for a total of 1703 divisions. Each division elects two committee people who are supposed to live within the division boundaries, and committee people select a leader for their ward.[276] Democrats and Republicans elect their own committee people every four years. The committee person's role is to serve as a point of contact between voters and party officials and help get out the vote.[277] Most wards are closed which means the ward leader makes sole endorsement decisions; open wards allow committee people to weigh in on these decisions.[278] There are groups such as Open Wards PhiladelphiaArchived April 2, 2024, at the Wayback Machine and individuals who are working to elect ward leaders who promote an open ward system.[279]
Democratic registrations increased after the Great Depression; however, the city was not carried by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt in his landslide victory of 1932, as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican Herbert Hoover. Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in 1936 and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote. Philadelphia has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even greater in 2012, capturing 85% of the vote. In 2016, Democrat Hillary Clinton won 82% of the vote.[284]
Pennsylvania's longest-serving Senator, Arlen Specter,[291] was an alumnus of the University of Pennsylvania who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia.[292] Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009, losing that party's primary in 2010 and leaving office in January 2011.[293] He was assistant counsel on the Warren Commission in 1964 and the city's district attorney from 1966 to 1974.[292]
"Green Cities, Clean Water" is an environmental policy initiative based in Philadelphia that has shown promising results in mitigating the effects of climate change.[298] The researchers on the policy have stated that despite such promising plans of green infrastructure building, "the city is forecasted to grow warmer, wetter, and more urbanized over the century, runoff and local temperatures will increase on average throughout the city".[298] Even though landcover predictive models on the effects of the policy initiative have indicated that green infrastructure could be useful at decreasing the amount of runoff in the city over time, the city government would have to expand its current plans and "consider the cobenefit of climate change adaptation when planning new projects" in limiting the scope of city-wide temperature increase.[298]
In a 2015 report by Pew Charitable Trusts, the police districts with the highest rates of violent crime were Frankford (15th district) and Kensington (24th district) in the Near Northeast, and districts to the North (22nd, 25th, and 35th districts), West (19th district) and Southwest (12th district) of Center City. Each of those seven districts recorded more than a thousand violent crimes in 2014. The lowest rates of violent crime occurred in Center City, South Philadelphia, the Far Northeast, and Roxborough districts, the latter of which includes Manayunk.[157]
Philadelphia had 500, 503 according to some sources, murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. An average of about 400 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose to 406 by 2006, before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007.[299][300] A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, the city had 246 murders, which is a decrease of nearly 40% since 2006.[301]
In 2014, 248 homicides were committed. The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015, then fell slightly to 277 in 2016, before rising again to 317 in 2017.[302] Homicides increased dramatically in the late 2010s/early 2020s, reaching 499 homicides in 2020[299] and surpassing the 1990 "record" in 2021, with 501st murder on November 27 and 510 by the end of the month.[303] Phillie ended the year with 562 murders, an all-time record. It dropped in 2022 to 514, and significantly further again in 2023, to 410.
[304]
In 2006, Philadelphia's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country's 10 most populous cities.[305] In 2012, Philadelphia had the fourth-highest homicide rate among the country's most populous cities. The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth-highest city in the country.[157]
The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century. Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014.[157] Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014. Violent crimes, which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014.[157]
In 2014, Philadelphia enacted an ordinance decriminalizing the possession of less than 30 grams of marijuana or eight grams of hashish; the ordinance gave police officers the discretion to treat possession of these amounts as a civil infraction punishable by a $25 ticket, rather than a crime.[306][307] At the time, Philadelphia was at the largest city in the nation to decriminalize the possession of marijuana.[307] From 2013 to 2018, marijuana arrests in the city dropped by more than 85%.[306] The purchase or sale of marijuana remains a criminal offense in Philadelphia.[307]
The Philadelphia Fire Department provides fire protection and emergency medical services (EMS). The department's official mission is to protect public safety by quick and professional response to emergencies and the promotion of sound emergency prevention measures. This mandate encompasses all traditional firefighting functions, including fire suppression, with 60 engine companies and 30 ladder companies[308] as well as specialty and support units deployed throughout the city; specialized firefighting units for Philadelphia International Airport and the Port of Philadelphia; investigations conducted by the fire marshal's office to determine the origins of fires and develop preventive strategies; prevention programs to educate the public; and support services including research and planning, management of the fire communications center within the city's 911 system, and operation of the Philadelphia Fire Academy.
Philadelphia's two major daily newspapers are The Philadelphia Inquirer, first published in 1829—the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country—and the Philadelphia Daily News, first published in 1925.[309] The Daily News has been published as an edition of the Inquirer since 2009.[310] Recent owners of the Inquirer and Daily News have included Knight Ridder, The McClatchy Company, and Philadelphia Media Holdings, with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010.[311] After two years of financial struggle, the newspapers were sold to Interstate General Media in 2012.[311] The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013[update], the 18th-largest circulation in the country, and their collective website, Philly.com,[312] was ranked 13th in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by Alexa Internet the same year.[313]
The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercialAM radio stations began broadcasting in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbels department store, followed by WFIL, then owned by Strawbridge & Clothier department store, and WOO, a defunct station owned by Wanamaker's department store, as well as WCAU and WDAS.[324]
In the 1930s, the experimental station W3XE, owned by Philco, became the first television station in Philadelphia. The station became NBC's first affiliate in 1939, and later became KYW-TV (currently a CBS affiliate). WCAU-TV, WFIL-TV, and WHYY-TV were all founded by the 1960s.[324] In 1952, WFIL (renamed WPVI) premiered the television show Bandstand, which later became the nationally broadcast American Bandstand hosted by Dick Clark.[332]
Each commercial network has an affiliate in Philadelphia: KYW-TV 3 (CBS), WPVI-TV 6 (ABC), WCAU 10 (NBC), WPHL-TV 17 (The CW with MyNetworkTV on DT2), WFPA-CD 28 (UniMás), WTXF-TV 29 (Fox), WPSG 57 (Independent), WWSI 62 (Telemundo), and WUVP-DT 65 (Univision). The region is served also by public broadcasting stations WPPT-TV (Philadelphia), WHYY-TV (Wilmington, Delaware and Philadelphia), WLVT-TV (Lehigh Valley), and NJTV (New Jersey).[333]
Beginning in the 1980s, large sections of the SEPTA Regional Rail service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance.[338][339][340]
In 1911, Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric trolleys running on 86 lines.[363] In 2005, SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the Girard Avenue Line, Route 15.[364] SEPTA operates six subway-surface trolleys that run on street-level tracks in West Philadelphia and subway tunnels in Center City, along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs.[365]
Philadelphia is a regional hub of the federally-ownedAmtrak system, with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington-Boston Northeast Corridor and the Keystone Corridor to Harrisburg and Pittsburgh. 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad's former Pennsylvania Main Line to Chicago. As of 2018[update], 30th Street is Amtrak's third-busiest station in the country, after New York City and Washington.[164]
In 1815, Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the Fairmount Water Works on the Schuylkill River, the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern sand filtration methods.[366]Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) provides drinking water, wastewater collection, and stormwater services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the Delaware River and the balance from the Schuylkill River.[367] The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River. The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day, while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons. The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles (5,885 km) of sewers.[367]
Electricity
Exelon subsidiary PECO Energy Company, founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) in 1902, provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs.[368] PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles (37,000 km) of electric transmission and distribution lines, along with 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of natural gas transmission, distribution & service lines.[369]
Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW), overseen by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission, is the nation's largest municipally-owned natural gas utility. PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area.[370] Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the City Council refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.[371][372]
Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the 215area code in 1947 when the North American Numbering Plan of the Bell System went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when area code 610 was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. Overlay area code 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas, area code 445 to 215 and area code 835 to 610, was delayed and later rescinded.[373] Area code 445 was implemented as an overlay for area codes 215 and 267 starting on February 3, 2018.[374]
Philadelphia has eight official sister cities as designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International (CDI) of Philadelphia:[383] Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. The Sister Cities Park, a site of 0.5 acres (2,400 sq yd) at 18th and Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Logan Square, was dedicated in June 1976. The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia's first two sister city relationships, with Tel Aviv and Florence. Toruń Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with Toruń, Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the United Way building at 18th Street and Benjamin Franklin Parkway. Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012, featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's sister and partnership cities, a café and visitor center, children's play area, outdoor garden, boat pond, and a pavilion built to environmentally friendly standards.[387][388]
The Chinatown Gate, erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans from Tianjin, stands astride 10th Street, on the north side of its intersection with Arch Street, as a symbol of the sister city relationship. The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the U.S. Department of State's "Partners for Peace" project with Mosul, Iraq,[389] and in accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries.[390]
^Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the divides of the frequently mountainous landforms flanking the Delaware River's drainage basin. These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise:
the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial New Amsterdam and New Sweden), and
portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries—making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended:
southerly through the eastern Poconos outside the rival Susquehannock lands past Eastern Pennsylvania then southerly past the site of Colonial Philadelphia past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial Delaware.
The Susquehanna-Delaware River system's watershed divided the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival Susquehannock peoples and the Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940, and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present.[111] Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948, respectively.[105] In 2006, snowfall measurements were moved to National Park, New Jersey directly across the Delaware River from the airport.[112]
^E.g., in the opening chapter of The Handbook of Language Variation and Change (ed. Chambers et al., Blackwell 2002), J.K. Chambers writes that "variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963, the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the Handbook says that Labov's "ideas imbue every page".
^ abEllis, Joseph (2007). American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic. New York: Knopf. pp. 55–56. ISBN978-0-307-26369-8.
^Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau (February 22, 2006). "The Sounds of Philadelphia". Press Kit. Archived from the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved March 29, 2006.
^Tucker, Laura (November 25, 2014). "Philadelphia". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
^"Mural Arts Philadelphia – Press kit"(PDF). muralarts.org. Mural Arts Philadelphia. Archived(PDF) from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017. Mural Arts Philadelphia is the nation's largest public art program...creating nearly 4,000 artworks that have transformed public spaces.
^ abcd"2014 City Park Facts"(PDF). tpl.org. The Trust for Public Land. pp. 9, 25, 28. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
^"American Airlines and PHL Airport Celebrate Further Transatlantic Growth with New Service to Copenhagen". Philadelphia International Airport. Archived from the original on June 15, 2024. Retrieved June 15, 2024. "American Airlines is proud to offer unparalleled access to some of the most popular European vacation destinations from Philadelphia, which serves as the airline's transatlantic gateway," said Lakshman Amaranayaka, American Airlines Vice President of PHL Hub Operations.
^"The City of Philadelphia, Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan"(PDF). dcnr.state.pa.us. The City of Philadelphia. 2012. p. 2. Archived from the original(PDF) on December 19, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017. The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East/West Fairmount Parks (2052 ac.), Wissahickon Valley Park (2042 ac.)
^"National Register of Historic Places – Fairmount Park – #72001151". focus.nps.gov. National Park Service. February 7, 1972. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017. Locations: Philadelphia; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek, from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave.
^"Threaded Station Extremes". Archived from the original on March 5, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020. Station=PA – Philadelphia (Center City records are 12 °F (−11 °C) on January 8, 2014, and January 19, 1997, for the record low maximum; and 87 °F (31 °C) on July 6, 1999, for the record high minimum)
^ThreadEx; search for location= "PA - Philadelphia", variable= "Station thread"
^ abc"Explore Census Data". Explore Census Data. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on October 15, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^Jeff Gammage (May 10, 2019). "Welcome to Philly: Percentage of foreign-born city residents has doubled since 1990". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 10, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2019. China is, far and away, the primary sending country, with 22,140 city residents who make up about 11 percent of the foreign-born population, according to a Pew Charitable Trusts analysis of Census data. Next is the Dominican Republic with 13,792, followed by Jamaica, 13,500; India, 11,382; and Vietnam, 10,132...About 230,000 Philadelphians are foreign-born. More than a quarter of residents are immigrants or have a foreign-born parent, Pew reported, and 23 percent speak a foreign language at home.
^Florida, Richard (August 27, 2012). "America's Leading College Towns". Bloomberg.com. The Atlantic: City Lab. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
^Brownlee, David B.; Thomas, George E. (2000). Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN0812235150.
^John Timpane (May 4, 2019). "Walnut Street Theatre announces a major expansion, set to start in 2020". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019. The Walnut Street Theatre announced Saturday evening that fund-raising is now underway for a substantial new wing of the building. Plans would expand the 210-year-old theater's footprint partway into the parking lot next door and add a 400-seat theater in the round. The three-story, 35,000-square-foot addition would break ground in May 2020 and be completed in 2022.
^"Public Art". Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
^Aitken, Joanne (September 2, 2004). "Forget Paris". City Paper. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007.
^"About Us". Philadelphia Boys Choir. Archived from the original on December 18, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
^"About The Philly POPS". phillypops.org. Encore Series, Inc. January 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2018.
^"Philly Slang". PhillyTalk.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
^Jordan, David M (1999). The Athletics of Philadelphia: Connie Mack's White Elephants, 1901–1954. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. ISBN0-7864-0620-8
^ ab"City Charter Commission". Agency History. City of Philadelphia, Department of Records. November 8, 2000. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009.
^"MunicipalCourt". The Philadelphia Courts, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. February 11, 2010. Archived from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
^Venta, Lance (October 6, 2016). "WRNB Drops Old School 100.3 Branding ". radioinsight.com. RadioBB Networks. Retrieved January 15, 2018. "...the station's playlist had shifted back towards Urban AC."
^Cox, Harold E. (1967). May, Jack (ed.). The Road from Upper Darby. The Story of the Market Street Subway-Elevated. New York, NY: Electric Railroaders' Association. p. 16. OCLC54770701.
^"History of the Blue Route". I-476 Improvement Project. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^"Florence, Italy". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Tel Aviv, Israel". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Torun, Poland". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Tianjin, China". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Incheon, Korea". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Douala, Cameroon". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Nizhny Novgorod, Russia". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Frankfurt am Main, Germany". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.
^"Kobe, Japan". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Abruzzo, Italy". International Visitors Council of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Aix-en-Provence, France". Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
^"Sister Cities Park". ivc.org. International Visitors Council of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2012.
^"Sister Cities Park History". centercityphila.org. Center City District|Central Philadelphia Development Corporation|Center City District Foundation. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online; see index at p. 410 for list.
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.
Operasi Madago RayaBagian dari Operasi Anti-Terorisme di IndonesiaKorps Brigade Mobil di Kecamatan Poso Pesisir Kabupaten Poso pada 8 April 2016Tanggal10 Januari 2016 – September 2022 (7 tahun, 9 bulan, 2 minggu dan 3 hari)LokasiSulawesi Tengah (daerah pegunungan Kabupaten Poso, Kabupaten Parigi Moutong, dan Kabupaten Sigi), IndonesiaStatus Kemenangan Indonesia Kematian Santoso dan penangkapan Basri Akhir dari faksi Santoso-Basri Ali Kalora terpilih sebagai pemimpin Kema...
1988 single by Siouxsie and the Banshees This article is about the Siouxsie and the Banshees song. For other songs of this or a similar title, see Peekaboo (disambiguation). Peek-a-BooSingle by Siouxsie and the Bansheesfrom the album Peepshow B-side False Face Catwalk Released18 July 1988 (1988-07-18)[1]Genre Dance-rock alternative rock Length3:10Label Polydor Geffen Songwriter(s) Susan Ballion Peter Edward Clarke Steven Severin Harry Warren Johnny Mercer Producer(s) Si...
Municipio de Everett Municipio Municipio de EverettUbicación en el condado de Burt en Nebraska Ubicación de Nebraska en EE. UU.Coordenadas 41°57′59″N 96°31′05″O / 41.966388888889, -96.518055555556Entidad Municipio • País Estados Unidos • Estado Nebraska • Condado BurtSuperficie • Total 84.96 km² • Tierra 83.46 km² • Agua (1.77 %) 1.5 km²Altitud • Media 401 m s. n. m.Población&...
Karl-Eduard von SchnitzlerKarl-Eduard von Schnitzler (1956)Lahir28 April 1918Dahlem (Berlin), JermanMeninggal20 September 2001(2001-09-20) (umur 83)Zeuthen, Brandenburg, JermanKebangsaanJermanPekerjaanJurnalisPresenter televisiPartai politikSEDSuami/istriMarlis Hoeres (1940)Inge Keller (1952)Christine Laszar (1958)Marta Rafael (1960)AnakStephan (von) SchnitzlerBarbara SchnitzlerKarin SchnitzlerOrang tuaJulius Eduard von Schnitzler Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler (28 April 1918 –...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (يناير 2022) هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة ...
2008 film by Uwe Boll Far CryGerman-language posterDirected byUwe BollWritten by Michael Roesch Peter Scheerer Masaji Takei Based onFar Cryby Crytek & UbisoftProduced by Uwe Boll Dan Clarke Wolfgang Herold Shawn Williamson Starring Til Schweiger Emmanuelle Vaugier Udo Kier Natalia Avelon Craig Fairbrass Michael Paré Ralf Möller CinematographyMathias NeumannEdited byKaren PorterMusic byJessica de RooijProductioncompanies Boll KG Productions Brightlight Pictures Distributed by20th Century...
American politician (1931–2021) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Harry JohnstonJohnston in 1974United States Special Envoy for SudanIn officeAugust 27, 1999[1] – 2000PresidentBill ClintonMember of the U.S. House of Representatives from FloridaIn officeJanuary ...
Bagian dari seri tentangHukum KanonikGereja Katolik Hukum Mutakhir Kitab Hukum Kanonik 1983 Omnium in mentem Kitab Hukum Kanon Gereja-Gereja Timur Ad tuendam fidem Ex Corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Pastor Bonus Pontificalis Domus Universi Dominici Gregis Consuetudo Sejarah Hukum Kitab Hukum Kanonik 1917 Corpus Iuris Canonici Dekretis Regulæ Iuris Decretales Gregorii IX Dekretalis Decretum Gratiani Extravagantes Liber Septimus Tata Tertib Gereja Purba Didakhe Konstitusi Apostolik Kan...
Ukrainian Bolshevik politician Alexander SchlichterАлександр ШлихтерPeople's Commissar of Food of the RSFSRIn office31 December 1917 – 25 February 1918PremierVladimir LeninPreceded byIvan TeodorovichSucceeded byAlexander TsiurupaPeople's Commissar of Agriculture of the RSFSRIn office13 November 1917 – 17 November 1917PremierVladimir LeninPreceded byVladimir MilyutinSucceeded byAndrei Kolegayev Personal detailsBorn(1868-09-01)1 September 1868Lubny, Poltava...
1993 film This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Hochwürden erbt das Paradies – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Hochwürden erbt das ParadiesThe priestDirected byOtto RetzerWritten byErich TomekStarringHans ClarinCinematogr...
1955 Indian filmMahakavi KalidasaPosterDirected byK. R. Seetharama SastryScreenplay byK. R. Seetharam ShastryProduced byHonnappa BhagavatharStarringHonnappa BhagavatarB. Raghavendra RaoNarasimharajuB. Saroja DeviCinematographyA. N. ParameshEdited byP. L. A. NarayanMusic byK. R. Seetharama SastryBackground score:CS Sarojinidevi Lalithakala Vadya GoshtiProductioncompanyLalithakala Films Ltd.Release date1955Running time140 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageKannada Mahakavi Kalidasa is 1955 Indian Kanna...
In computing, a shatter attack is a programming technique employed by hackers on Microsoft Windows operating systems to bypass security restrictions between processes in a session. A shatter attack takes advantage of a design flaw in Windows's message-passing system whereby arbitrary code could be injected into any other running application or service in the same session, that makes use of a message loop. This could result in a privilege escalation exploit.[1] Overview Shatter attacks...
England international rugby union player Rugby playerRonald PoultonPoulton in 1911Birth nameRonald William PoultonDate of birth(1889-09-12)12 September 1889Place of birthOxford, EnglandDate of death4 May 1915(1915-05-04) (aged 25)Place of deathPloegsteert Wood, Belgium Cause of deathKilled in action Height5 ft 11 in (180 cm)[1]SchoolOxford Preparatory SchoolRugby SchoolUniversityBalliol College, OxfordNotable relative(s)Edward Bagnall Poulton, fatherGeorge Wil...
Lukmanul KhaqimWidyaiswara Bid Jemen AkmilMasa jabatan7 Februari 2022 – 31 Mei 2023PendahuluWinarniPenggantiYos Firmansyah Informasi pribadiLahir15 Juni 1965 (umur 58)IndonesiaAlma materAkademi Militer (1989)Karier militerPihak IndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1989—sekarangPangkat Brigadir Jenderal TNISatuanInfanteriSunting kotak info • L • B Brigadir Jenderal TNI (Purn) Lukmanul Khaqim SH' (lahir 15 Juni 1965) adalah seorang Perwira ...
United States Senator from Nebraska Hugh Alfred ButlerUnited States Senatorfrom NebraskaIn officeJanuary 3, 1941 – July 1, 1954Preceded byEdward R. BurkeSucceeded bySamuel W. Reynolds Personal detailsBorn(1878-02-28)February 28, 1878Missouri Valley, IowaDiedJuly 1, 1954(1954-07-01) (aged 76)Bethesda, MarylandPolitical partyRepublican Hugh Alfred Butler (February 28, 1878 – July 1, 1954) was an American Republican politician from Nebraska Life and career Hugh But...
Professional wrestling tag team Professional wrestling tag team No LimitTag teamMembersTetsuya Naito/NaitoYujiro/Yujiro TakahashiName(s)No LimitTakahashi-gumi[1]Billed heightsNaito:1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[2][3]Takahashi:1.77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)[4][5]Combinedbilled weight(as junior heavyweights) 194 kg (428 lb)[2][4](as heavyweights) 207 kg (456 lb)[3][5]DebutFebruary 17, 2...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) سيتل2معلومات عامةالتصنيف Dynamicالتنميط multi-paradigm: imperative, إجرائية, مهيكلة, كائنية التوجهصممها (Jack) جاكوب تي. شفار...
Malaysian politician In this Malay name, there is no family name. The name Khirudin is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Khairil Nizam. The Arabic-derived word bin or binti/binte, if used, means 'son of' or 'daughter of', respectively. Yang Berhormat Ir. Ts. HajiKhairil Nizam KhirudinJMN MPخيرالنظام خيرالدينKhairil Nizam in 2020Information Chief of the Malaysian Islamic PartyIn office23 November 2021 – 22 November 2023Pres...
.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg)
,_by_John_Trumbull.jpg)
![Elfreth's Alley, first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.[99]](File:Elfreth%27s_Alley,_Philadelphia,_2008.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
_from_the_overpass_for_Spring_Garden_Street_in_Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania.jpg)
