1980

This article is about the year 1980. For other uses, see 1980 (disambiguation).

Clockwise from top-left: people welcoming six freed hostages back to the United States, as a result of the "Canadian Caper"; the 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow, Soviet Union in what is now Russia; Pac-Man is released in the arcades becoming the highest-earning arcade game of all time; Iraq invades Iran initiating the Iran-Iraq War; students of Gwangju, South Korea uprise in response to the coup d'état of May Seventeenth; John Lennon is murdered by Mark David Chapman outside his New York City apartment; Bologna Centrale railway station in Bologna, Italy is bombed killing 85 and injuring 200; Mount St. Helens erupts killing approximately 57 people.

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century 20th century 21st century
Decades:	1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s
Years:	1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

1980 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1980 MCMLXXX
Ab urbe condita	2733
Armenian calendar	1429 ԹՎ ՌՆԻԹ
Assyrian calendar	6730
Baháʼí calendar	136–137
Balinese saka calendar	1901–1902
Bengali calendar	1387
Berber calendar	2930
British Regnal year	28 Eliz. 2 – 29 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar	2524
Burmese calendar	1342
Byzantine calendar	7488–7489
Chinese calendar	己未年 (Earth Goat) 4677 or 4470     — to — 庚申年 (Metal Monkey) 4678 or 4471
Coptic calendar	1696–1697
Discordian calendar	3146
Ethiopian calendar	1972–1973
Hebrew calendar	5740–5741
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	2036–2037
- Shaka Samvat	1901–1902
- Kali Yuga	5080–5081
Holocene calendar	11980
Igbo calendar	980–981
Iranian calendar	1358–1359
Islamic calendar	1400–1401
Japanese calendar	Shōwa 55 (昭和５５年)
Javanese calendar	1912–1913
Juche calendar	69
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4313
Minguo calendar	ROC 69 民國69年
Nanakshahi calendar	512
Thai solar calendar	2523
Tibetan calendar	阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 2106 or 1725 or 953     — to — 阳金猴年 (male Iron-Monkey) 2107 or 1726 or 954
Unix time	315532800 – 347155199

1980 (MCMLXXX) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1980th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 980th year of the 2nd millennium, the 80th year of the 20th century, and the 1st year of the 1980s decade.

Events

January

Main article: January 1980

• January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission.^[1]
• January 6 – Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC.
• January 9 – In Saudi Arabia, 63 Islamist insurgents are beheaded for their part in the siege of the Great Mosque in Mecca in November 1979.^[2]
• January 14 – Congress (I) party leader, Indira Gandhi returns to power as the Prime Minister of India.^[3]
• January 20 – At least 200 people are killed when the Corralejas Bullring collapses at Sincelejo, Colombia.^[4]
• January 21 – The London Gold Fixing hits its highest price ever of $843 per troy ounce^[5] ($2,249.50 in 2020 when adjusted for inflation).
• January 22 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet scientist and human rights activist, is arrested in Moscow.^[6]
• January 26 – Israel and Egypt establish diplomatic relations.^[7]
• January 27 – Canadian Caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran, as they board a flight to Zürich, Switzerland, on Swissair.
• January 31 – Burning of the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala: The Spanish Embassy in Guatemala is invaded and set on fire, killing 36 people. In the United States, it is dubbed "Spain's own Tehran".^[8]

February

Main article: February 1980

• February 2 – Abscam: FBI personnel target members of the Congress of the United States in a sting operation.^[9]
• February 2–3 – The New Mexico State Penitentiary riot takes place; 33 inmates are killed and more than 100 inmates injured.
• February 4 – Abolhassan Banisadr is sworn in as the first President of Iran after winning the January 25 presidential election.
• February 13 – The 1980 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.^[10]
• February 15 – In Vanuatu, followers of John Frum's cargo cult on the island of Tanna declare secession as the nation of Tafea.
• February 16 – A total solar eclipse is seen in North Africa and West Asia. It was the 50th solar eclipse of Solar Saros 130.
• February 22 – The US upset the USSR in the Olympics, a hockey game known as the Miracle on Ice. They then proceeded to defeat Finland to secure the first and only gold medal since 1960.
• February 23 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
• February 25 – A coup in Suriname ousts the government of Henck Arron; leaders Dési Bouterse and Roy Horb replace it with a National Military Council.^[11]
• February 27 – M-19 guerrillas begin the Dominican embassy siege in Colombia, holding 60 people hostage, including 14 ambassadors.^[12]

March

Main article: March 1980

• March 1
  • Steven Stayner returned home after being kidnapped for seven years, and brought a 5 year old, Timothy White (abduction victim), who had been kidnapped after Steven, to a police station to save him.
  • The Commonwealth Trade Union Council is established.
  • The Voyager 1 probe confirms the existence of Janus, a moon of Saturn.
• March 3 – Pierre Trudeau returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.
• March 4 – Robert Mugabe is elected Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.^[13]
• March 8 – The Soviet Union's first rock music festival starts.
• March 14 – LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007 crashes during an emergency landing near Warsaw, Poland, killing a 14-man American boxing team and 73 others.^[14]
• March 18 – Fifty people are killed at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia, when a Vostok-2M rocket explodes on its launch pad during a fueling operation.
• March 19–20 – The MV Mi Amigo, the ship housing pirate radio station Radio Caroline, sinks off the English coast (the station returns aboard a new ship in 1983).
• March 21 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter announces that the United States will boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.^[15]
• March 26 – A mine lift cage at the Vaal Reefs gold mine in South Africa falls 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi), killing 23 workers.^[16]
• March 27 – The Norwegian oil platform Alexander L. Kielland collapses in the North Sea, killing 123 of its crew of 212.^[17]
• March 28 – The Talpiot Tomb is discovered by construction workers in Jerusalem.^[18]

April

Main article: April 1980

• April 1 – The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) is formed in Lusaka, Zambia.
• April 2 – The St Pauls riot breaks out in Bristol.
• April 7 – The United States severs diplomatic relations with Iran and imposes economic sanctions, following the taking of American hostages on November 4, 1979.
• April 10 – In Lisbon, Portugal, the governments of Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain (closed since 1969) in 1985.
• April 12
  • 1980 Liberian coup d'état: Samuel K. Doe overthrows the government of Liberia in a violent coup d'état, executing President William Tolbert and ending over 130 years of democratic presidential succession in that country.
  • Terry Fox begins his Marathon of Hope, a plan to run across Canada to raise money for cancer research, setting off from St. John's, Newfoundland and running westward.
• April 14 – Iron Maiden's debut self-titled album Iron Maiden is released in the U.K.
• April 18 – Zimbabwe gains de jure independence from the United Kingdom with Robert Mugabe as its first Prime Minister.
• April 24–25 – Operation Eagle Claw, a commando mission in Iran to rescue American embassy hostages, is aborted after mechanical problems ground the rescue helicopters. Eight United States troops are killed in a mid-air collision during the failed operation.^[19]
• April 25 – Dan-Air Flight 1008 crashes in Tenerife, killing all 146 occupants; at the time it was the worst air disaster involving a British-registered aircraft in terms of loss of life.^[20]
• April 26 – Louise and Charmian Faulkner disappear from outside their flat in St Kilda, Victoria, Australia.
• April 27 – The Dominican embassy siege in Colombia ends with all remaining hostages released after the guerrillas are allowed to escape to Cuba.
• April 30
  • Iranian Embassy siege: Six Iranian-born terrorists take over the Iranian embassy in London, England. SAS retakes the Embassy on May 5; one terrorist survives.
  • Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates and her daughter Beatrix accedes to the throne.^[21]

May

Main article: May 1980

• May 1 – "About that Urban Renaissance...", an article by journalist Dan Rottenberg in Chicago, contains the first recorded use of the word "yuppie".^[22]
• May 2 – Referendum on system of government held in Nepal.
• May 4 – Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito dies. The largest state funeral in history is organized, with state delegations from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.
• May 7 – Paul Geidel, convicted of second-degree murder in 1911, is released from prison in Beacon, New York, after 68 years and 245 days (the longest-ever time served by an inmate).
• May 8 – Global eradication of smallpox certified by the World Health Organization.
• May 9
  • In Florida, United States, the Liberian freighter Summit Venture hits the Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay. A 1,400-foot (430 m) section of the bridge collapses and 35 people (most of them on a bus) are killed.^[23]
  • James Alexander George Smith "Jags" McCartney the Turks and Caicos Islands' first chief minister, is killed in a plane crash over New Jersey.
• May 14 – The Sumpul River massacre occurs in Chalatenango, El Salvador.
• May 17 – Internal conflict in Peru: On the eve of presidential elections, Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path attacks a polling location in the town of Chuschi, Ayacucho.
• May 18 – The 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington (state) kills 57 and causes US$3 billion in damage.
• May 18–27 – Gwangju Uprising: Students in Gwangju, South Korea, begin demonstrations, calling for democratic reforms.
• May 20 – 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject, by a vote of 60%, a proposal to seek independence from Canada.
• May 22 – Namco's Pac-Man, the highest-earning arcade game of all time, is released in Japan.
• May 24 – The International Court of Justice calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in Tehran.
• May 26
  • John Frum supporters in Vanuatu storm government offices on the island of Tanna. Vanuatu government troops land the next day and drive them away.
• May 28 – A fiery bus crash near the small village of Webb, Saskatchewan, Canada, claims 22 lives.^[24]

June

Main article: June 1980

• June 1 – The first 24-hour news channel, Cable News Network (CNN), is launched.
• June 3 – 1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak: A series of deadly tornadoes strikes Grand Island, Nebraska, causing over $300m in damage, killing five people and injuring over 250.
• June 10 – Apartheid: The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a statement by their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.^[25]
• June 23–September 6 – The 1980 United States heat wave claims 1,700 lives.
• June 23
  • Sanjay Gandhi, the politically influential son of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, is killed in a plane crash.^[26]
  • Tim Berners-Lee begins work on ENQUIRE,^[27] the system that will eventually lead to the creation of the World Wide Web in autumn 1990.
• June 25 – A Muslim Brotherhood assassination attempt against Syrian president Hafez al-Assad fails. Assad retaliates by sending the army against them.
• June 27
  • Itavia Flight 870 crashes into the sea near Ustica island, Italy, killing all 81 people on board. The cause of the accident remains unclear.
  • U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs Proclamation 4771, requiring 18- to 25-year-old males to register for a peacetime military draft, in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
• June 29 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected President of Iceland, making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state.

July

Main article: July 1980

July 10: Fire at Alexandra Palace

• July 8 – A wave of strikes begins in Lublin, Poland.
• July 9 – Pope John Paul II visits Brazil; seven people are crushed to death in a crowd waiting to see him at afternoon Mass at the stadium in Fortaleza.
• July 16 – Former California Governor and actor Ronald Reagan is nominated for U.S. president, at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Detroit. Influenced by the Religious Right, the convention also drops its long-standing support for the Equal Rights Amendment, dismaying moderate Republicans.
• July 19 – Former Turkish Prime Minister Nihat Erim is killed by two gunmen in Istanbul, Turkey.
• July 19–August 3 – The 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow, Soviet Union. As 82 countries boycott the Games, athletes from 16 of them participate under a neutral flag.
• July 30
  • Vanuatu gains independence.
  • Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.

August

Main article: August 1980

Moscow Olympic Games on August 2, 1980

• August 1 – Vigdís Finnbogadóttir becomes the 4th President of Iceland, the world's first democratically directly elected female president.^[28]
• August 2 – Strage di Bologna: A terrorist bombing at the Bologna Centrale railway station in Italy kills 85 people and wounds more than 200.^[29]
• August 3 – The 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow officially ends.
• August 4 – Hurricane Allen (category 5) pounds Haiti, where it kills more than 200 people.^[30]
• August 7–31 – Lech Wałęsa leads the first of many strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard in the Polish People's Republic.
• August 17 – In Australia, baby Azaria Chamberlain disappears from a campsite at Ayers Rock (Uluru), reportedly taken by a dingo.
• August 19 – In one of aviation's worst disasters, 301 people are killed when Saudia Flight 163 catches fire in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
• August 31 – Victory of the strike in Gdańsk Shipyard, Poland. The Gdańsk Agreement is signed, opening a way to start the first free (i.e. not state-controlled) trade union in the communist bloc, "Solidarity" (Solidarność).

September

Main article: September 1980

• September 1 – Terry Fox is forced to end his Marathon of Hope run outside of Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, after finding out that the cancer has spread to his lungs.
• September 2 – Ford Europe launches the Escort MK3, a new front-wheel-drive hatchback.
• September 3 – Zimbabwe breaks diplomatic and consular relations with South Africa, even though it maintains a commercial mission in Johannesburg.
• September 5 – The Gotthard Road Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel, at 16.3 kilometres (10.1 mi), stretching from Göschenen to Airolo beneath the Gotthard Pass.
• September 12 – Kenan Evren stages a military coup in Turkey. It stops political gang violence, but begins stronger state violence leading to the execution of many young activists.^[31]
• September 17 – After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established.^[32]
• September 21 – Bülent Ulusu, ex admiral, forms the new government of Turkey (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats).^[33]
• September 22 – The command council of Iraq orders its army to "deliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets", initiating the Iran–Iraq War.^[34]
• September 26
  • Oktoberfest bombing: 13 people are killed and 211 injured in a right-wing terror attack in Munich (West Germany).^[35]
  • The Mariel boatlift in Cuba officially ends.^[36]
• September 30 – Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox introduce the DIX standard for Ethernet, which is the first implementation outside of Xerox and the first to support 10 Mbit/s speeds.^[37]

October

Main article: October 1980

• October 5
  • The Elisabeth blast furnace is demolished at Bilston Steelworks, marking the end of iron and steel production in the Black Country region of the U.K.^[38]
  • British Leyland launches its new Metro, a three-door entry-level hatchback which is designed as the eventual replacement for the Mini. It gives BL a long-awaited modern competitor for the likes of the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Chevette.
• October 10 – The 7.1 M_w  El Asnam earthquake shakes northern Algeria with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), killing 2,633–5,000 and injuring 8,369–9,000.
• October 14
  • The Staggers Rail Act is enacted, deregulating American railroads.
  • The 6th Congress of the Workers' Party ends, having anointed North Korean President Kim Il Sung's son Kim Jong Il as his successor.^[39][40]
• October 15 – James Callaghan announces his resignation as leader of the British Labour Party.
• October 18 – 1980 Australian federal election: Malcolm Fraser's Liberal/National Country Coalition government is re-elected with a substantially reduced majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Bill Hayden. The Government also loses control of the Senate, with the Australian Democrats winning the balance of power.
• October 20
  • Greece rejoins the NATO military structure.
  • In continuous production since 1962, the last MG MGB roadster rolls off the assembly line at the Abingdon-on-Thames (England) factory, ending production for the MG Cars marque.
• October 21 – In Major League Baseball, The Philadelphia Phillies of the National League defeat the Kansas City Royals of the American League, 4–1, in Game Six of the World Series to win the championship.^[41]
• October 25 – Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague.
• October 27 – Six Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners in Maze prison in Northern Ireland refuse food and demand status as political prisoners; the hunger strike lasts until December.
• October 30 – El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.
• October 31
  • The Polish government recognizes Solidarity.
  • Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the Shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne.

November

Main article: November 1980

• November 4 – 1980 United States presidential election: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and is elected the 40th President of the United States.
• November 7 – Legendary actor Steve McQueen dies at the age of 50 of a cardiac arrest after surgery to remove tumours in his neck after previously been diagnosed with lung cancer.
• November 10–12 – Voyager program: The NASA space probe Voyager I makes its closest approach to Saturn, when it flies within 77,000 miles (124,000 km) of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high-resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth.
• November 20 – The Gang of Four trial begins in China.^[42]
• November 21
  • A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip kills 85 people.^[43]
  • A record number of viewers on this date (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. television show Dallas to learn who shot lead character J. R. Ewing. The "Who shot J.R.?" event is an international obsession.
• November 23 – The 6.9 M_w  Irpinia earthquake shakes southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme). Officially, there were 2,483 people killed and 8,934 injured, though the deaths may have been as high as 4,900.^[44]

December

Main article: December 1980

December 8: The former Beatles member and peace activist John Lennon is shot dead outside his home in New York.

• December 2 – A missionary (Jean Donovan) and three Roman Catholic nuns (Maura Clarke, Ita Ford, Dorothy Kazel), all Americans, are murdered by a military death squad in El Salvador while doing charity work during that country's civil war.^[45]
• December 8 – Murder of John Lennon: Mark David Chapman is arrested following the murder of English musician John Lennon, formerly of the Beatles, outside his New York City apartment building, The Dakota.^[46]
• December 14 – Four people are murdered and four others are injured by two armed robbers at Bob's Big Boy on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles, in what is one of the city's most brutal crimes ever.
• December 15 – The Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian language) is created.
• December 16 – During a summit on the island of Bali, OPEC decides to raise the price of petroleum by 10%.

World population

World population
	1980	1975		1985
World	4,434,682,000	4,068,109,000	366,573,000	4,830,979,000	396,297,000
Africa	469,618,000	408,160,000	61,458,000	541,814,000	72,196,000
Asia	2,632,335,000	2,397,512,000	234,823,000	2,887,552,000	255,217,000
Europe	692,431,000	675,542,000	16,889,000	706,009,000	13,578,000
Latin America & Caribbean	361,401,000	321,906,000	39,495,000	401,469,000	40,068,000
Oceania	22,828,000	21,564,000	1,264,000	24,678,000	1,850,000

Births and deaths

Main pages: Category:1980 births and Deaths in 1980

Nobel Prizes

• Physics – James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch
• Chemistry – Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
• Medicine – Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
• Literature – Czesław Miłosz
• Peace – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
• Economics – Lawrence Klein

References

1. Suspension of United States Exports of High Technology and Grain to the Soviet Union: Hearings Before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, Second Session, to Assess the Effectiveness of Trade Measures ... U.S. Government Printing Office. 1980. pp. 30–.
2. [Anonymous AC00557303] (1980). 1980: 4; 1980 : An Encyclopedia of the Events of 1979. Grolier. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-7172-0211-9.
3. Charlton, Linda (November 1, 1984). "Assassination in India: A Leader of Will and Force; Indira Gandhi, Born to Politics, Left Her Own Imprint on India". The New York Times. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
4. "Bullfight spectators die when bleachers collapse". history.com. A&E Television Networks, LLC. Retrieved January 12, 2017.
5. "Gold Prices - 100 Year Historical Chart". www.macrotrends.net.
6. United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs (1981). Human Rights in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union: Hearing and Markup Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and Its Subcommittee on International Organizations... U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 84–.
7. "Egyptian History (Part 3)". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
8. Arias, Arturo (2007). Taking Their Word: Literature and the Signs of Central America. University of Minnesota Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-8166-4849-8.
9. "The Investigations at a Glance; Origin Disclosure Results Inquiries Under Way". The New York Times. February 10, 1980.
10. "Lake Placid 1980 Olympic Winter Games". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
11. Peter Meel (1986). How to Get to Know the Caribbean: A Student's Guide. Department of Caribbean Studies, Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology. p. 49. ISBN 978-90-6718-012-2.
12. Patterns of International Terrorism, 1980: A Research Paper. National Foreign Assessment Center. 1981. p. 16.
13. "1980: Mugabe to lead independent Zimbabwe". BBC News. March 4, 1980. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
14. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Ilyushin Il-62 SP-LAA Warszawa-Okecie Airport (WAW)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on November 12, 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
15. Tom Caraccioli; Jerry Caraccioli (2008). Boycott: Stolen Dreams of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games. New Chapter Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-942257-40-3.
16. Reader's Digest Association (1981). Reader's Digest Almanac and Yearbook, 1981. Reader's Digest Association. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-89577-089-9.
17. Bignell, Victor (1984). Understanding systems failures. Manchester Dover, N.H: Manchester University Press in association with Open University. p. 79. ISBN 9780719009730.
18. Simcha Jacobovici; Charles R. Pellegrino (2008). The Jesus Family Tomb: The Discovery That Changes History Forever. HarperElement. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-00-724569-7.
19. Bowden, Mark (May 2006). "The Desert One Debacle". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
20. "Report No.8/1981 Report on the accident to Boeing 727, G-BDAN on Tenerife, Canary Islands, 25 April 1980" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. July 1981. Retrieved June 25, 2019.
21. Who's who in European Institutions and Organizations. Who's Who, the International Red Series Verlag GmbH. 1982. p. 44.
22. "About That Urban Renaissance…". ChicagoMag.com. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
23. Monthly Catalogue, United States Public Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982. p. 125.
24. "The Telegram". www.TheTelegram.com. Archived from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
25. ANC.org.za Archived October 17, 1997, at the Wayback Machine
26. Sethi, Sunil (January 22, 2014). "Sanjay Gandhi dies in a dramatic plane crash, his passing to leave a political vacuum". indiatoday. Retrieved May 17, 2017.
27. "Cern Authentication". ref.web.CERN.ch. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
28. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 1996. p. 219.
29. Modern Italy: The difficult democracy. Electa. 1985. p. 92. ISBN 9788843509157.
30. Michael R. Hall (2012). Historical Dictionary of Haiti. Scarecrow Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8108-7810-5.
31. Air University Review. Department of the Air Force. 1982. p. 59.
32. World Review. University of Queensland Press. 1983. p. 35.
33. The World Today. Oxford University Press. 1983. p. 30.
34. Bradley N. Fultz (2013). Finding a Measured Response to Iran's Activities. Middle East Studies at the Marine Corps University. p. 6.
35. Robin Corbett (1986). Guerrilla Warfare: From 1939 to the Present Day. Orbis. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-85613-469-2.
36. Eneida B. Guernica (2003). The Cuban Children in Exile and Their Families: In and Out of Cuba--. IKE Publications. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-9675885-1-3.
37. Robert Breyer; Sean Riley (1999). Switched, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet. MacMillan Technical Pub. p. 559. ISBN 978-1-57870-073-8.
38. "Black Country History". BlackCountryHistory.org. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
39. Kim, Nam-Sik (Spring–Summer 1982). "North Korea's Power Structure and Foreign Relations: an Analysis of the Sixth Congress of the KWP*". The Journal of East Asian Affairs. 2 (1). Institute for National Security Strategy: 125–151. JSTOR 23253510.
40. Lee, Chong-sik (May 1982). "Evolution of the Korean Workers' Party and the Rise of Kim Chŏng-il". Asian Survey. 22 (5). University of California Press: 434–448. doi:10.2307/2643871. JSTOR 2643871.
41. Larry Shenk; Larry Andersen (April 1, 2016). Fightin' Phillies: 100 Years of Philadelphia Baseball from the Whiz Kids to the Misfits. Triumph Books. p. 163. ISBN 978-1-63319-471-7.
42. Alan Lawrance (September 11, 2002). China Under Communism. Routledge. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-134-74792-4.
43. Fire and the Environment: Ecological and Cultural Perspectives : Proceedings of an International Symposium, Knoxville, Tennessee, March 20-24, 1990. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1991. p. 237.
44. Annali di geofisica. Istituto nazionale di geofisica. 2007. p. 61.
45. American Foreign Policy Current Documents. Department of State. 1982. p. 1366.
46. Wadler, Joyce; Sager, Mike (December 10, 1980). "'I Just Shot John Lennon', He Said Coolly". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2019.