The partition of Bengal in 1947 affected the fortunes of the city. Following independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of political violence and economic stagnation before it rebounded.[24] In the late 20th century, the city hosted the government-in-exile of Bangladesh during the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.[25] It was also flooded with Hindu refugees from East Bengal (present-day Bangladesh) in the decades following the 1947 partition of India, transforming its landscape and shaping its politics.[26][27] The city was overtaken by Mumbai (formerly Bombay) as India's largest city.
The word Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা[kolˈkata]) derives from Kôlikata (Bengali: কলিকাতা[ˈkɔliˌkata]), the Bengali language name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British; the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur.[31]
There are several explanations for the etymology of this name:
Kolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetrô (Bengali: কালীক্ষেত্র[ˈkaliˌkʰetrɔ]), meaning 'Field of [the goddess] Kali'. Similarly, it can be a variation of Kalikshetra (Sanskrit: कालीक्षेत्र, lit. 'area of Goddess Kali').
Another theory is that the name derives from Kalighat.[32]
Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (Bengali: কিলকিলা), or 'flat area'.[33]
The name may have its origin in the words khal (Bengali: খাল[ˈkʰal]) meaning 'canal', followed by kaṭa (Bengali: কাটা[ˈkaʈa]), which may mean 'dug'.[34]
According to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun (Bengali: কলি চুন[ˈkɔliˌtʃun]) and coir or kata (Bengali: কাতা[ˈkata]); hence, it was called Kolikata).[33]
Although the city's name has always been pronounced Kolkata or Kôlikata in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to Kolkata in order to match Bengali pronunciation.[35]
The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh, 35 km (22 mi) north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia.[36][37] Kolkata or Kalikata in its earliest mentions, is described to be a village surrounded with jungle on the bank of river Ganga as a renowned port, commercial hub and a hindu pilgrimage site for Kalighat Temple. The first mention of the Kalikata village was found in Bipradas Pipilai'sManasa Vijay (1495), where he describes how Chand Sadagar used to stop in Kalighat to worship Goddess Kali during his path to trade voyage.[38][39] Later Kalikata was also found to be mentioned in Mukundaram Chakrabarti's Chandimangal (1594), Todar Mal's taxation-list in 1596 and Krishnaram Das's Kalikamangal (1676–77).[39][40] Kalighat was then considered a safe place for businessmen. They used to carry on trade through the Bhagirathi and took shelter there at night.[41] Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock is often regarded as the founder of the city;[42] however, in response to a public petition,[43] the Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder.[44] The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village, where a handful of merchants began their operations by building a factory;[41] Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village; and Gobindapur was a trading post for Indian merchant princes. These villages were part of an estate belonging to the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of zamindars. The estate was sold to the East India Company in 1698.[45]: 1
In 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory.[46] Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; his capture of Fort William led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta.[47] A force of Company soldiers (sepoys) and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year.[47] Per the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province.[48] Declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.[49]
In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished, and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture.[50] Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade.[51] A census in 1837 records the population of the city proper as 229,700, of which the British residents made up only 3,138.[52] The same source says another 177,000 resided in the suburbs and neighbouring villages, making the entire population of greater Calcutta 406,700.
In 1864, a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60,000 in Kolkata.[53]
By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on Chowringhee and Dalhousie Square; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred on North Calcutta.[54] The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and Howrah. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new babu class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities.[55] In the 19th century, the Bengal Renaissance brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the Indian National Association, which was the first avowed nationalist organisation in India.[56]
During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist–Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation.[24] During East Pakistan's secessionist war of independence in 1971, the city was home to the government-in-exile of Bangladesh.[25] During the war, refugees poured into West Bengal and strained Kolkata's infrastructure.[67] The Eastern Command of the Indian military, which is based in Fort William, played a pivotal role in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 and securing the surrender of Pakistan. During the mid-1980s, Mumbai (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi dubbed Kolkata a "dying city" in light of its socio-political woes.[68] In the period 1977–2011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the Left Front, which was dominated by the Communist Party of India (CPM). It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for Indian communism.[69][70][71] The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when India began to institute pro-market reforms. Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base. In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Left Front was succeeded by the Trinamool Congress.[72]
Kolkata from space captured by Copernicus Sentinel-2.
Spread roughly meridionally along the east bank of the Hooghly River, Kolkata sits within the lower Ganges Delta of eastern India approximately 75 km (47 mi) west of the international border with Bangladesh; the city's elevation is 1.5–9 m (5–30 ft).[73] Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population.[74] The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the East Kolkata Wetlands, were designated a "wetland of international importance" by the Ramsar Convention (1975).[75] As with most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the soil and water are predominantly alluvial in origin. Kolkata is located over the "Bengal basin", a pericratonic tertiary basin.[76] Bengal basin comprises three structural units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep basinal part in the east and southeast. Kolkata is located atop the western part of the hinge zone which is about 25 km (16 mi) wide at a depth of about 45,000 m (148,000 ft) below the surface.[76] The shelf and hinge zones have many faults, among them some are active. Total thickness of sediment below Kolkata is nearly 7,500 m (24,600 ft) above the crystalline basement; of these the top 350–450 m (1,150–1,480 ft) is Quaternary, followed by 4,500–5,500 m (14,760–18,040 ft) of Tertiary sediments, 500–700 m (1,640–2,300 ft) trap wash of Cretaceous trap and 600–800 m (1,970–2,620 ft) Permian-CarboniferousGondwana rocks.[76] The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt and several grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250–650 m (820–2,130 ft); the upper one 10–40 m (30–130 ft) in thickness.[77] According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside seismic zone III.[78]
The annual mean temperature is 26.8 °C (80.2 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 19–30 °C (66–86 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures sometime exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in May and June.[87] Winter lasts for roughly 2+1⁄2 months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9–11 °C (48–52 °F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27–37 °C (81–99 °F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12–23 °C (54–73 °F). The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 °C (111.0 °F), and the lowest is 5 °C (41 °F).[87] The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season. Often, in April–June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and are known locally as kal bôishakhi (কালবৈশাখী), or "Nor'westers" in English.[88]
Rainfall
Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west summer monsoon[89] lash Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of about 1,850 mm (73 in). The highest monthly rainfall total occurs in July and August. In these months often incessant rain for days brings life to a stall for the city dwellers. The city receives 2,107 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum sunlight exposure occurring in April.[90] Kolkata has been hit by several cyclones; these include systems occurring in 1737 and 1864 that killed thousands.[91][92] More recently, Cyclone Aila in 2009 and Cyclone Amphan in 2020 caused widespread damage to Kolkata by bringing catastrophic winds and torrential rainfall.
Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of 2008[update], sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable suspended particulate matter levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze.[93][94] Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer.[95]
Two planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are Bidhannagar, also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and Rajarhat, also called New Town and located east of Bidhannagar.[31][104] In the 2000s, Sector 5 in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information technology and telecommunication companies.[105][106] Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated outside the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipal corporations or authorities.[104]
Tata Steel building in Kolkata CBD Kolkata old CBD skyline consisting SBI Eastern HQ and GoWB New Secretariat Building
Kolkata is the commercial and financial hub of East and Northeast India[98] and home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange.[107][108] It is a major commercial and military port, and is one of five cities in eastern India (alongside Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Imphal, and Kushinagar) to have an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant trade-unionism, which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties.[72] From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated.[72] The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the "dying city".[109] The city's fortunes improved after the Indian economy was liberalised in the 1990s and changes in economic policy were enacted by the West Bengal state government.[72] Recent estimates of the economy of Kolkata's metropolitan area have ranged from $150 to $250 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it third-most productive metro area of India.[110]
Flexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an informal sector that employs more than 40% of the labour force.[31] One unorganised group, roadside hawkers, generated business worth ₹87.72 billion (equivalent to ₹300 billion or US$3.6 billion in 2023) in 2005.[111] As of 2001[update], around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries).[98]: 19 As of 2003[update], the majority of households in slums were engaged in occupations belonging to the informal sector; 36.5% were involved in servicing the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.) and 22.2% were casual labourers.[112]: 11 About 34% of the available labour force in Kolkata slums were unemployed.[112]: 11 According to one estimate, almost a quarter of the population live on less than ₹27 (32¢ US) per day.[113]
The demonym for residents of Kolkata are Calcuttan and Kolkatan.[124][125] According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Kolkata district, which occupies an area of 185 km2 (71 sq mi), had a population of 4,486,679;[126] its population density was 24,252/km2 (62,810/sq mi).[126] This represents a decline of 1.88% during the decade 2001–11. The sex ratio is 899 females per 1000 males—lower than the national average.[127] The ratio is depressed by the influx of working males from surrounding rural areas, from the rest of West Bengal; these men commonly leave their families behind.[128] Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14%[127] exceeds the national average of 74%.[129] The final population totals of census 2011 stated the population of city as 4,496,694.[4] The urban agglomeration had a population of 14,112,536 in 2011.[6]
As of 2003[update], about one-third of the population, or 15 lakh (1.5 million) people, lived in 3,500 unregistered squatter-occupied and 2,011 registered slums.[112]: 4 [130]: 92 The authorised slums (with access to basic services like water, latrines, trash removal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation) can be broadly divided into two groups—bustees, in which slum dwellers have some long term tenancy agreement with the landowners; and udbastu colonies, settlements which had been leased to refugees from present-day Bangladesh by the government.[130][112]: 5 The unauthorised slums (devoid of basic services provided by the municipality) are occupied by squatters who started living on encroached lands—mainly along canals, railway lines and roads.[130]: 92 [112]: 5 According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, around 14% of the households in Kolkata were poor, while 33% lived in slums, indicating a substantial proportion of households in slum areas were better off economically than the bottom quarter of urban households in terms of wealth status.[131]: 23 Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding and working with the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata—an organisation "whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after".[132]
Languages
Languages spoken in Kolkata city (2011 census)[133]
According to the 2011 census, 76.51% of the population is Hindu, 20.60% Muslim, 0.88% Christian and 0.47% Jain.[145] The remainder of the population includes Sikhs, Buddhists, and other religions which accounts for 0.45% of the population; 1.09% did not state a religion in the census.[145] Kolkata reported 67.6% of Special and Local Laws crimes registered in 35 large Indian cities during 2004.[146]
Kolkata is administered by several government agencies. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation, or KMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 16 boroughs, which together encompass 144 wards.[134] Each ward elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets.[159] As Kolkata's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC.[160] The functions of the KMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation.[159]
Kolkata's administrative agencies have areas of jurisdiction that do not coincide. Listed in ascending order by area, they are: Kolkata district; the Kolkata Police area and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area, or "Kolkata city";[161] and the Kolkata metropolitan area, which is the city's urban agglomeration. The agency overseeing the latter, the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, is responsible for the statutory planning and development of greater Kolkata.[162] The Kolkata Municipal Corporation was ranked first out of 21 cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 4.0 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[163]
The Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the city's river port. As of 2023[update], the All India Trinamool Congress controls the KMC; the mayor is Firhad Hakim, while the deputy mayor is Atin Ghosh.[164] The city has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata, which presides over various city-related functions and conferences.[165]
As the seat of the Government of West Bengal, Kolkata is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Writers' Building; and the Calcutta High Court. Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the centre of the city in B. B. D. Bagh (formerly known as Dalhousie Square). The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It was preceded by the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William which was established in 1774. The Calcutta High Court has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Kolkata has lower courts: the Court of Small Causes and the City Civil Court decide civil matters; the Sessions Court rules in criminal cases.[166][167][168] The Kolkata Police, headed by a police commissioner, is overseen by the West Bengal Ministry of Home Affairs.[169][170] The Kolkata district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha, and 11 representatives to the state legislative assembly.[171] The Kolkata police district registered 15,510 Indian Penal Code cases in 2010, the 8th-highest total in the country.[172] In 2010, the crime rate was 117.3 per 100,000, below the national rate of 187.6; it was the lowest rate among India's largest cities.[173]
Utility services
The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Hooghly River;[174] most of it is treated and purified at the Palta pumping station located in North 24 Parganas district.[175][failed verification] Roughly 95% of the 4,000 tonnes of refuse produced daily by the city is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa, which is east of the town.[176][177] To promote the recycling of garbage and sewer water, agriculture is encouraged on the dumping grounds.[178] Parts of the city lack proper sewerage, leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.[90]
In 1856, the Bengal Government appointed George Turnbull to be the Commissioner of Drainage and Sewerage to improve the city's sewerage. Turnbull's main job was to be the Chief Engineer of the East Indian Railway Company responsible for building the first railway 541 miles (871 km) from Howrah to Varanasi (then Benares).[citation needed]
State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone Idea, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.[183]: 25–26 : 179 with Kolkata being the first city in India to have cell phone and 4G connectivity, the GSM and CDMA cellular coverage is extensive.[184][185] As of 2010[update], Kolkata has 7 percent of the total broadband internet consumers in India; BSNL, VSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Hathway, Airtel, and Jio are among the main vendors.[186][187]
Kolkata Metro is the rapid transit system of Kolkat. According to a 2013 survey conducted by the International Association of Public Transport, in terms of a public transport system, Kolkata ranks top among the six Indian cities surveyed.[190][191] The Kolkata Metro, in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground mass transit system in India.[192] The fully operational blue line spans the north–south length through the middle of the city. In 2020, part of the Second line was inaugurated to cover part of Salt Lake city, Kolkata metro area. This east–west green line connects two satellite cities of Kolkata namely Salt Lake and Howrah. Other operational lines are Purple line and Orange line.[193]
Kolkata Suburban Railway is the largest and second busiest suburban railway network in the country by number of stations and track length, and also one of the largest in the world. Kolkata has five long-distance inter-city railway stations, located at Howrah (the largest and busiest railway complex in India, as of 2024[update]), Sealdah (2nd busiest in India, as of 2024[update]), Kolkata, Shalimar and Santragachi Junction, which connect Kolkata by rail to most cities in West Bengal and to other major cities in India.[194] The city serves as the headquarters of three railway zones out of eighteen of the Indian Railways regional divisions namely the Kolkata Metro, Eastern Railway and the South Eastern Railway.[195] Kolkata has international rail connectivity with Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.[196][197][198]
Red Road, a major 6-lane highroad in Central Kolkata
Kolkata along its metropolitan area is home to the second largest road network in India. As of 2022[update], total road network in the city's metropolitan area is 4,018 km (2,497 mi),[202], while the city proper has road network of 1,850 km (1,150 mi).[203] The city has witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles: from 17 lakhs in 2019 to 21 lakhs in 2022, an 18.52 per cent jump.[204] With 2,448 vehicles per kilometre of road, Kolkata has the highest car density in India.[203] This leads major traffic congestion. The city's main bus terminals are located at Esplanade and Howrah.[205] The Kolkata–Delhi and Kolkata–Chennai prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral, and National Highway 12 start from the outskirts of the city.[206]
As of 2024[update], Kolkata has one state expressway and two national expressways, all in its metropolitan area. Kalyani Expressway is only state expressway, which is partially operational and partially under construction. The national expressways are Belghoria (part of AH1 and NH12), operational and Kona Expressway (part of NH12), at grade road operational but elevated corridor under construction. Some national expressways are planned or in various stages of construction to connect directly with many major metropolises and cities of India. Those are: Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway[207] and Patna Kolkata Expressway.[208]
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, located in Dum Dum, about 16 km (9.9 mi) north-east of the city centre, operates domestic and international flights. In 2013, the airport was upgraded to handle increased air traffic.[214][215]
Water
The Port of Kolkata, established in 1870, is India's oldest and the only major river port.[216] The Kolkata Port Trust manages docks in Kolkata and Haldia.[217] The port hosts passenger services to Port Blair, capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; freighter service to ports throughout India and around the world is operated by the Shipping Corporation of India.[216][218] Ferry services connect Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah, located across the Hooghly River.[219][220]
As of 2011[update], the healthcare system in Kolkata consists of 48 government hospitals, mostly under the Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal, and 366 private medical establishments;[221] these establishments provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds.[221] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 61.7 hospital beds,[222] which is higher than the national average of 9 hospital beds per 10,000.[223] Ten medical and dental colleges are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area which act as tertiary referral hospitals in the state.[224][225] The Calcutta Medical College, founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine.[226] However, these facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city.[227][228][229] More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,[131]: 109 due to the overburdening of the public health sector, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.[131]: 61
According to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or health insurance.[131]: 41 The total fertility rate in Kolkata was 1.4, the lowest among the eight cities surveyed.[131]: 45 In Kolkata, 77% of the married women used contraceptives, which was the highest among the cities surveyed, but use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46%).[131]: 47 The infant mortality rate in Kolkata was 41 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 49 per 1,000 live births.[131]: 48
About 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are obese—the majority of them belonging to the non-poor strata of society.[131]: 105 In 2005, Kolkata had the highest percentage (55%) among the surveyed cities of anaemic women, while 20% of the men in Kolkata were anaemic.[131]: 56–57 Diseases like diabetes, asthma, goitre and other thyroid disorders were found in large numbers of people.[131]: 57–59 Tropical diseases like malaria, dengue and chikungunya are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing.[230][231] Kolkata is one of the districts in India with a high number of people with AIDS; it has been designated a district prone to high risk.[232][233] As of 2014[update], because of higher air pollution, the life expectancy of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs.[234]
Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought.[251] Kolkata has been called the "City of Furious, Creative Energy"[252] as well as the "cultural [or literary] capital of India".[253][254] The presence of paras, which are neighbourhoods that possess a strong sense of community, is characteristic of the city.[255] Typically, each para has its own community club and on occasion, a playing field.[255] Residents engage in addas, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.[256][257] The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda.[258][259]
Key elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as machher jhol,[283] which can be accompanied by desserts such as roshogolla, sandesh, and a sweet yoghurt known as mishti dohi. Bengal's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of ilish, a fish that is a favourite among Calcuttans. Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton or egg stuffing), phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from Chinatown are popular.[284][285][286][287]
Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet, a music genre started by Rabindranath Tagore
The most popular sports in Kolkata are football and cricket. Unlike most parts of India, the residents show significant passion[weasel words] for football.[302]Indian Football Association, the oldest football association of the country is based here. It administers football in West Bengal. Kolkata is home to India's top football clubs such as Mohun Bagan AC, East Bengal Club and the Mohammedan SC.[303][304] The Calcutta Football League, the oldest football league in Asia, was started in 1898. Mohun Bagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed as "National Club of India".[305][306] Two clubs of the city - Mohun Bagan Super Giant and East Bengal FC compete in the Indian Super League (ISL).[307] Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, called as the Kolkata Derby, witness large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons.[308] The multi-use Salt Lake Stadium, also known as Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, is India's second largest stadium by seating capacity. Most matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup were played in this stadium including both Semi-final matches and the Final match. Kolkata also accounted for 45% of total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators.[309] The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[310][311]
Established in 1864, Eden Gardens is the oldest cricket stadium in India.
As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on various grounds throughout the city.[312][313] Kolkata is home to Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Kolkata Knight Riders and also the Cricket Association of Bengal which regulates cricket in West Bengal and the Bengal cricket team. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton and carrom, are regularly organised here on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.[255] The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.[314]Eden Gardens, which has a capacity of 80,000, as of 2017[update],[315] hosted the final match of the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
There are 70 diplomatic missions in Kolkata, of which 24 are consulate missions, 2 are high commissions and rest are honorary consulates.[337] The U.S Consulate in Kolkata dates from 19 November 1792 and is the U.S. Department of State's second oldest consulate in the world and the oldest U.S Consulate in India.[338] The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO) is in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city.[339]
^ ab"District Census Handbook – Kolkata"(PDF). Census of India. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner. p. 43. Archived(PDF) from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 13 May 2016.
^ abcdChakravorty, Sanjoy (2000). "From colonial city to global city? The far-from-complete spatial transformation of Calcutta". In Marcuse, Peter; Kempen, Ronald van (eds.). Globalizing cities: a new spatial order?. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 56–77. ISBN978-0-631-21290-4.
^Nair, P. Thankappan (1977). "A Portrait of Job Charnock". Job Charnock: The Founder of Calcutta: In Facts and Fiction: An Anthology. Calcutta: Engineering Times Publications. pp. 16–17. OCLC4497022. There are no two opinions that Calcutta is not the product of the vision of Job Charnock ... Charnock alone founded Calcutta.
^Stępień, Jakub; Tokarski, Stanisław; Latos, Tomasz; Jarecka-Stępień, Katarzyna (2011). "Indian way to independence. The Indian National Congress". Towards freedom. Ideas of "solidarity" in comparison with the thought of the Indian National Congress. Kraków, Poland: Wydawnictwo Stowarzyszenia "Projekt Orient". pp. 58–59. ISBN978-83-933917-4-5.
^Chatterjee, S. N. (2008). Water Resources, Conservation and Management. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 33. ISBN978-81-269-0868-4.
^Roy Chadhuri, S.; Thakur, A. R. (25 July 2006). "Microbial genetic resource mapping of East Calcutta wetlands". Current Science. 91 (2): 212–17.
^"kal Baisakhi". Glossary of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 30 August 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
^Khichar, M. L.; Niwas, R. (14 July 2003). "Know your monsoon". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India. Archived from the original on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
^Central Pollution Control Board. "Annual report 2008–2009"(PDF). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. p. 40. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
^ ab"007 Kolkata (India)"(PDF). World Association of the Major Metropolises. Archived from the original(PDF) on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
^ abcdSahdev, Shashi; Verma, Nilima, eds. (2008). Kolkata—an outline. Industry and Economic Planning. Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Archived from the original(DOC) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^Yardley, Jim (27 January 2011). "In city's teeming heart, a place to gaze and graze". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2011. To Kolkata, it is the 'lungs of the city,' a recharge zone for the soul.
^Das, Soumitra (21 February 2010). "Maidan marauders". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
^ ab"Introducing KMA"(PDF). Annual Report 2011. Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Dutta, Sudipta (1 February 2009). "Calcutta chronicles". Financial Express. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^M., Sonalee (16 March 2011). "Kolkata's retail story". The Daily Star. Dhaka, Bangladesh. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^Roy Chowdhury, Joy (October 2011). "Looking East". The Express Hospitality. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
^"Population census 2011". Census of India 2011, Government of India. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ abcSchenk, W. Collin (2010). "Slum diversity in Kolkata"(PDF). Columbia Undergraduate Journal of South Asian Studies. 1 (2): 91–108 [92]. Archived(PDF) from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
^ abcdefghijklmGupta, Kamla; Arnold, Fred; Lhungdim, H. (2009). "Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities"(PDF). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; Calverton, Maryland, US. Archived(PDF) from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ ab"Population by Religious Community". Census of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2016.Click on arrow adjacent to state West Bengal so that a Microsoft excel document is downloaded with district wise population of different religious groups. Scroll down to Kolkata district in the document at row no. 1629.
^ ab"Kolkata City Census 2011". Census 2011 India. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016. Scroll down to "Religion in Kolkata"
^Beverley, H. (1881). Report on the census of the town and suburbs of Calcutta, taken on the 17th February, 1881. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press. JSTORsaoa.crl.25057670.
^Baines, Jervoise Athelstane (1891). Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states. Vol. 1. p. 68. JSTORsaoa.crl.25318666.
^"Role of KMDA"(PDF). Annual Report 2011. Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^Delimitation Commission (15 February 2006). "Notification: order no. 18"(PDF). New Delhi: Election Commission of India. pp. 12–25. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
^National Crime Records Bureau (2010). "Compendium"(PDF). Crime in India 2010. Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 35. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 August 2017.
^National Crime Records Bureau (2010). "Crimes in mega dities". Crime in India-2010(PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs. p. 44. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2 January 2016.
^"KMC functions". Kolkata Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
^Chakraborty, Samhita L. (30 November 2008). "Cruise in a cool cab". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^ ab"Port facilities in India"(PDF). Indian Bureau of Mines, Government of India. pp. 6–4. Archived from the original(PDF) on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^"Annual report 2009–10"(PDF). Department of AIDS Control, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. p. 106. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 October 2011.
^"Annual Report 2009–10"(PDF). West Bengal State AIDS Prevention & Control Society. p. 10. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
^ abc"Annual Report 2007––2008"(PDF). Department of School Education, Government of West Bengal. p. 69. Archived from the original(PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
^Petitjean, Patrick; Jami, Cathérine; Moulin, Anne Marie (1992). Science and empires: historical studies about scientific development and European expansion. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 62. ISBN978-0-7923-1518-6.
^"Professor Amartya Sen". President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard University. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
^Noble, Allen; Costa, Frank; Dutt, Ashok; Kent, Robert, eds. (1990). Regional development and planning for the 21st century: new priorities, new philosophies. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 282, 396. ISBN978-1-84014-800-8.
^ abc"Kolkata culture: Para". Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 21 December 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2011.
^Trachtenberg, Peter (15 May 2005). "The Chattering Masses". The New York Times. New York. Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
^Biswas, Premankur (17 April 2011). "'Nah. Didi can't hatch this egg". Indian Express. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
^ abcBhattacharya, Malini (2005). "Culture". In Bagchi, Jasodhara (ed.). The changing status of women in West Bengal, 1970–2000: the challenge ahead. New Delhi: Sage Publications. ISBN978-0-7619-3242-0. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
^De, Hemchhaya (31 May 2009). "Chowringhee revisited". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2012. ... most people say that Bengali commercial theatre died in the 1980s ...
^Zarilli, Phillip; McConachie, Bruce; Williams, Gary Jay; Sorgenfrei, Carol Fisher (2010) [2006]. Williams, Gary Jay (ed.). Theatre Histories: An Introduction. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. pp. 429–430. ISBN978-0-415-46223-5. Archived from the original on 17 June 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
^Chakraborty, Ajanta (5 July 2011). "Meet the new Mamata Banerjee". The Times of India. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2012. The jatra industry based out of Kolkata's Chitpur Road has gone through a severe blow with the growth of video parlours.
^Dutt, R.C. (1962). Cultural heritage of Bengal. Kolkata: Punthi Pustak. cited in Sengupta, Nitish K. (2001). History of the Bengali-speaking people. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. pp. 211–12. ISBN978-81-7476-355-6.
^"Little magazines of Bengal". Asiaweek. 10 (27–39): 42. 1984.
^Nag, Dulali (1997). "Little magazines in Calcutta and a postsociology of India". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 31 (1): 109–11. doi:10.1177/006996679703100106. S2CID144892949.
^"Doordarshan". Ministry of Broadcasting, Government of India. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
^Desai, Ashwin (2000). Blacks in whites: a century of cricket struggles in KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press. p. 38. ISBN978-1-86914-025-0.
^Mukherji, Raju (14 March 2005). "Seven years? Head start". The Telegraph. Kolkata. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
^"About AITA". All India Tennis Association. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.
^Das Sharma, Amitabha (7 April 2011). "Young turks rule the roost". Sportstar Weekly (The Hindu). 34 (14). Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
Chaudhuri, Sukanta (1990). Calcutta, the Living City: The past. the University of Michigan: Oxford University Press. p. 292. ISBN978-0-19-562718-3.
Roy, Ananya (1 October 2002). City Requiem, Calcutta: Gender and Politics of Poverty. University of Minnesota Press. p. 352. ISBN978-0-8166-3933-5.
Chatterjee, Jayabrato; Khullar, Rupinder (1 January 2004). Kolkata: the dream city. the University of Michigan: UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 93. ISBN978-81-7476-471-3.
Chatterjee, Partha (2012). The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power. Princeton University Press. p. 425. ISBN978-0-691-15201-1.
Chattopadhyay, Swati (2005). Representing Calcutta: Modernity, Nationalism, and the Colonial Uncanny. Psychology Press. p. 314. ISBN978-0-415-34359-6.
Dey, Ishita; Samaddar, Ranabir (2016). Beyond Kolkata: Rajarhat and the Dystopia of Urban Imagination. Routledge. p. 304. ISBN978-1-134-93137-8.
Husain, Zakir; Dutta, Mousumi (2013). Women in Kolkata's IT Sector: Satisficing Between Work and Household. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 133. ISBN978-81-322-1593-6.
Bose, Pablo Shiladitya (2015). Urban Development in India: Global Indians in the Remaking of Kolkata. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN978-1-317-59673-8.
Ray, Raka; Qayum, Seemin (2009). Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India. Stanford University Press. p. 255. ISBN978-0-8047-6071-3.
Ghosh, Anindita (2016). Claiming the City: Protest, Crime, and Scandals in Colonial Calcutta, c. 1860–1920. Oxford University Press. p. 340. ISBN978-0-19-946479-1.
Sanyal, Shukla (2014). Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal. Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN978-1-107-06546-8.
Busteed, Henry Elmsley (1888). Echoes from Old Calcutta: Being Chiefly Reminiscences of the Days of Warren Hastings, Francis, and Impey. Asian Educational Services. p. 359. ISBN978-81-206-1295-2.
Richards, E. P. (2014). The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report. Routledge. p. 492. ISBN978-1-317-61700-6.
Chatterjee, Arnab; Yarlagadda, Sudhakar (2007). Econophysics of Wealth Distributions: Econophys-Kolkata I. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 248. ISBN978-88-470-0389-7.
Sarkar, Tanika (2015). Calcutta: The Stormy Decades. Social Science Press. p. 486. ISBN978-93-83166-07-7.
Choudhury, Ranabir Ray (2016). A City in the Making: Aspects of Calcutta's Early Growth. Niyogi Books. p. 564. ISBN978-93-85285-28-8.
Banerjee, Sumanta (2016). Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization. Oxford University Press. p. 192. ISBN978-0-19-946810-2.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider ...
Commarin Commarin (Frankreich) Staat Frankreich Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Département (Nr.) Côte-d’Or (21) Arrondissement Beaune Kanton Arnay-le-Duc Gemeindeverband Pouilly-en-Auxois Bligny-sur-Ouche Koordinaten 47° 15′ N, 4° 39′ O47.2566666666674.6488888888889Koordinaten: 47° 15′ N, 4° 39′ O Höhe 360–541 m Fläche 6,39 km² Einwohner 120 (1. Januar 2020) Bevölkerungsdichte 19 Einw./km² Postleitzahl 21320 INSEE-...
Association football club in Fleetwood, England Football clubFleetwood TownFull nameFleetwood Town Football ClubNickname(s)The Cod Army [1] The Cods[2]Founded1908; 115 years ago (1908) (as Fleetwood)1928; 95 years ago (1928) (as Fleetwood Windsor Villa, later Fleetwood)1977; 46 years ago (1977) (second reformation as Fleetwood Town)1997; 26 years ago (1997) (third reformation Fleetwood Wanderers)GroundHigh...
Boost gauge on a Ford Focus RS (left) boost gauge adalah pengukur tekanan yang menunjukkan tekanan udara berjenis atau tekanan turbocharger atau supercharger di mesin pembakaran internal. Mereka umumnya dipasang pada dashboard, di sisi pilar pengemudi, atau dalam slot radio. Referensi Boost-gauges.com - Related info with images.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
Ла-Жаррі-ОдуенLa Jarrie-Audouin Країна Франція Регіон Нова Аквітанія Департамент Приморська Шаранта Округ Сен-Жан-д'Анжелі Кантон Луле Код INSEE 17195 Поштові індекси 17330 Координати 46°01′46″ пн. ш. 0°29′16″ зх. д.H G O Висота 34 - 89 м.н.р.м. Площа 8,41 км² Населення 278 (01-202...
South African rugby union player Rugby playerCheslin KolbeKolbe playing for South Africa in 2022Date of birth (1993-10-28) 28 October 1993 (age 30)Place of birthKraaifontein, South AfricaHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)[1]Weight74 kg (163 lb; 11 st 9 lb)[1]SchoolHoërskool BrackenfellUniversityUniversity of the Free StateNotable relative(s)Wayde van Niekerk (cousin)Rugby union careerPosition(s) Wing / Fullback / Fly-halfCurrent team [[France Tou...
Russian politician (born 1984) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the E...
Американський Конкурс ПісніAmerican Song Contest Загальні даніЖанр музичний конкурсКраїна Сполучені Штати АмерикиМова англійськаОриг. мережа NBCТривалість Кваліфікація: 2 години кожнаПівфінали: TBAФінал: TBAКінокомпанія TBD, Сполучені Штати АмерикиТворча командаПродюсер(и) Андерс �...
Йоганн Тролльманннім. Johann Wilhelm Trollmann Народився 27 грудня 1907(1907-12-27)Гіфгорн, Люнебург[d], Провінція Ганновер, Королівство Пруссія, Німецька імперія[1]Помер травень 1944[2][3] (36 років)Wittenberge concentration campd, Віттенберге, Прігніц, Бранденбург, НімеччинаКраїна Німецька �...
جزء من سلسلة حول تاريخ سويسرا التاريخ المبكر ما قبل التاريخ الحقبة الرومانية (200 ق.م – 400م) ألامانيا · بورغندي (400–900) دوقية شوابيا · بورغندي (900–1300) الاتحاد السويسري القديم النمو (1291–1516) الإصلاح (1516–1648) النظام القديم (1648–1798) الفترة الانتقالية الحقبة النابليونية (1798–1814) استر�...
Railway line in Hiroshima prefecture, Japan This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Fukuen Line – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fukuen Line105 series EMUs at Yokoo Station, July 2011OverviewNative name福塩線Owner JR ...
1916 film by Kenean Buel Daredevil KateposterDirected byKenean BuelWritten byClarence J. HarrisBased onthe play Daredevil Kate by Philip BartholomaeProduced byWilliam FoxStarringVirginia PearsonCinematographyFrank KuglerDistributed byFox Film CorporationRelease dateAugust 21, 1916Running time6 reelsCountryUSALanguageSilent..English intertitles Daredevil Kate is a lost[1] 1916 silent feature film directed by Kenean Buel and starring Virginia Pearson. It was produced and distributed by ...
American politician John RutherfurdA portrait of Rutherfurd by George Catlin, c. 1820United States Senatorfrom New JerseyIn officeMarch 4, 1791 – December 5, 1798Preceded byJonathan ElmerSucceeded byFranklin DavenportMember of the New Jersey General AssemblyIn office1789–1790 Personal detailsBorn(1760-09-20)September 20, 1760New York City, New York, British AmericaDiedFebruary 23, 1840(1840-02-23) (aged 79)New Jersey, U.S.Political partyFederalistSpouse Helena Morris&#...
Concerts in London, 2014 For the live album recorded during the residency, see Before the Dawn (Kate Bush album). Before the DawnResidency by Kate BushPromotional image of the tour programme, with text of its announcementLocationLondon, EnglandVenueEventim Apollo HammersmithStart date26 August 2014End date1 October 2014Legs1No. of shows22Kate Bush concert chronology The Tour of Life(1979) Before the Dawn(2014) Before the Dawn was a concert residency by the English singer-songwriter Kate Bush ...
Day and boarding school in Dulles, Fairfax / Loudoun, Virginia, United StatesThe Fairfax Christian SchoolFairfax Christian School Logo.Address22870 Pacific BoulevardDulles, Fairfax / Loudoun, Virginia 20166United StatesCoordinates38°57′4″N 77°18′49″W / 38.95111°N 77.31361°W / 38.95111; -77.31361InformationSchool typePrivate Day and Boarding SchoolMotto“Wisdom begins with respect for the Lord.” — Proverbs 9:10[1]Religious affiliation(s)Non-deno...
Sexual economics relates to how participants think, feel, behave and give feedback during sex or relevant sexual events. This theory states that the thinking, preferences and behavior of men and women follow the fundamental economic principles.[1] It was proposed by psychologists Roy Baumeister and Kathleen Vohs. Definitions Sexual Economics defines sex as a marketplace deal. In this theory, sex is the thing that women have, and men want. Therefore, sex is considered as a resource tha...
2014 studio album by IssuesIssuesStudio album by IssuesReleasedFebruary 18, 2014Recorded2013GenreMetalcore[1]R&B[2]pop[3]nu metal[4]Length43:44LabelRiseProducer Kris Crummett Ty Scout Acord Matt Malpass Issues chronology Black Diamonds(2012) Issues(2014) Diamond Dreams(2014) Singles from Issues Stingray AfflictionReleased: December 18, 2013 Never Lose Your FlamesReleased: May 1, 2014 Mad at MyselfReleased: October 10, 2014 Issues (written as •issu...
Someone who can conduct a wedding A Lutheran priest in Germany marries a young couple in a church. A marriage officiant or marriage celebrant is a person who officiates at a wedding ceremony. Religious weddings, such as Christian ones, are officiated by a pastor, such as a priest or vicar.[1] Similarly, Jewish weddings are presided over by a rabbi, and in Islamic weddings, an imam is the marriage officiant. In Hindu weddings, a pandit is the marriage officiant. Some non-religious coup...
Computing feature predicting ending to a word a user is typing Word prediction redirects here. For word prediction in psycholinguistics, see Prediction in language comprehension. Example of the partially typed search term baby st being autocompleted to various options Autocomplete, or word completion, is a feature in which an application predicts the rest of a word a user is typing. In Android and iOS[1] smartphones, this is called predictive text. In graphical user interfaces, users ...
COVID 19 effect in Malaysia Panic buying in a Klang Valley shopping mall in March 2020. Part of a series on theCOVID-19 pandemicScientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths Timeline 2019 2020 January responses February responses March responses April responses May responses June responses July responses August responses September responses October responses November responses December res...
.jpg)
.svg)
_and_Strand_Road,_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg)
.jpg)
.svg){kind=small}
,_a_heritage_building_in_BBD_Bag,_Kolkata_07.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
