In 1947, when India gained independence, the state of West Bengal was formed, with 14 districts, as per partition plan of the then Bengal province of British India.[2][3] The former princely state Koch Bihar joined as a district on 26 January 1950,[4] and the former French enclaveChandannagore joined as part of the Hooghly district in 1954.[5] The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 led to addition of Purulia district to the state and to enlargement of West Dinajpur district.[6] Later, larger districts such as West Dinajpur, 24 Parganas and Midnapore were bifurcated.
Divisions are administered by Divisional Commissioners.[9]Kolkata, the capital of the state, constitutes the Kolkata district. Other districts are further divided into administrative units such as subdivisions and blocks, administered by SDO and BDO, respectively. The Panchayati Raj has a three-tier structure in the state. The atomic unit is called a Gram Panchayat, which is the Panchayat organisation for a collection of villages.[10] The block-level organisations are called Panchayat Samiti,[11] and the district-level organisations are named Zilla Parishad.[12]
West Bengal is bordered by three countries: Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh; and five Indian states: Sikkim, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Assam. Sikkim and Bhutan are located to the north of the state, Nepal to the northwest, Bihar and Jharkhand in the west, Odisha in the southwest, the Bay of Bengal to the south, and Bangladesh and Assam are in the east. West Bengal is the only state of India that has both snowy mountains (Himalayas in the north) and sea beaches (on the coast of the Bay of Bengal in the south). In between them, the river Ganga enters the state from west, before it branches off into its main distributaries: the Hooghly River, which flows southwards to reach the Bay of Bengal, and the Padma River, which flows eastwards into Bangladesh.
The districts that are located at the north of the Ganga—Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Cooch Behar, Malda, Uttar Dinajpur, Dakshin Dinajpur, Alipurduar and Kalimpong — are often referred to collectively as North Bengal. Kalimpong is a newly added district of West Bengal.[1] Geographically, this area is divided into the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, the Terai and Dooars region, and the North Bengal plains.[1] The Siliguri Corridor, also known as Chicken's Neck, which connects North-East India with rest of the India, lies in this region. The Indo-Bangladesh enclaves are either enclaves or exclaves of the Cooch Behar district or the Jalpaiguri district.[14]
The uninhabited South Talpatti Island, which surfaced in the Bay of Bengal in the 1970s near the Indo-Bangladesh border, is claimed by both India and Bangladesh.[15]
History
After India gained independence in 1947, the province of Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part remained in India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined newly formed Pakistan as a province called East Pakistan (later giving rise to Bangladesh in 1971).[2] At the time of its creation in 1947, the state of West Bengal was divided into 14 districts—Bankura, Birbhum, Burdwan, Calcutta (Kolkata), Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hooghly, Howrah, Malda, Midnapore, Murshidabad, Nadia, West Dinajpur and 24 Parganas.[3] Cooch Behar district was a princely state named Koch Bihar till 20 August 1949, when the state formally agreed to join India. Transfer of administration was started on 12 September 1949 and was completed on 19 January 1950, when Cooch Behar became a district of West Bengal.[4] Chandannagar, which was earlier part of the French India, had voted to join India in a plebiscite in 1949. Formally, it joined India in 1952 and finally became a part of the Hooghly district of West Bengal on 2 October 1954.[5] The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised boundaries of the Indian states along linguistic lines. As this act was implemented, the then West Dinajpur district was enlarged with the addition of some areas from Bihar, and the Purulia district was formed on 1 November 1956 from parts of the Manbhum district of Bihar.[6]
Later, some large districts were divided into smaller districts. On 1 March 1986, the district of 24 Parganas was bifurcated into two districts—the North 24 Parganas district and the South 24 Parganas district.[16] On 1 April 1992, the West Dinajpur district was bifurcated into the Uttar Dinajpur district and the Dakshin Dinajpur district.[17][18] On 1 January 2002, the erstwhile Midnapore district was bifurcated into the Purba Medinipur district and the Paschim Medinipur district.[19]
Since 2007, the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills.[20] The Kamtapur People's Party and its supporters' movement for a separate Kamtapur state that covers the North Bengal has also gained momentum in the 2000s.[21]
Administrative structure
Divisions of West Bengal
A district is governed by a District Collector, who is better known as a District Magistrate (DM) in the state of West Bengal.[22] A DM is an officer from either Indian Administrative Service (IAS) or West Bengal Civil Service (WBCS), and is appointed by the State Government of West Bengal.[22] Each district is divided into subdivisions, except the Kolkata district, which contains urban area only, administered by Kolkata Municipal Corporation. A subdivision is governed by a sub-divisional magistrate (SDM), better known as a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO).[23] Other than urban units such as town municipalities, a subdivision contains 'community development blocks' (also known as CD blocks or blocks or Tehsil or Taluka). A block consists of urban units such as census towns and rural units called gram panchayats. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO),who is similar as Tehsildar and who is appointed by the Government of West Bengal.[22]
A gram panchayat, which consists of a group of villages, is administered by a village council headed by a Pradhan.[10] As per the West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973, each Block has a Panchayat Samiti, whose members include the Pradhans of the constituent gram panchayats, and the MLAs from the block.[11] A Panchayat Samiti is headed by a Sabhapati.[24] The third tier of the Panchayati Raj is Zilla Parishad, a district level organisation with the Sabhapatis of the constituent Panchayat Samitis and the MLAs from the district as its members.[12] A Zilla Parishad is headed by a Sabhadhipati.[25] For the Darjeeling district, the Zilla Parishad has ceased to exist, but a similar organisation for the Siliguri subdivision exists, which is designated as a Mahakuma Parishad.[26]
The Gorkha Hill Council, formed in 1988, administers three (out of four) subdivisions of the Darjeeling district: Darjeeling Sadar, Kalimpong and Kurseong.[27] Gorkha Hill Council manages the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services.[28] District administration of Darjeeling, which is still responsible for election, panchayat, law and order, revenue etc., also acts as an interface between the Council and the State Government.[28]
A District Superintendent of Police, better known as a Superintendent of Police, heads the District Police organisation of West Bengal Police. This is as per the Police Act of 1861, which is applicable to the whole of India.[29] The Superintendents of Police are officers of the Indian Police Service.[30] For every subdivision, there is a Subdivision Police, headed by a Police officer of the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police.[31] Under subdivisions, there are Police Circles, each headed by an Inspector of Police.[31] A Police Circle consists of Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police.[31]
The Calcutta High Court has the jurisdiction of the state of West Bengal. Though most of the districts have more courts other than a District Court, not every subdivision of the state has a Court.[32]
A group of districts forms a division, which is administered by a 'Divisional Commissioner'. West Bengal is now divided in twenty three districts, grouped under five divisions:[9]
The following is a list of the basic demographic data for the districts of West Bengal at the time of the 2011 census by their population rank in India[38]
^Here 'Established' means year of establishment as a district of West Bengal. The state of West Bengal was established in 1947 with 14 districts of erstwhile Bengal province of British India.
Egyptian lawyer and human rights activist Mona Zulficarمني ذو الفقارZulficar in 2022BornMona Salah El-Din ZulficarCairo, EgyptNationality EgyptianAlma materCairo UniversityOccupationLawyerChildren1ParentSalah Zulfikar (father)RelativesAhmed Zulfikar (brother)FamilyZulfikar familyHonours Legion of HonourFounder and Chairperson of Zulficar and PartnersIncumbentAssumed office 2009 Chairperson of EFG HermesIncumbentAssumed office 2004 Mona Salah El-Din Zulficar is a promin...
Arnoud Nijssen als brancardier tijdens zijn jaarlijkse bedevaart naar Lourdes (2019). Arnoud Maria Frans Nijssen (Sint-Truiden, 14 april 1994) is een Belgisch politicus voor de CD&V. Sinds 1 januari 2019 is hij schepen in Nieuwerkerken. Levensloop Van opleiding leraar wiskunde en geschiedenis, richtte hij in 2017 samen met Pieter Neirinckx Dépot d'histoires op. Bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 14 oktober 2018 stond Nijssen als nieuwe kandidaat op de lijst van CD&V. Tegen de verwa...
Nota: Se procura a ninfa, veja Cila. Cila Princesa Pais Niso Irmão(s) Ifinoé Cila (em grego clássico: Σκύλλα, transl. Skylla), na mitologia grega, foi uma [princesa, filha de Niso, rei de Mégara.[1][2][1][3] Virgílio menciona a filha de Niso como sendo idêntica à mulher que tem monstros saindo dos quadris.[4] Niso era filho de Marte ou de Deion[5] ou filho do rei ateniense Pandião II com Pylia, filha de Pylas.[6] Um oráculo havia dito que Niso não morreria enquanto conse...
Bajo el glaciar (en islandés Kristnihald undir Jökli, i. e. 'Cristianismo bajo el glaciar') es una novela publicada en 1968. Su autor es el nobel de literatura islandés Halldor Laxness. Trama Zona del Snæfellsjökull donde transcurre la trama de Bajo el glaciar. El obispo de Islandia envía a un joven emisario a investigar ciertos cambios en el comportamiento del pastor del glaciar de Snæfellsjökull, quien, entre otras cosas, parece haber dejado de enterrar a los muertos. Cuando llega, ...
Registered voluntary association in Germany This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2018) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version ...
Sulawesi Selatan pada Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2024 Jumlah atlet TBD Pembawa bendera TBD Total medali EmasTBD PerakTBD PerungguTBD TBD (Urutan ke-TBD) Sulawesi Selatan akan berkompetisi pada Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2024 di Aceh dan Sumatera Utara. Medali Artikel utama: Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2024 Medali Atlet Cabang olahraga Nomor Tanggal TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Medali berdasarkan cabang olahraga Olahraga 01 02 03 Total TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Total TBD TBD TBD TBD Medali berdasarkan jenis kelamin Ge...
Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...
Rodolphe III dari Bourgogne dan saudarinya Bertha Rudolph III (disebut si Pemalas (Prancis: Rodolphe le Fainéant, Jerman: Rudolf der Faule) atau yang Saleh (le Pieux); skt. 970 – 6 September 1032 merupakan Raja Bourgogne dari 993 hingga kematiannya. Ia adalah raja terakhir Kerajaan Arles mandiri, juga disebut Kerajaan Bourgogne Kedua, dan merupakan anggota laki-laki terakhir dari Wangsa Guelf Tua. Lihat pula Kerajaan Arles Wangsa Karoling Referensi Sumber Previte-Orton, C.W. (1912)...
Géaroîd Mac GéaraldGerald FitzGerald Conde de Desmond Ejercicio 1558-1583Predecesor James FitzGerald, XIV conde de DesmondSucesor James FitzGeraldInformación personalNacimiento c.1533Fallecimiento 1583FamiliaPadre James FitzGerald, XIV conde de DesmondMadre More O'CarrollConsorte Lady Joan FitzgeraldEleanor Butler[editar datos en Wikidata] Gerald FitzGerald, XV conde de Desmond (c. 1533 - 11 de noviembre de 1583) noble irlandés, cabecilla de las Rebeliones de Desmond de 1579. J...
Jüdische Gemeinden in Ostfriesland vor 1938 Die jüdische Gemeinde in Bunde bestand über einen Zeitraum von rund 150 Jahren von ihren Anfängen im 18. Jahrhundert bis zu ihrem Ende am 19. Juli 1942. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde in Bunde 2 Gemeindeentwicklung 3 Gedenkstätten 4 Siehe auch 5 Literatur 6 Weblinks 7 Einzelnachweise Geschichte der jüdischen Gemeinde in Bunde Die früheste Erwähnung eines in Bunde ansässigen Juden ist auf das Jahr 1670 datiert. Zu di...
Zicht op Groote Lindt vanaf Dordrecht De Schokhaven Groote Lindt is het havengebied van de Zuid-Hollandse plaats Zwijndrecht. De haven is genoemd naar de voormalige gemeente Groote Lindt en ligt aan de Oude Maas. Er zijn vijf havenbekkens: de Swinhaven, Drechthaven, Develhaven, Schokhaven en Uilenhaven.[1] Bronnen, noten en/of referenties ↑ Binnenhavens Drechtsteden (pdf). Gearchiveerd op 19 juli 2023.
John SmithKapten John Smith (1624)LahirLincolnshire, InggrisDibaptis6 Januari 1580Meninggal21 Juni 1631 (umur 51)London, InggrisMakamSt Sepulchre-without-Newgate, LondonDikenal atasMembantu untuk mendirikan dan memerintah koloni JamestownTanda tangan John Smith (c. Januari 1580 – 21 Juni 1631) adalah seorang tentara, pengelana, dan pengarang Inggris. Ia dikenang akan perannya dalam mendirikan pemukiman Inggris pertama di Jamestown, Virginia. Buku-buku dan peta-petanya menyemangati orang-ora...
KH A Azhar BasyirLahir21 November 1928YogyakartaMeninggal28 Juni 1994(1994-06-28) (umur 65)YogyakartaDikenal atasMantan Pro Yin MuhammadiyahJabatanKetua Umum MuhammadiyahPendahuluK.H. A.R.FachruddinPenggantiProf. Dr. H. Amien Rais KH. Ahmad Azhar Basyir, MA (21 November 1928 – 28 Juni 1994) adalah tokoh intelektual dan tokoh Islam (Muhammadiyah) yang dikenal sebagai ulama sederhana. Pendidikan Sekolah Rendah Muhammadiyah, Suronatan Yogyakarta. Madrasah Salafiyah, Ponpes S...
Film festival 59th Venice International Film FestivalFestival posterLocationVenice, ItalyFounded1932Festival date29 August–8 September 2002WebsiteWebsiteVenice Film Festival chronology60th 58th The 59th annual Venice International Film Festival was held between 29 August to 8 September 2002.[1] The Golden Lion was awarded to The Magdalene Sisters directed by Peter Mullan.[2][3] Jury Main Competition The following people comprised the 2002 jury:[4] Gong Li, Ch...
تحتاج هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر إضافية لتحسين وثوقيتها. فضلاً ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة بإضافة استشهادات من مصادر موثوقة. من الممكن التشكيك بالمعلومات غير المنسوبة إلى مصدر وإزالتها. (فبراير 2019) اندرس توماس جينسين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 6 أبريل 1972 (51 سنة)[1][2...
Pusat Sejarah YahudiLokasi dalam Kota New YorkDidirikan2000Lokasi15 West 16th Street, Manhattan, New York, USAAkses transportasi umumSubway: 14th Street – Union SquareSitus webPusat Sejarah Yahudi Pusat Sejarah Yahudi (bahasa Inggris: Center for Jewish History) merupakan gabungan dari lima organisasi sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan dan seni Yahudi, yaitu: American Jewish Historical Society, American Sephardi Federation, Leo Baeck Institute, New York, Yeshiva University Museum, dan YIVO Instit...
Czech figure skater Pavel KaškaKaška at the 2007 European ChampionshipsBorn (1988-05-25) 25 May 1988 (age 35)Prague, CzechoslovakiaHeight1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Figure skating careerCountryCzech RepublicCoachVlasta KopřivováSkating clubUSK PrahaBegan skating1995 Pavel Kaška (born 25 May 1988) is a Czech figure skater. He is the 2012 Merano Cup silver medalist, 2010 NRW Trophy bronze medalist, and 2009 Czech national champion. Kaška was coached by Miloslav Man from the age ...
Dante incontra Paolo e Francesca, 1823, olio su tela, 228,5 x 162,5 cm, Pinacoteca di Brera Vitale Sala (Cernusco Lombardone, 1803 – Milano, 1835) è stato un pittore italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere 3 Galleria d'immagini 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Vitale Sala nacque a Cernusco Lombardone, nel 1803. Durante il suo percorso di studi all'Accademia di Brera frequentò, contemporaneamente, insieme a Carlo Bellosio, la scuola di Pelagio Palagi in ...
United States historic placeBath Covered BridgeU.S. National Register of Historic Places Bath Covered Bridge in 2010Show map of New HampshireShow map of the United StatesLocationOff US 302, NH 10, Bath, New HampshireCoordinates44°10′1″N 71°58′2″W / 44.16694°N 71.96722°W / 44.16694; -71.96722Area0.3 acres (0.12 ha)Built1832 (1832)Architectural styleBurr trussNRHP reference No.76000125[1]Added to NRHPSeptember 01, 1976 The Bat...
For other uses, see Medusa (disambiguation). 2002 studio album by TadpoleThe MedusaStudio album by TadpoleReleased15 September 2002GenreRockLength44:55LabelEMI Music New ZealandAntenna RecordingsProducerMalcolm WelsfordTadpole chronology Nothing New EP(2001) The Medusa(2002) Tadpole(2006) Singles from The Medusa Nothing NewReleased: 2001[1] Now Today ForeverReleased: 2002[2] Condition ChronicReleased: 2002[3] The Medusa is the second studio album released by Ne...