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Mallabhum kingdom
Mallabhum kingdom
694–1947 CE
	Bishnupur on James Rennell's Mid-18th Century map.
Capital	Laugram; Pradyumnapur; Bishnupur
Common languages	Bengali; Sanskrit
Religion	Hinduism
Government	Monarchy
Maharaja
• 694–710 CE	Adi Malla
• 1930–1983 CE	Kalipada Singha Thakur
Historical era	Classical India; Medieval India; Early Modern Period
• Established	694
• Disestablished	29 December 1947 CE
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Gauda Kingdom
British Empire

Mallabhum (The country originally known as Mallabhoom or Mallabani^[3] Bengali: মল্লভূম or Bishnupur kingdom^[4]) was the kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, primarily in the present Bankura district in Indian state of West Bengal.

History

Territory of the Mallabhum

Mallabhum was a territory which included Bankura, a part of Burdwan, Birbhum, Santhal Parganas, Midnapur and also a part of Purulia. The Malla Rajas ruled over the vast territory in the south-western part of present West Bengal and a part of southeastern Jharkhand.^[5]

Extent

From around 7th century CE until the advent of British rule, the history of Bankura district is identical with the rise and fall of the Hindu Rajas of Bishnupur.^{[citation needed]}

Administration

According to Bhattacharjee, Tarun Dev (1982) during Malla period, the society was centred round the village. The tax collectors were called as Gumasta and their assistants as Aat Pahari or Paik. The Mukhiya or Mandal was the title of headman, who was regarded as the guardian of the village. Malla kings had several service groups. Due to scarcity of money, the Malla kings used to present land instead of salary to all these service groups. This type of land is again of two types – namely the Panchaki jamin or land with a little tax and another one is the Bepanchaki jamin or land without any tax. Again the lands were named as per the service groups name as Senapati mahal for the head of the soldier, land given to the sentry was Mahalbera Mahal, and land given to the bodyguard was Chharidar Mahal.^[6]

Malla rulers

Malla's started their own calendar that is Malla era (Mallabda). It is told that Malla era started from Indra Dwadasi day in the year 102 Bengali calendar of the month Bhadro (August- September).^[7]

Sl. No.	Name of the king^[8]	Gregorian calendar	Bengali calendar	Malla calendar	Reign (year)
1	Adi Malla	694	102	1	16
2	Jay Malla	710	117	16	10
3	Benu Malla	720	127	26	13
4	Kinu Malla	733	140	39	9
5	Indra Malla	742	149	48	15
6	Kanu Malla	757	164	63	7
7	Dha Malla (Jhau)	764	171	70	11
8	Shur Malla	775	182	81	20
9	Kanak Malla	795	202	101	12
10	Kandarpa Malla	807	214	113	21
11	Sanatan Malla	828	235	134	13
12	Kharga Malla	841	248	147	21
13	Durjan Malla (Durjay)	862	269	168	44
14	Yadav Malla	906	313	212	13
15	Jagannath Malla	919	326	225	12
16	Birat Malla	931	338	237	15
17	Mahadev Malla	946	353	252	31
18	Durgadas Malla	977	384	283	17
19	Jagat Malla	994	401	300	13
20	Ananta Malla	1007	414	313	8
21	Rup Malla	1015	422	321	14
22	Sundar Malla	1029	436	335	24
23	Kumud Malla	1053	460	359	21
24	Krishna Malla	1074	481	380	10
25	Rup Malla II (Jhap)	1084	491	390	13
26	Prakash Malla	1097	504	403	5
27	Pratap Malla	1102	509	408	11
28	Sindur Malla	1113	520	419	16
29	Sukhomoy Malla (Shuk)	1129	536	435	13
30	Banamali Malla	1142	549	448	14
31	Yadu/Jadu Malla	1156	563	462	11
32	Jiban Malla	1167	574	473	13
33	Ram Malla	1185	592	491	24
34	Gobinda Malla	1209	616	515	31
35	Bhim Malla	1240	647	546	23
36	Katar Malla (Kattar/Khattar)	1263	670	569	32
37	Prithwi Malla	1295	702	601	24
38	Tapa Malla	1319	726	625	15
39	Dinabandhu Malla	1334	741	640	11
40	Kinu/Kanu II Malla	1345	752	651	13
41	Shur Malla II	1358	765	664	12
42	Shiv Singh Malla	1370	777	676	37
43	Madan Malla	1407	814	713	13
44	Durjan Malla II (Durjay)	1420	827	726	17
45	Uday Malla	1437	844	743	23
46	Chandra Malla	1460	867	766	41
47	Bir Malla	1501	908	807	53
48	Dhari Malla	1554	961	860	11
49	Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir)	1565	972	871	55
50	Dhari Hambir Malla Dev	1620	1027	926	6
51	Raghunath Singha Dev	1626	1033	932	30
52	Bir Singha Dev	1656	1063	962	26
53	Durjan Singha Dev	1682	1089	988	20
54	Raghunath Singha Dev II	1702	1109	1008	10
55	Gopal Singha Dev I	1712	1119	1018	36
56	Chaitanya Singha Dev	1748	1155	1054	53
57	Madhav Singha Dev	1801	1208	1107	8
58	Gopal Singha Dev II	1809	1216	1115	67
59	Ramkrishna Singha Dev	1876	1283	1182	9
	Dwhaja Moni Devi	1885	1292	1191	4
60	Nilmoni Singha Dev	1889	1296	1195	14
	Churamoni Devi (Regency)	1903	1310	1209	14
61	Kalipada Singha Thakur	1930–1983	1337 – 1390	1236–1289	53

Temples

According to Dr. Bloch, Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey of India, Eastern Circle, the twelve date temples range in chronological order as follows:^[9]

Malla Calendar	Gregorian Calendar	Temple	Built By
928	1622	Malleswar	Bir Singha Dev
949	1643	Syam Rai	Raghunath Singha Dev
961	1655	Jor Bangla
962	1656	Kala Chand
964	1658	Lalji	Bir Singha Dev
971	1665	Madan Gopal	Churamoni(Siromoni Devi), wife of Bir Singha^[10]
971	1665	Murali Mohan	Churamoni(Siromoni Devi), wife of Bir Singha^[10]
1000	1694	Madan Mohan	Durjan Singha Dev
1032	1726	Jor Mandir	Gopal Singha Dev I
1035	1729	Radha Gobind	Krishna Singha, son of Gopal Singha Dev I^[11]
1043	1737	Radha Madhab	Churamoni, wife of Gopal Singha Dev I
1064	1758	Radha Syam	Chaitanya Singha Dev

In popular culture

The dhrupad gharana of Bishnupur kingdom

Film

Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, Kolkata, brings you the Fourth Documentary from 𝗢𝗻𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗗𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗙𝗶𝗹𝗺 𝗙𝗲𝘀𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗮𝗹. The video is a presentation on the dhrupad gharana of Bishnupur kingdom.

Gallery

Rasmancha (1600 CE)
Inscription on Shyamrai Temple (1643 CE)
Jor Mandir (1726 CE)
Radhamadhab Temple (1737 CE)
Kalachand Temple (1656 CE)
Jor-Bangla Temple or Keshta Roy Temple (1655 CE)
Jor Mandir complex (1726 CE)
Madan Mohan Temple (1694 CE)
Inscription on Radha Shyam Temple (1728 CE)
Radha-Gobinda Temple (1729 CE)
Shyam Ray Temple (1643 CE)
Bishnpur fort gate
Panchchura temple
Stone chariot of Bishnupur
Nandalal Temple
Rashmancha (gate)
Jor Bangla Temple (arches)
Jor Bangla temple (Terracotta work)
Jor Bangla Temple (Ramayana motifs)
Shyamrai Temple (RasChakra)(Terracotta work)

References

^ "Sanskrit - Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org.
^ Biswas 1992, pp. 6.
^ Steemers, Koen (2000). Architecture, City, Environment: Proceedings of PLEA 2000 : July 2000 ... James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. p. 377. ISBN 1902916166.
^ "Bishnupur". Britannica. Mallabhum kingdom
^ Dasgupta, Biswas & Mallik 2009, p. 12.
^ Dasgupta, Biswas & Mallik 2009, p. 19-20.
^ Dasgupta, Biswas & Mallik 2009, p. 19.
^ Dasgupta, Biswas & Mallik 2009, p. 31-43.
^ "Bankura Gazetteer CHAPTER XIV" (PDF). bankura.gov.in. Government of West Bengal. p. 185. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
^ "ASI, Kolkata Circle". www.asikolkata.in.
^ "ASI, Kolkata Circle". www.asikolkata.in.

Sources

Dasgupta, Samira; Biswas, Rabiranjan; Mallik, Gautam Kumar (2009), Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur, Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-8324-294-3
Biswas, S. S. (1992). Bishnupur (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ed.). Director General, Archaeological Survey of India.