National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American non-profit media organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.[2] It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.[3] It differs from other non-profit membership media organizations, such as the Associated Press, in that it was established by an act of Congress.[4]
NPR produces and distributes both news and cultural programming. The organization's flagship shows are two drive-time news broadcasts: Morning Edition and the afternoon All Things Considered, both carried by most NPR member stations, and among the most popular radio programs in the country.[7][8] As of March 2018,[update] the drive-time programs attract an audience of 14.9 million and 14.7 million per week, respectively.[9]
The organization's legal name is National Public Radio and its trademarked brand is NPR; it is known by both names.[11] In June 2010, the organization announced that it was "making a conscious effort to consistently refer to ourselves as NPR on-air and online" because NPR is the common name for the organization and the tag line "This ... is NPR" has been used by its radio hosts for many years.[11] However, National Public Radio remains the legal name of the group, as it has been since 1970.[11]
The board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member local stations, and studios in Washington, D.C.[13]
NPR suffered an almost-fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly $7 million (equivalent to $19 million in 2022 dollars). After a Congressional investigation and the resignation of NPR's then-president Frank Mankiewicz, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting agreed to lend the network money in order to stave off bankruptcy.[14] In exchange, NPR agreed to a new arrangement whereby the annual CPB stipend that it had previously received directly would be divided among local stations instead; in turn, those stations would support NPR productions on a subscription basis. NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture (the Public Radio Satellite System), making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt.[15]
September 11th attacks made it apparent in a very urgent way that we need another facility that could keep NPR going if something devastating happens in Washington.
NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25,000-square-foot (2,300 m2) production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. With room for up to 90 employees, it was established to expand its production capabilities, improve its coverage of the western United States, and create a backup production facility capable of keeping NPR on the air in the event of a catastrophe in Washington, D.C.[18]
In November 2003, NPR received $235 million from the estate of the late Joan B. Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonald's Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution.[19][20]
In 2004 NPR's budget increased by over 50% to $153 million due to the Kroc gift. Of the money, $34 million was deposited in its endowment.[21] The endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff and reduce some member stations' fees.[19] The 2005 budget was about $120 million.
In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR and member stations. By November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times. Ten years later, by March 2015, users downloaded podcasts produced only by NPR 94 million times,[22] and NPR podcasts like Fresh Air and the TED Radio Hour routinely made the iTunes Top Podcasts list.[23]
Ken Stern became chief executive in September 2006, reportedly as the "hand-picked successor" of CEO Kevin Klose, who gave up the job but remained as NPR's president; Stern had worked with Klose at Radio Free Europe.[24]
On December 10, 2008, NPR announced that it would reduce its workforce by 7% and cancel the news programs Day to Day and News & Notes.[25] The organization indicated this was in response to a rapid drop in corporate underwriting in the wake of the economic crisis of 2008.[25]
In the fall of 2008, NPR programming reached a record 27.5 million people weekly, according to Arbitron ratings figures. NPR stations reach 32.7 million listeners overall.[26]
In March 2008, the NPR Board announced that Stern would be stepping down from his role as chief executive officer, following conflict with NPR's board of directors "over the direction of the organization", including issues NPR's member station managers had had with NPR's expansion into new media "at the expense of serving" the stations that financially support NPR.[24]
As of 2009, corporate sponsorship made up 26% of the NPR budget.[27]
2010s
In October 2010, NPR accepted a $1.8 million grant from the Open Society Institute. The grant is meant to begin a project called Impact of Government that was intended to add at least 100 journalists at NPR member radio stations in all 50 states by 2013.[28] The OSI has made previous donations but does not take on-air credit for its gifts.[29]
In April 2013, NPR moved from its home of 19 years (635 Massachusetts Avenue NW) to new offices and production facilities at 1111 North Capitol Street NE in a building adapted from the former C&P Telephone Warehouse and Repair Facility.[30] The new headquarters—at the corner of North Capitol Street NE and L Street NW—is in the burgeoning NoMa neighborhood of Washington.[31] The first show scheduled to be broadcast from the new studios was Weekend Edition Saturday.[32]Morning Edition was the last show to move to the new location.[33] In June 2013 NPR canceled the weekday call-in show Talk of the Nation.[34]
In September 2013, certain of NPR's 840 full- and part-time employees were offered a voluntary buyout plan to reduce staff by 10 percent and return NPR to a balanced budget by the 2015 fiscal year.[35]
In December 2018, The Washington Post reported that between 20 and 22 percent of NPR staff was classified as temps, while this compares to about five percent of a typical for-profit television station. Some of the temporary staff members told the newspaper the systems were "exploitative", but NPR's president of operations said the current system was in place because the station is a "media company that strives to be innovative and nimble."[36]
In December 2018, NPR launched a new podcast analytics technology called Remote Audio Data (RAD), which developer Stacey Goers described as a "method for sharing listening metrics from podcast applications straight back to publishers, with extreme care and respect for user privacy."[37]
2020s
In late November 2022, CEO John Lansing told staffers in a memo that NPR needed to reduce spending by $10 million during the current fiscal year due to a drop in revenue from sponsors. The amount is approximately three percent of the organization's annual budget.[38]
In February 2023, Lansing announced in a memo that the network would be laying off approximately 10 percent of the workforce due to reduced advertising revenue. He said the annual operating budget is approximately $300 million, and the gap will likely be between $30 and $32 million.[39]
NPR is a membership organization. Member stations are required to be non-commercial or non-commercial educational radio stations; have at least five full-time professional employees; operate for at least 18 hours per day; and not be designed solely to further a religious broadcasting philosophy or be used for classroom distance learning programming. Each member station receives one vote at the annual NPR board meetings—exercised by its designated Authorized Station Representative ("A-Rep").
To oversee the day-to-day operations and prepare its budget, members elect a board of directors. The board was previously composed of ten A-Reps, five members of the general public, and the chair of the NPR Foundation. On November 2, 2015, NPR Members approved a change in the NPR Bylaws to expand the board of directors to 23 directors, consisting of 12 Member Directors who are managers of NPR Member stations and are elected to the board by their fellow Member stations, 9 Public Directors who are prominent members of the public selected by the board and confirmed by NPR Member stations, the NPR Foundation Chair, and the NPR President & CEO.[41] Terms are for three years and are staggered such that some stand for election every year.[42]
As of January 2024[update], the board of directors of NPR included the following members:[41]
NPR member station managers
Jennifer Ferro, president, KCRW and chair of the NPR Board of Directors
Howard Wollner, Senior Vice President, Retired, Starbucks
Neal Zuckerman, Managing Director and Senior Partner, Head of the Media Practice, BCG
The original purposes of NPR, as ratified by the board of directors, are the following:
Provide an identifiable daily product which is consistent and reflects the highest standards of broadcast journalism.
Provide extended coverage of public events, issues and ideas, and to acquire and produce special public affairs programs.
Acquire and produce cultural programs which can be scheduled individually by stations.
Provide access to the intellectual and cultural resources of cities, universities and rural districts through a system of cooperative program development with member public radio stations.
Develop and distribute programs for specific groups (adult education, instruction, modular units for local productions) which may meet needs of individual regions or groups, but may not have general national relevance.
Establish liaison with foreign broadcasters for a program exchange service.
Produce materials specifically intended to develop the art and technical potential of radio[43]
NPR Public Editor
The Public Editor responds to significant listener queries, comments and criticisms. The position reports to the president and CEO John Lansing.[44]
In April 2020, Kelly McBride became the Public Editor for NPR.
In 2020, NPR released a budget for FY21 anticipating revenue of $250 million, a slight decrease from the prior year due to impacts of COVID-19. The budget anticipates $240 million in operating expenses, plus additional debt service and capital costs that lead to a cash deficit of approximately $4 million. The budget includes $25 million in budget cuts.[45]
Funding pre-2000
During the 1970s and early 1980s, the majority of NPR funding came from the federal government. Steps were taken during the Reagan administration in the 1980s to completely wean NPR from government support, but the 1983 funding crisis forced the network to make immediate changes.
Funding in the 2000s
According to CPB, in 2009 11.3% of the aggregate revenues of all public radio broadcasting stations were funded from federal sources, principally through CPB;[46] in 2012 10.9% of the revenues for Public Radio came from federal sources.[47]
In 2010, NPR revenues totaled $180 million, with the bulk of revenues coming from programming fees, grants from foundations or business entities, contributions and sponsorships.[27] According to the 2009 financial statement, about 50% of NPR revenues come from the fees it charges member stations for programming and distribution charges.[27] Typically, NPR member stations receive funds through on-air pledge drives, corporate underwriting, state and local governments, educational institutions, and the federally funded Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 2009, member stations derived 6% of their revenue from federal, state and local government funding, 10% of their revenue from CPB grants, and 14% of their revenue from universities.[27][48] NPR receives a small number of competitive grants from CPB and federal agencies like the Department of Education and the Department of Commerce.[27][better source needed] This funding amounts amounted to less than 1% of revenues.[49]
In 2011, NPR announced the roll-out of their own online advertising network, which allows member stations to run geographically targeted advertisement spots from national sponsors that may otherwise be unavailable to their local area, opening additional advertising-related revenue streams to the broadcaster.[50]
Center Stage, a mix of native advertising and banner ad featured prominently on the NPR homepage, above-the-fold, was launched in 2013. The launch partner for Center Stage was Squarespace.[51]
In 2014, NPR CEO Jarl Mohn said the network would begin to increase revenue by having brands NPR views as more relevant to the audience underwrite NPR programs and requesting higher rates from them.[52]
For the year ended September 30, 2018, total operating revenues were $235 million, increasing to almost $259 million by September 2019.[53]
In 2023, Current reported NPR partnered with Spotify to run targeted advertisements sold through the Spotify Audience Network platform within NPR programming, when NPR has empty slots available they otherwise were unable to sell to other advertisers directly.[54]
Underwriting spots versus commercials
In contrast with commercial broadcasting, NPR's radio broadcasts do not carry traditional commercials, but has advertising in the form of brief statements from major sponsors which may include corporate slogans, descriptions of products and services, and contact information such as website addresses and telephone numbers.[55] These statements are called underwriting spots and, unlike commercials, are governed by specific FCC restrictions in addition to truth in advertising laws; they cannot advocate a product or "promote the goods and services" of for-profit entities.[56] These restrictions apply only to radio broadcasts and not NPR's other digital platforms. When questioned on the subject of how corporate underwriting revenues and foundation grants were holding up during the recession, in a speech broadcast on C-SPAN before the National Press Club on March 2, 2009, then president and CEO Vivian Schiller stated: "underwriting is down, it's down for everybody; this is the area that is most down for us, in sponsorship, underwriting, advertising, call it whatever you want; just like it is for all of media."[57] Hosts of the NPR program Planet Money stated the audience is indeed a product being sold to advertisers in the same way as commercial stations, saying: "they are not advertisers exactly but, they have a lot of the same characteristics; let's just say that."[58]
Audience
According to NPR's 2022 data, 30.7 million listeners tuned into its programs each week.[59] This is down from its 2017 high of 37.7 million,[60] but still well above its total of 20.9 million in 2008.[61]
Demographics
According to 2015 figures, 87% of the NPR terrestrial public radio audience and 67% of the NPR podcast audience is white.[62] According to the 2012 Pew Research Center 2012 News Consumption Survey, NPR listeners tend to be highly educated, with 54% of regular listeners being college graduates and 21% having some college.[63] NPR's audience is almost exactly average in terms of the sex of listeners (49% male, 51% female).[63] NPR listeners have higher incomes than average (the 2012 Pew study showed that 43% earn over $75,000, 27% earn between $30,000 and $75,000).
A 2012 Pew Research Center survey found that the NPR audience leans Democratic (17% Republican, 37% independent, 43% Democratic) and politically moderate (21% conservative, 39% moderate, 36% liberal).[63] A late 2019 survey, also by Pew, found that NPR's audience overwhelmingly leaned Democratic. 87% of those surveyed identified as Democrats, or leaning Democratic, and 12% were Republicans.[64]
Trust
A Harris telephone survey conducted in 2005 found that NPR was the most trusted news source in the United States.[65][66] In 2014, Pew reported that, of adults who had heard of NPR, 55% of those polled trusted it; this was a similar level of listener trust as CNN, NBC, and ABC.[67]
Ratings
NPR stations generally subscribe to the Nielsen rating service, but are not included in published ratings and rankings such as Radio & Records. NPR station listenership is measured by Nielsen in both Diary and PPM (people meter) markets. NPR stations are frequently not included in "summary level" diary data used by most advertising agencies for media planning. Data on NPR listening can be accessed using "respondent level" diary data. Additionally, all radio stations (public and commercial) are treated equally within the PPM data sets making NPR station listenership data much more widely available to the media planning community. NPR's signature morning news program, Morning Edition, is the network's most popular program, drawing 14.63 million listeners a week, with its afternoon newsmagazine, All Things Considered, a close second, with 14.6 million listeners a week according to 2017 Nielsen ratings data.[68] Arbitron data is also provided by Radio Research Consortium, a non-profit corporation which subscribes to the Arbitron service and distributes the data to NPR and other non-commercial stations and on its website.[69]
Digital media
NPR's history in digital media includes the work of an independent, for-profit company called Public Interactive, which was founded in 1999[70] and acquired by PRI in June 2004, when it became a non-profit company.[71] By July 2008, Public Interactive had "170 subscribers who collectively operate 325 public radio and television stations" and clients such as Car Talk, The World, and The Tavis Smiley Show; by the end of that month, NPR acquired Public Interactive from PRI[70] In March 2011, NPR revealed a restructuring proposal in which Boston-based Public Interactive would become NPR Digital Services, separate from the Washington D.C.-based NPR Digital Media, which focuses on NPR-branded services.[72] NPR Digital Services would continue offering its services to public TV stations.[72]
The technical backbone of its digital news publishing system is Core Publisher, which was built on Drupal, an open-source content management system.[72]
NPR has been dubbed as "leveraging the Twitter generation"[73] because of its adaptation of the popular microblogging service as one of its primary vehicles of information. Of NPR's Twitter followers, the majority (67%) also listen to NPR on the radio. In a survey of more than 10,000 respondents, NPR found that its Twitter followers are younger, more connected to the social web, and more likely to access content through digital platforms such as its Peabody Award-winning website npr.org, as well as podcasts, mobile apps and more.[74] NPR has more than one Twitter account including @NPR;[75] its survey found that most respondents followed between two and five NPR accounts, including topical account, show-specific accounts and on-air staff accounts.[74] In addition, NPR's Facebook page has been at the forefront of the company foray into social media. Started by college student and fan Geoff Campbell[76] in 2008, the page was quickly taken over by the organization,[77] and over the last two years has grown to nearly 4 million fans and is a popular example of the company's new focus on a younger audience.[78] NPR also has a YouTube channel featuring regularly posted videos covering news and informational subjects.
In May 2018, a group led by NPR acquired the podcasting app Pocket Casts.[79] On July 16, 2021, Automattic acquired Pocket Casts from NPR.[80]
NPR One
In July 2014, NPR launched NPR One, an app for iOS and Android smartphones and other mobile devices, which aimed to make it easier for listeners to stream local NPR stations live, and listen to NPR podcasts by autoplaying content and permitting easy navigation.[81] Since launch NPR has made the service available on additional channels: Windows mobile devices, web browsers, Chromecast, Apple Car Play, Apple Watch, Android Auto, Android Wear, Samsung Gear S2 and S3, Amazon Fire TV, and Amazon Alexa–enabled devices.[82]The New York Times listed NPR One as one of 2016's "best apps".[83]
Programming
Programs produced by NPR
News and public affairs programs
NPR produces a morning and an evening news program, both of which also have weekend editions with different hosts. It also produces hourly newscasts around the clock.
Radio Ambulante, a Spanish-Language podcast which covers news in Latin America
El Hilo, an offshoot of Radio Ambulante devoted to news
Code Switch, a podcast about race and identity hosted by Shereen Marisol Meraji and Gene Demby
Consider This, a Monday-Saturday afternoon news podcast; weekday episodes hosted by All Things Considered anchors Ari Shapiro, Mary Louise Kelly, and Ailsa Chang; Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend All Things Considered host Michel Martin
Pop Culture Happy Hour, a podcast on culture hosted by Linda Holmes
Rough Translation, a podcast which tells stories from around the world that have relevance to a U.S. audience[84] (Ended August 2023)
Short Wave, a daily science podcast hosted by Maddie Sofia
Throughline, a podcast on history hosted by Rund Abdelfatah and Ramtin Arablouei
Up First, a Monday-Saturday morning news podcast; weekday episodes hosted by Morning Edition anchors Steve Inskeep, Rachel Martin, A Martínez, and Leila Fadel; Saturday episodes hosted by Weekend Edition anchors Scott Simon and Ayesha Rascoe
World Cafe, a 2-hour music program featuring both recorded music and interviews and live in-studio performances, hosted by Raina Douris (WXPN)
Notable public radio programs not affiliated with NPR
Many programs broadcast on U.S. public radio stations are not affiliated with NPR. If these programs are distributed by another distributor, a public radio station must also affiliate with that network to take that network's programming.
American Public Media (APM) and Public Radio Exchange (PRX; which also merged with Public Radio International in 2018) are other major public radio production and distribution organizations with distinct missions, and each competes with the other and NPR for programming slots on public radio stations.
Most public radio stations are NPR member stations and many are affiliate stations of APM and PRX at the same time. The organizations have different governance structures and missions and relationships with stations.
Over the course of NPR's history, controversies have arisen over several incidents and topics.
Allegations of ideological bias
NPR has been accused of displaying both liberal bias – as alleged in work such as a UCLA and University of Missouri study of Morning Edition – and conservative bias, including criticism of alleged reliance on conservative think-tanks.[89] Public radio host Lisa Simeone, who worked for NPR from 1998 to 2002, accused NPR's Pentagon reporting of being "little more than Pentagon press releases."[90] The NPR ombudsman has described how NPR's coverage of the Israel-Palestinian conflict has been simultaneously criticized as biased by both sides.[91] University of Texas journalism professor and author Robert Jensen has criticized NPR as taking a pro-war stance during coverage of Iraq war protests.[92] During the 2020 election, NPR declined to cover the controversy surrounding a New York Post article on the Hunter Biden laptop controversy, saying "We don't want to waste our time on stories that are not really stories, and we don't want to waste the listeners' and readers' time on stories that are just pure distractions, ..."[93]
In 2024, veteran NPR journalist Uri Berliner accused NPR of demonstrating left-wing bias in its reporting after the 2016 United States presidential election, citing NPR's approach to coverage of the Hunter Biden laptop controversy, the Mueller special counsel investigation, the origin of COVID-19, and the 2023 Israel-Hamas war.[94][95] According to Berliner, focuses on race and identity were prioritized by NPR's management, while NPR simultaneously lost viewpoint diversity.[96] NPR editor in chief Edith Chapin said that NPR stood behind its work and defended its policies on inclusion.[97] NPR formally punished Berliner by suspending him for 5 days without pay, saying that he did not secure NPR approval for doing work for another outlet.[98] Berliner subsequently resigned, citing disparagement by CEO Katherine Maher and her "divisive views".[99]
Live from Death Row commentaries
In 1994, NPR arranged to air, on All Things Considered, a series of three-minute commentaries by Mumia Abu-Jamal, a journalist convicted of murdering Philadelphia Police officer Daniel Faulkner. They cancelled airing them after the Fraternal Order of Police and members of the U.S. Congress objected.[100]
Euphemisms for torture
In a controversial act, NPR banned in 2009 the use of the word torture in the context of the Bush administration's use of torture.[101] NPR's Ombudswoman Alicia Shepard's defense of the policy was that "calling waterboarding torture is tantamount to taking sides."[102]Berkeley Professor of Linguistics Geoffrey Nunberg pointed out that virtually all media around the world, other than what he called the "spineless U.S. media", call these techniques torture.[103][104] In an article which criticized NPR and other U.S. media for their use of euphemisms for torture, Glenn Greenwald discussed what he called the enabling "corruption of American journalism":[105]
This active media complicity in concealing that our Government created a systematic torture regime, by refusing ever to say so, is one of the principal reasons it was allowed to happen for so long. The steadfast, ongoing refusal of our leading media institutions to refer to what the Bush administration did as "torture" – even in the face of more than 100 detainee deaths; the use of that term by a leading Bush official to describe what was done at Guantanamo; and the fact that media outlets frequently use the word "torture" to describe exactly the same methods when used by other countries – reveals much about how the modern journalist thinks.
Juan Williams comments
On October 20, 2010, NPR terminated Senior News Analyst Juan Williams's independent contract[106] over a series of incidents culminating in remarks he made on the Fox News Channel regarding Muslim head coverings and not feeling comfortable around women wearing them. Williams' firing, which was made abruptly without Williams being given a face-to-face meeting beforehand, was reported by The Washington Post as being a key part of Ellen Weiss, NPR's top news executive at the time, being given an ultimatum on January 4, 2011, to either resign or be fired. On January 6, 2011, NPR announced that Weiss had quit.[107]
Ronald Schiller comments
In March 2011, conservative political activist and provocateur James O'Keefe sent partners Simon Templar (a pen name) and Shaughn Adeleye[108] to secretly record their discussion with Ronald Schiller, NPR's outgoing senior vice president for fundraising, and an associate, in which Schiller made remarks viewed as disparaging of "the current Republican party, especially the Tea Party", and controversial comments regarding Palestine and funding for NPR. NPR disavowed Schiller's comments. CEO Vivian Schiller, who is not related to Ronald, later resigned over the fallout from the comments and the previous firing of Juan Williams.[109]
In October 2017, sexual harassment charges were leveled against Michael Oreskes, senior vice president of news and editorial director since 2015. Some of the accusations dated back to when he was Washington, D.C. bureau chief for The New York Times during the 1990s, while others involved his conduct at NPR,[117] where eight women filed sexual harassment complaints against Oreskes.[118] After a report on the Times accusations was published in The Washington Post, NPR put Oreskes on administrative leave, and the following day his resignation was requested.[119][120][121] CNN's Brian Stelter reported that NPR staffers were dissatisfied with the handling of Oreskes, were demanding an external investigation, and that Oreskes poisoned the newsroom atmosphere by abusing his position to meet young women.[122] Oreskes resigned at the request of CEO Jarl Mohn, was denied severance and separation benefits, and reimbursed NPR $1,800 in expense account charges related to his meetings with women.[123][124]
Twitter controversy
After Elon Musk's acquisition of American social media platform Twitter, NPR's main Twitter account was designated as "US state-affiliated media" there in April 2023, a label that was typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments, like Russia's RT and China's Xinhua.[125][126][127] Twitter's designation was widely considered controversial as NPR is an independent news organization that receives a small minority of its funding through government programs. Twitter's previous policy had explicitly mentioned NPR, as well as the United Kingdom's BBC, as examples of networks that were not considered as state-affiliated due to their editorial independence.[125][126][127] NPR ceased activity on its main Twitter account in response to the designation.[128]
On April 8, 2023, Twitter changed the designation of NPR's account from "state-affiliated" to "government-funded".[129] On April 10, after managing to get in contact with Musk himself, NPR reporter Bobby Allyn wrote in a tweet that the platform's owner told him he was relying on a list accessible through a Wikipedia category page, named "Category:Publicly funded broadcasters", in order to determine which news organizations' accounts should be deemed as "government-funded media".[130][131]
On April 12, NPR announced that its accounts would no longer be active on Twitter,[130][132][133] citing the platform's "inaccurate and misleading" labeling of NPR as "government-funded media" despite the fact that it receives "less than 1 percent of its $300 million annual budget" from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.[130][132][134] As their last post on the platform, the network shared links to their alternative newsletters, websites and social media profiles in a thread.[132][135] In an email to the staff explaining the decision, CEO John Lansing allowed individual NPR journalists and staffers to choose for themselves whether to keep using Twitter, while noting that "it would be a disservice to the serious work you all do here to continue to share it on a platform that is associating the federal charter for public media with an abandoning of editorial independence or standards."[130][133]
^Roberts, Cokie; Stamberg, Susan; Adams, Noah; Ydstie, John; Montagne, Renée; Shapiro, Ari; Folkenflik, David, eds. (2012). This Is NPR: The First Forty Years. Chronicle Books. p. 433. ISBN9781452120218.
^"All Things Considered". National Public Media. Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2016. Heard by 13.3 million people on 814 radio stations each week, All Things Considered is one of the most popular programs in America.
^ abSteinberg, Jacques (November 7, 2003). "Billions and Billions Served, Hundreds of Millions Donated". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008. National Public Radio announced yesterday that it had received a bequest worth at least $200 million from the widow of the longtime chairman of the McDonald's restaurant chain. The gift is the largest in the 33-year history of NPR, the nonprofit broadcasting corporation – and about twice the size of NPR's annual operating budget. It is believed to be among the largest ever pledged to an American cultural institution.
^Goldfarb, Michael (February 13, 2009). "NPR Responds". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on October 24, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
ערך זה עוסק בקרב בבסיס צהל מחנה רעים. אם התכוונתם לקרב בקיבוץ רעים, ראו קרב רעים. ערך זה עוסק באירוע אקטואלי או מתמשך הנתונים בנושא זה משתנים במהירות, ועל כן ייתכן שהם חלקיים, לא מדויקים או לא מעודכנים. ערך זה עוסק באירוע אקטואלי או מתמשך הנתונים בנושא זה משתנים במהירות, ועל כן
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Eduard Kreyßig Eduard Wilhelm Christian Kreyßig (* 30. August 1830 in Eichelsachsen; † 11. März 1897 in Mainz) war ein deutscher Architekt, Stadtplaner und Tiefbauspezialist. Er war von 1864 bis 1896 Stadtbaumeister von Mainz und für die städtebauliche Gestaltung von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Stadterweiterung 3 Tiefbau 4 Hochbauten 5 Literatur 6 Weblinks 7 Einzelnachweise Leben Eduard Kreyßig wurde als drittes Kind des großherzoglich hessischen Forstbeamt…
Indra ZubirBerkas:Indra Zubir.jpgLahir5 Juni 1976 (umur 47)Bukittinggi, Sumatera BaratKebangsaanIndonesiaAlmamaterInstitut Kesenian JakartaPekerjaanSenimanDikenal atasPenata tari kontemporerOrang tuaZubir Sutan BagindoWisniati Thaher Indra Zubir (lahir 5 Juni 1976) adalah seorang penata tari kontemporer Indonesia. Ia merupakan pendiri kelompok tari Indra Zubir's Dance.[1][2][3][4] Indra tertarik mempelajari tari karena menonton televisi. Sejak kanak-kanak ia …
Gereja Masehi Injili di Bolaang MongondowLogo GMIBMPenggolonganProtestan, InjiliPemimpinPdt. Christina Noula Raintama-Pangulimang M.ThWilayahIndonesiaDidirikan28 Juni 1950 Sulawesi UtaraJemaat181 jemaat; 21 wilayah (2012)[1]Umat210.300 anggota (2012)Situs web resmiwww.sinodegmibm.comE-mail: sinodegmibm@gmail.com Gereja Masehi Injili di Bolaang Mongondow (disingkat GMIBM) adalah salah satu gereja beraliran Protestan di Indonesia yang bermula di daerah Bolaang Mongondow, provinsi Sulawesi …
Argentine statesman and bishop Justo de Santa María de Oro y AlbarracínBishop of San Juan de CuyoIn office1834 – 19 October 1836Succeeded byJosé Manuel Quiroga Sarmiento Personal detailsBorn(1772-03-03)3 March 1772San Juan, Viceroyalty of PeruDied19 October 1836(1836-10-19) (aged 64)San Juan, ArgentinaNationalityArgentineOccupationPriest Justo de Santa María de Oro y Albarracín (3 March 1772–19 October 1836) was an Argentine statesman and bishop. He was an influential …
Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany encompass a large group of commemorative works dealing with the outdoor built environment. Most often these memorials attempt to keep the memory of Holocaust victims alive through dissemination of this memory to the public. Theory Since the end of World War II, there has been a question as to how one can adequately commemorate the victims of the Holocaust. For a time, it was often regarded with a sense of amnesia until memorialization efforts emerged. Hol…
Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Hemelvaartkerk Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-Hemelvaartkerk Plaats Valkenburgerplein 20, Heemstede Denominatie Rooms-katholiek Gewijd aan Maria-Tenhemelopneming Coördinaten 52° 21′ NB, 4° 37′ OL Gebouwd in 1926-1927 Architectuur Architect(en) Joseph en Pierre Cuypers Bouwmateriaal Baksteen Toren 35,2 m. Interieur Orgel T. Vermeulen en L. Ypma & Co. Zitplaatsen 676 Detailkaart Lijst van bouwwerken van Joseph Cuypers Portaal Christendom De Onze-Lieve-V…
Loose soil or sediment that is eroded and redeposited in a non-marine setting Alluvial redirects here. For the American racehorse, see Alluvial (horse). For the type of flow diagram, see Alluvial diagram. Alluvium and adjacent constituents Alluvium deposits in the Gamtoos Valley in South Africa An alluvial plain in Red Rock Canyon State Park (California) Alluvial river deposits in the Amazon Basin, near Autazes, AM, Brazil. The seasonal deposits are extremely fertile and crucial to subsistence f…
Gele is a traditional head tie of Yoruba women.[1] The gele which comes in specific shapes and designs, is originally from Mali, then got to Yoruba culture later on. Gele is worn with other Yoruba women's outfits, like Iro ati buba, Komole and Asoebi. Yoruba woman wearing Gele Yoruba woman in GeleYoruba woman in a Gele styleYoruba woman in Gele It is a tied or wrapped around and styled piece of clothing around Yoruba women's head, used for fashion and occasions.[2] It has also be…
Ghanaian tax institution This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Ghana Revenue Authority – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ghana Revenue AuthorityGhana Revenue Authority 0557902232 (GRA)Large Taxpayer Office, VAT House Ring Ro…
American judge (born 1948) Gray Hampton MillerSenior Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of TexasIncumbentAssumed office December 9, 2018Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of TexasIn officeApril 25, 2006 – December 9, 2018Appointed byGeorge W. BushPreceded byEwing Werlein Jr.Succeeded byCharles R. Eskridge III Personal detailsBornGray Hampton Miller (1948-12-09) December 9, 1948 (age 74)Houston, TexasEducationUn…
Area codes that serve most of Connecticut, except its southwest Connecticut state map with area code 860 in red Area codes 860 and 959 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan in the U.S. state of Connecticut. They are arranged in an overlay plan that covers most of the state, except its southwest, which uses area codes 203 and 475. Area code 860 was created on August 28, 1995, as a numbering plan area split from area code 203, in which the latter was reduced to Fairfield Co…
2018 film directed by Arunraja Kamaraj KanaaTheatrical release posterDirected byArunraja KamarajWritten byArunraja KamarajProduced bySivakarthikeyanStarringSathyarajAishwarya RajeshSivakarthikeyanDarshanCinematographyDinesh B. KrishnanEdited byRubenMusic byDhibu Ninan ThomasProductioncompanySivakarthikeyan ProductionsRelease date 21 December 2018 (2018-12-21) Running time145 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Kanaa (transl. To dream) is a 2018 Indian Tamil-language sports dram…
Rose Quarter TC TriMet transit centerGeneral informationLocation47 Northeast Holladay StreetPortland, Oregon, U.S.Owned byTriMetPlatformsSide and island platformsTracks3Bus routes6Bus operatorsTriMet and C-TranConnections Yellow Line at Interstate/Rose QuarterConstructionBicycle facilitiesBike racks and lockersAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedSeptember 5, 1986Services Preceding station TriMet Following station Old Town/Chinatowntowards Hatfield Government Center Blue Line…
American trade union Retail, Wholesale and Department Store UnionAbbreviationRWDSUFormation1937TypeTrade unionHeadquartersNew York City, New York, USLocationUnited StatesMembership (2014) 60,522[1]PresidentStuart AppelbaumAffiliationsAFL–CIOIUFUNI Global UnionUnited Food and Commercial WorkersWebsitebamazonunion.org Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union (RWDSU) is a labor union in the United States. Founded in 1937, the RWDSU represents about 60,000 workers in a wide range of in…
Football clubASBL Shinobis RidersNickname(s)Shinobis RidersFounded2007GroundStade Charles Van der PuttenChairmanJoël OgunadeWebsiteClub website The ASBL Shinobis Riders, more commonly referred to as Shinobis Riders, is a Belgian roller soccer club created in Brussels in 2009 and directed by Joël Ogunade.[1] It is the first roller soccer club which was born in Belgium (the team has been existing since 2007) and the only one existing in the country until the Bruxelles Roller Foot appeare…
Castle in Kurdistan Province, Iran Barvish Kani castleقلعه برویشکانیGeneral informationTypeCastleTown or cityBaneh CountyCountry IranBarvish Kani castle (Persian: قلعه برویشکانی) is a historical castle located in Baneh County in Kurdistan Province.[1][2] References ^ Encyclopaedia of the Iranian Architectural History. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran. 15 February 2021. Archived from the original on 6 April 2015. ^ بقای…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article i…
For other uses, see Manhyia (disambiguation). Rural area in Eastern Region, GhanaManhyiaRural areaCountry GhanaRegionEastern RegionDistrictWest Akim DistrictTime zoneGMT • Summer (DST)GMT Manhyia is a town in the West Akim District of the Eastern Region of Ghana.[1] References ^ Ghana » Eastern Region » East Akim Municipal. www.eastakim.ghanadistricts.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 2015-05-25. Retrieved 2015-05-25. See also 6°43′N 1°43′W / …
United States Air Force general Thomas W. BergesonBorn1962 (age 60–61)AllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States Air ForceYears of service1985–2020RankLieutenant generalAwardsDefense Distinguished Service Medal (2)Air Force Distinguished Service MedalDefense Superior Service MedalLegion of Merit (3) Thomas William Bergeson (born 1962) is a retired lieutenant general in the United States Air Force, who last served as the deputy commander of United States Central Command.…
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع رسم (توضيح). لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع تصوير (توضيح). رسمصنف فرعي من نشاط — فنون مرئية يمتهنه رسام تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات المونا ليزا هي واحدة من أكثر الوحات الفنية المعترف بها في العالم الغربي التصوير هو استخدام الطلاء أو الخضب أو الألوا…
American Roman Catholic priest and president of Saint Ambrose College, Iowa (1895–1998) Ambrose J. BurkeAmbrose Burke, date unknownBorn(1895-11-27)November 27, 1895Sigourney, Iowa, United StatesDiedOctober 6, 1998(1998-10-06) (aged 102)Clinton, Iowa, United StatesNationalityAmericanKnown for8th President of Saint Ambrose University Monsignor Ambrose J. Burke (November 27, 1895 – October 6, 1998) was an English professor and Catholic priest who served as the eighth president of Sain…