Incheon (Korean: 인천; Korean pronunciation:[intɕʰʌ̹n]; or Inch'ŏn; literally "kind river"), formerly Jemulpo or Chemulp'o (Korean: 제물포) until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City (인천광역시), is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi Province to the east. Inhabited since the Neolithic, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third-most-populous city after Seoul and Busan.[2]
The city's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital. It is part of the Seoul Capital Area, along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province, forming the world's fourth-largest metropolitan area by population.
Incheon has since led the economic development of South Korea by opening its port to the outside world, ushering in the modernization of South Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as South Korea's first free economic zone.[3][4] Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.[citation needed]
As an international city, Incheon has held numerous large-scale international conferences, such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009. The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014. Incheon is also a major transportation hub in northeast Asia, with Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port.[citation needed] The large volume of port traffic makes Incheon a Large-Port Metropolis using the Southampton System of Port-City classification.[5]
History
The first historical record of the Incheon area dates back to 475 CE, during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo, by the name of Michuhol, which is supposed to be located on today's Munhak Hill (문학산). The area underwent several name changes with successive kingdoms and dynasties. In Goryeo era, Incheon was called Gyeongwon (경원) or Inju (인주). The current name was turned to Incheon in 1413. [citation needed] Later, Incheon County became Incheon Metropolitan Prefecture (dohobu, 도호부). Old Incheon consisted of today's southern Incheon (i.e. Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, Yeonsu District, and Namdong District) and the northern part of Siheung. The city center was Gwangyo-dong, where the prefecture office (도호부청사) and the local academy (hyanggyo, 향교) were located. The "original" two remaining buildings of the Incheon prefecture office are located in Munhak Elementary School, while the newly built (in 2001) prefecture office buildings are right across from Munhak Baseball Stadium.
Modern history
Jemulpo in 1890
Another historical name of the city, Jemulpo (alternatively Romanized as Chemulpo), was not widely used until the opening of the port in 1883. It was frequently used until the Japanese annexation.[6][7] After the opening of the Incheon port, the city center moved from Gwangyo to Jemulpo. Today, either Jemulpo or Gwangyo-dong is considered "Original Incheon" (원인천). It was internationally known as Jinsen during Japanese rule, based on the Japanese pronunciation of Incheon's Sino-Korean name.
In 1914, the Japanese colonial government merged outer parts of old Incheon (including the former center of Gwangyo) with Bupyeong County, forming Bucheon County.[8] Between 1936 and 1940, some part of Bucheon County was recombined into Incheon City, by which some part of "old" Bupyeong was annexed into Incheon.
Incheon was originally part of Gyeonggi Province, but was granted Directly Governed (now Metropolitan) City status on 1 July 1981; the city officially separated from the province. In 1989, neighboring islands and Gyeyang township of Gimpo County[a] were ceded to Incheon and in 1995 Geomdan township of Gimpo County and two counties of Ganghwa and Onjin were annexed to Incheon Metropolitan City.[citation needed]
During the Korean War, Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 July 1950. Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon when the United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory and it was recaptured on 19 September 1950.[10]USS Inchon was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued.
Prior to and during the June Democratic Movement in 1987, Incheon was the site of several pro-democracy protests.
Incheon has also hosted a series of major international events. The Global Fair & Festival 2009 Incheon was held in the Songdo District in August 2009. It was open from 7 August to 25 October for a period of 80 days. It was a comprehensive international event with global institutions and corporations as participants. Various musicians and artists performed during the event.
Incheon City Hall (2024.10)
The city hosted a meeting of the G20 Finance Ministers in February 2010.[11] Incheon was the site of the third Global Model United Nations Conference, held from 10 to 14 August 2011.
It first hosted the Incheon Women Artists' Biennale in 2004 which expanded into welcoming international artists in its subsequent 2007, 2009[12] and 2011.
On 27 February 2007, Incheon declared itself an "English City," and inaugurated the "Incheon Free English Zone" program. The goal of the program is to make the city as proficient in English as Singapore.[16] This is for the ultimate purpose of establishing Incheon as a commercial and business hub of northeast Asia (see Free Economic Zone below). The official slogan of the program is "Smile with English."[citation needed]
Incheon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm,[17] and humid continental climate[18] (KöppenDwa, respectively) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. Like other metropolitan cities, Incheon has a strong urban heat island effect.[19] Incheon's climate is about average compared to the rest of Korea, with 8 locations being cooler and 10 locations being warmer, and with 9 locations being wetter and 9 locations being drier.[20]
Incheon experiences each of its four seasons, distinctly feeling the rise and fall of temperature and humidity. The temperature however, never rises to an extreme, and the climate of the city is essentially mild. Incheon is swept by the seasonal winds as the northwesterly winds strike the city in the winter and the summer in Incheon is affected by gusts of the warm southwesterly winds.[21]
Climate data for Incheon (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present)
Incheon forms the heart of Capital Industrial Region. During the industrialization of South Korea, several industrial complexes were built throughout the city, and as a result, the city was largely dependent on manufacturing industry. But with the designation of Incheon Free Economic Zone in 2003, the city is now making an effort to foster new growth industries. Major industrial parks include Bupyeong industrial complex, which hosts GM Incheon plant(formerly a GM Daewoo Incheon plant), Juan industrial complex, and Namdong Industrial complex.[citation needed]
In recent years, bio industry is emerging as a new growth industry of the city.[citation needed] Currently, with the total production capacity of 330kℓ per year, the city ranks 2nd in the world by production capacity along with San Francisco, United States.[citation needed] The capacity is under expansion, and after completion in 2018, the city will rank 1st with the production capacity of 510kℓ.[25] Also, logistics industry is also experiencing a rapid growth, thanks to Incheon Airport, which was ranked fourth in the world by cargo traffic, and the expansion of Incheon Port.
Transportation
Incheon is a major domestic and international transport hub for Korea.
Incheon Air Departures
Air
Incheon International Airport is South Korea's primary international airport and a regional air hub. In 2015, it was the world's 22nd busiest airport by passenger traffic, with 49,412,750 passengers.[26]
There were a total of 305,446 flights (300,634 international, 4,812 domestic) to and from Incheon International Airport in 2015, an average of 837 flights (824 international, 13 domestic) daily. Korea's two main carriers, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines, serviced 50.9% of flights, while low-cost and foreign carriers serviced the remaining 49.1% of flights.[27] The airport is experiencing a rapid increase in passengers, and the opening of Terminal 2 in December 2017 spurred additional traffic.
The airport was also featured in the Korean drama series, "Air City."
Incheon International Airport ranked "5th in the world" among international airports in late 2018.[28][when?][needs update]
Sea
Incheon's sea port is the second largest port in Korea after Busan Port.
Incheon Bus Terminal, located at its eponymous subway stop, offers express bus transportation to all parts of Korea. Many city bus lines offer transportation within city limits as well as to the neighboring cities of Bucheon, Gimpo, Seoul, and Siheung.
Local service to Guro, Seoul, Cheongnyangni, Uijeongbu and Soyosan is offered by Seoul's subway Line 1. The line has 11 stations within Incheon and connects to the Incheon Subway at Bupyeong and Juan stations.
Rapid service on the same line to Yongsan station in Seoul depart from Dongincheon station and stops at major stations.
The Airport Express (AREX) line runs from Incheon International Airport to Seoul Station via Gimpo International Airport. The Incheon-Gimpo section was opened in March 2007 and was extended to Seoul station in December 2010. Passengers can choose a high-speed service stopping only at Incheon airport and Seoul, which takes 43 minutes but departs only every half-hour; or the all-station service which takes 53 minutes but leaves every six minutes.
SMRT (one of three operating companies of Seoul Metropolitan Subway) has extended Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 7 to Bupyeong-gu office by 2011 and provided transfers to the Incheon Subway system. It has 3 stations within Incheon. By 2020, the line will further be extended westwards to Seoknam station where it will be possible to transfer to Incheon Subway Line 2.
Free Economic Zone
The Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) comprises the regions of Songdo, Cheongna, and Yeongjong Island, covering a total area of 51,739 acres (20,938 hectares). IFEZ was established to develop these areas into centres for logistics, international business, leisure, and tourism, aimed primarily at the Northeast Asian region. The designation of "Free Economic Zone" refers to efforts to enhance the business environment for foreign enterprises and improve living conditions for expatriates. It was the first zone of its kind in South Korea, formally designated in August 2003. The region includes infrastructure for air and sea transportation, logistics, international business, financial services, and residential facilities, alongside educational, medical, and leisure amenities.
New Songdo City
Development of Songdo International City began in 1994 on reclaimed land and has been intended as a centre for international business, trade, technology, and environmentally conscious urban living. Initially projected to be completed by 2020, some areas continue to be under development, with evolving projects and adjustments to the original master plan.[30] Today, Songdo houses various multinational companies and hosts several international institutions, including the Green Climate Fund. The city is also recognised for its smart city technologies and eco-friendly design, featuring extensive green spaces, smart infrastructure, and advanced waste management systems.
As of 2012, Yeongjong International City, centred around Incheon International Airport, has been under development as an eco-friendly airport city. Originally scheduled for completion by 2020, certain projects are still ongoing as the area continues to evolve.[31] The development aims to combine logistical facilities with residential, business, and tourism sectors, leveraging its proximity to the airport.
Development area: 34,183 acres (138.33 km2)[citation needed]
Cheongna
Cheongna, located on the mainland near Yeongjong Island, is designed to focus on entertainment and leisure. It includes residential zones, sports facilities, and a business district catering to international finance. Although initially slated for completion by 2008, development timelines have since been extended, with some projects, such as the theme park, still in the planning or early construction stages.
The Munhak Sports Complex houses both a football stadium and a baseball stadium. The football stadium was Incheon's venue for the 2002 Football World Cup, and is also the home venue for Incheon United. The baseball stadium is the home venue for the SSG Landers.
Yeonhui Cricket Ground is a purpose-built cricket stadium in Incheon built for cricket events at the 2014 Asian Games. The 2014 Asian Games featured cricket for both the men's and the women's event and this ground was used for the scheduled cricket matches played at the games. It is the first cricket stadium in South Korea.[35][36]
Incheon Football Stadium (Sungui Arena)
Incheon Football Stadium is the first football-only stadium in Incheon. It was built in 2012 with a capacity for 20,891 spectators.
Bupyeong Station: A major transport hub where Seoul Subway Line 1 and Incheon Subway Line intersect. Bupyeong is known for its vast underground shopping centre, featuring 1,408 stores over 31,692 square metres (as recorded by the National Archives of Korea). This centre was recognised by the American World Record Academy in 2014 for having the largest number of stores in the world. Above ground, Bupyeong offers a lively mix of restaurants, shops, and a Lotte Mart.
Jayu (Freedom) Park: Located near Incheon's port, this park is home to a statue of General Douglas MacArthur and a memorial marking the centennial of U.S.-Korea relations.
Chinatown: Korea's only official Chinatown, situated across from Incheon Station, close to Jayu Park, offering a taste of Chinese culture and cuisine.
Incheon Bus Terminal Area: Centred around the city's bus terminal, this area also features a subway station and a performance venue. The bustling Rodeo Street in Guwol-dong is lined with restaurants, department stores, and shops.
Wolmido: A former military site at Green Beach, used during the Incheon Landing. It is now a popular tourist destination with a boardwalk, amusement park, and seafood restaurants. Ferries to Yeongjongdo and Jakyakdo depart from here.
Jakyakdo Island: A small island located between Wolmido and Yeongjongdo. Visitors can enjoy scenic walks, picnic spots, a restaurant, and seasonal accommodation.
Incheon Landing Operation Memorial Hall: This site commemorates the Incheon Landing with a plaza and museum displaying weapons and artefacts from the operation and the Korean War.
Incheon Dohobu Cheongsa: The former government complex of Incheon, dating back to at least the reign of King Sejong in the 15th century. It is located near Munhak Stadium.
Ara Canal: A waterway linking the Han River to the Yellow Sea. The canal is bordered by parks and a popular bike path.
Korean-Chinese Cultural Centre: Built by the Jung-gu District, this centre promotes cultural exchange and understanding between Korea and China.
Songwol-dong Fairy Tale Village: Created as part of a renovation project, this vibrant village is now a popular attraction for children and young visitors.
Monument to 100 years of friendship between Korea and the US in Jayu Park
^송도국제도시 세계 최대 바이오의약품 생산기지로 뜬다 [Songdo International City becomes the world's largest biopharmaceutical production base] (in Korean). 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015.
^Bae, Joon-yong (19 April 2016). 인천역에 KTX 들어오나? [Will KTX come to Incheon station?]. Incheon Daily News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
^ ab"2015 Census – Religion Results" (in Korean). KOSIS KOrean Statistical Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
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