Haketia

Haketia
Hakitia, Haquitía, Western Judeo-Spanish
An original letter in Solitreo script from Tangier, written in 1832.
Pronunciation	[ħakeˈti.a]
Native to	Morocco
Region	The Maghreb, Israel, Amazonas state in Brazil[1]
Ethnicity	North African Sephardic Jews
Native speakers	1000 (2023)
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Latin Romance Italo-Western Western Romance Gallo-Iberian Ibero-Romance West Iberian Castilian Judeo-Spanish Haketia
Early forms	Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Old Spanish
Dialects	Tetuani Ladino
Writing system	Originally, Hebrew (typically either Rashi or Solitreo; now, mostly Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
IETF	lad-015
Historical Judeo-Spanish speech communities in the Mediterranean. Ringed circles represent modern speech communities. Haketia is spoken on the southwest Mediterranean.

Haketia (Hebrew: חַכִּיתִּיָה Ḥakkītīyā; Arabic: الحَكِيتِيَةُ al-Ḥakītiya; Spanish: Haquetía) (also written as Hakitia or Haquitía) is an endangered Jewish Romance language also known as Djudeo Spañol, Ladino Occidental, or Western Judaeo-Spanish. It was historically spoken by the North African Sephardim^[2] in the Moroccan cities of Tétouan, Tangier, Asilah, Larache, Chefchaouen, Ksar el-Kebir, and the Spanish towns of Ceuta and Melilla. Tetuani Ladino was also spoken in Oran, Algeria. One of the distinctions between Ladino and Haketia (Haquetia) is that the latter incorporates Moroccan Arabic.

Etymology

The name "Haketia" derived from the Arabic حَكَى ḥakā, "tell",^[3] and is therefore pronounced with [ħ], reflecting the Arabic ح ḥāʾ. In some places it is written "Jaquetía" with the same pronunciation.

Description

The well-known form of Judaeo-Spanish spoken by Jews living in the Balkans, Greece, Turkey and Jerusalem is Ladino Oriental (eastern Ladino). Haketia may be described by contrast as Ladino Occidental. The language is a variety of Spanish that borrows heavily from Judeo-Moroccan Arabic. It evidently also contains a number of words of Hebrew origin and was originally written using Hebrew letters. There is some cultural resemblance between the two Judaeo-Spanish dialect communities, including a rich shared stock of romanzas (ballads) from medieval Spain, though both words and music often differ in detail (as indeed they do between one Oriental-Sephardic community and another).

The Haketia lexicon is made up mostly of Spanish words but 34.5% of words are from Arabic and 18.5% are from Hebrew. It contains many calques of Hebrew phrases, such as hiĵas de Israel, a literal translation of the Hebrew phrase בנות ישראל, meaning "daughters of Israel".^[4]

Other words have shifted in meaning. For example, שכן [ʃaˈχen], "neighbor", became sajén, which has taken on the meaning "Christian/Spanish".^[4]

Spanish prefixes and suffixes are combined with Hebrew base words.^[4]

Phonology

Characteristics of Haketia's phonology include:^[4]

• The pharyngeal fricatives ḥ /ħ/ and ˁ /ʕ/ in words with Arabic or Hebrew roots. For example: ya ḥasrá /ja ħasˈɾa/ ('those were the days!', from Moroccan Arabic يا حسرة /jaː ħasˈɾa/), yˁatik /jʕaˈtik/ ('will give you', from Moroccan Arabic يعاطيك /jʕaːˈtˤiːk/), ḥanukía /ħanuˈki.a/ ('Hanukkiah', from Hebrew חֲנֻכִּיָּה /ħănukkijˈjaː/); Maˁarab /maʕaˈɾab/ ('Morocco', from Hebrew מַעֲרָב 'west' /maʕăˈɾaːv/).
• The glottal fricative /h/ (frequently voiced [ɦ]) in Hebrew words, like in kehiŀlá /kehilˈla/ ('community', from Hebrew קְהִלָּה /qəhilˈlaː), or Arabic words, like in haraĵ /haˈɾaʒ/ ('uproar', from Moroccan Arabic هرج). An etymological <h> written but no longer pronounced in modern Spanish may be retained in Haketia: hazer /haˈzeɾ/ ('to do'. cf. Modern Spanish hacer /aˈθeɾ/). Word-medial sequences of vowels in hiatus in words of Spanish origin are sometimes interrupted by the insertion of /h/: dihablo /diˈhablo/ ('devil', cf. Spanish diablo /ˈdjablo/) or /ʔ/: ma'uyar /maʔuˈjaɾ/ ('to meow', cf. Spanish maullar /mauˈʎaɾ/). The glottal stop is also sometimes added word-initially to reinforce exclamations or words of encouragement of Spanish origin: 'ay! /ʔaj/ ('alas!', cf. Spanish ay /aj/), 'anda! /ˈʔanda/ ('go on!', cf. Spanish anda /ˈanda/), 'arsa /ˈʔaɾsa/ ('lift it!', cf. Spanish alza /ˈalθa/). On the other hand /ʔ/ is lost in borrowings from Hebrew: gueuŀlá /ɡeulˈla/ ('redemption [of the Jewish people]', from Hebrew גְּאֻלָּה /gəʔulˈlaː/).^[5]
• The profusion of gemination, especially in loanwords from Arabic or Hebrew, even when absent in the original form, as in berajjá /beɾaxˈxa/ ('blessing', from Hebrew בְּרָכָה /bəɾaːˈxaː/) and azzul /azˈzul/ ('blue', cf. Spanish azul /aˈθul/);^[5] also, by consonantal assimilation, at word boundaries, like in salimos de Pésaḥ /saˈlimos de ˈpesaħ/ → salímod-de Pésaḥ [saˈlimodde ˈpesaħ] ('at the end of Passover', lit. 'we exited Passover').
• Words from Moroccan Arabic maintain their original form even when it contradicts the phonotactic rules of Spanish: ghzal /ɣzal/ ('handsome young person', from Moroccan Arabic غزال /ɣzaːl/ 'gazelle, beautiful'), kbir /kbiɾ/ ('notable, chief', from Moroccan Arabic كبير /kbiːɾ/ 'big, great'), ghrib /ɣɾib/ ('foreigner', from Moroccan Arabic غريب /ɣɾiːb/), ḥram /ħɾam/ ('forbidden', from Moroccan Arabic حرام /ħɾaːm/).^[5]
• The phonemes /b/, /d/, and /ɡ/ are pronounced as voiced stops only after a pause, after a nasal consonant, when they are geminated or—in the case of /d/—after a lateral consonant; in all other contexts, they are realized as fricatives (namely [β, ð, ɣ]) or approximants. The velar fricative gh /ɣ/ also appears as a phoneme in words from Arabic: guer /geɾ/ ('proselyte', from Hebrew גֵּר /geːɾ/) vs. gher /ɣeɾ/ ('only', from Moroccan Arabic غير /ɣiːɾ/).^[5]
• The Pharyngealized consonants of Moroccan Arabic and Hebrew (/sˤ/, /dˤ/, /tˤ/) are borrowed as regular consonants (/s/, /d/, /t/): saddik /sadˈdik/ ('saint', from Hebrew צַדִּיק /sˤadˈdiːq/), qaddear /qaddeˈaɾ/ ('to finish, to terminate', from Moroccan Arabic قضى /qdˤa/), terefá /teɾeˈfa/ ('treif', from Hebrew טְרֵפָה /tˤəɾeːˈfaː/).^[5]
• /q/ and /w/ are retained in borrowings from Arabic, but change to /k/ and /v/ in borrowings from Hebrew: qaddear /qaddeˈaɾ/ vs. kehiŀlá /kehilˈla/, waḥsh /waħʃ/ ('nostalgia, longing, missing', from Moroccan Arabic وحش) vs. vadday /vadˈdaj/ ('for sure, of course', from Hebrew וַדַּאי /wadˈdaj/).^[5]
• Like other dialects of Judeo-Spanish, Haketia has Seseo and Yeísmo: corassón /koɾasˈson/ ('heart', cf. Spanish corazón /koɾaˈθon/), buya /ˈbuja/ ('rowdiness, racket, ruckus', cf. Spanish bulla /ˈbuʎa/).
• Texts written in Hebrew letters show occurrences of a trilled /r/, as in אוררורוסו /oroˈɾoso/ ('dreadful', cf. Spanish horroroso). In this respect Spanish influence is widespread in Haketia speech, as evidenced in Marruecos /maˈrwekos/ ('Morocco'). Older texts show occurrences of a simple alveolar tap /ɾ/: טיירה /ˈtjeɾa/ ('earth, ground, land', cf. Spanish tierra /ˈtjera/).
• The voiced sibilant /z/, not only in Hebrew or Arabic words but also in the realization of an original /s/ as a result of assimilation between vowels: laz alegríaz /laz aleˈgɾi.az/ ('the joys', cf. Modern Spanish las alegrías /las aleˈgɾi.as/); this /z/ can evolve in a second phase from sibilant to an interdental fricative [ð]: mozotros /moˈzotɾos/ → [moˈðotɾos] ('we').
• Under the influence of Moroccan Arabic phonology, the Old Spanish [ʒ] and [dʒ] allophones of the /dʒ/ phoneme merged in Haketia as /ʒ/: ĵudió /ʒuˈdjo/ ('Jew', cf. Eastern Ladino djudyó /dʒuˈdjo/ or djidyó /dʒiˈdjo/).^[5]
• Like other dialects of Judeo-Spanish, Haketia has retained the postalveolar sibilants of Old Spanish, the voiced ĵ /ʒ/ as in hiĵas /ˈiʒas/ ('daughters', cf. modern Spanish hijas /ˈixas/) and muĵer /muˈʒeɾ/ ('wife, woman', cf. modern Spanish mujer /muˈxeɾ/) and the unvoiced sh /ʃ/ as in shabón /ʃaˈbon/ ('soap', cf. modern Spanish jabón /xaˈbon/) and enshawar /enʃaˈwaɾ/ ('to rinse', cf. modern Spanish enjuagar /enxwaˈgaɾ/); but in spoken Haketia, influenced by modern Spanish <j>, most of these cases are sometimes pronounced as the voiceless velar fricative [x]. /ʃ/ is also a phoneme in Haketia in words of Arabic or Hebrew origin; often it is pronounced [s], principally by women: shabbat shalom /ʃabˈbat ʃaˈlom/ → sabbat salom [sabˈbat saˈlom] ('Shabbat shalom', from Hebrew שַׁבָּת שָׁלוֹם /ʃabˈbaːθ ʃaːˈloːm/); kiddush /kidˈduʃ/ → kiddús [kidˈdus] ('Kiddush' from Hebrew קִדּוּשׁ /qidˈduːʃ/), etc.; next to a voiced consonant, this [s] can become [z]: ḥeshván /ħeʃˈvan/ → ḥezván [ħezˈvan] ('Cheshvan', from Hebrew חֶשְׁוָן‎ /ħeʃˈwaːn/). On the other hand [ʃ] can also be the realization of an /s/ before a /k/ as in moshca [ˈmoʃka] ('fly', cf. Spanish mosca /ˈmoska/), and bushcar [buʃˈkaɾ] ('to look at', cf. Spanish buscar /busˈkaɾ/).
• Bilabial consonants become velars before /w/: güeno /ˈgweno/ ~ ueno /ˈweno/ ('good', cf. Spanish bueno /ˈbweno/), cuerta /ˈkweɾta/ ('door, gate', cf. Spanish puerta /ˈpweɾta/).
• Labialization of velar consonants when after /u(n)/ and before /a/: ḥanukká /ħanukˈka/ → ḥanukkwá [ħanukˈkwa] ('Hanukkah', from Hebrew חֲנֻכָּה /ħănukˈkaː/), ukuán /uˈkwan/ ('only, nothing more', from Moroccan Arabic وكان /wkaːn/), nuncua /ˈnunkwa/ ('never', cf. Spanish nunca /ˈnunka/), ĵuguada /ʒuˈɡwada/ ('play, move, turn', cf. Spanish jugada /xuˈɡada/).
• Coalescence of the cluster /nj/ into the palatal nasal /ɲ/: quiñentos /kiˈɲentos/ ('five hundred', cf. Spanish quinientos /kiˈnjentos/).
• Reduction of /j/ after a stressed /i/: maravía /maɾaˈbi.a/ ('wonder', cf. Spanish maravilla /maɾaˈbiʎa/).
• In some communities, particularly in Tétouan, consonant elision: poned /poˈned/ → poné [poˈne] ('put [2PL.IMP]'), comites /koˈmites/ → comite [koˈmite] ('you ate').

Consonant Phonemes

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Labiovelar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m			n		ɲ
Stop/Affricate	Voiceless	p		t		tʃ			k	q		ʔ
	Voiced	b		d					g
Fricative	Voiceless		f		s	ʃ			x		ħ	h
	Voiced	(β)	v	(ð)	z	ʒ	j		ɣ		ʕ	(ɦ)
Approximant					l			w
Tap					ɾ
Trill					r

Vowel Phonemes

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Morphology

• Native words form the plural by suffixing the morpheme |-s| (which corresponds to /-s/ in words ending with unstressed vowels and /-es/ otherwise). Masculine nouns loaned from Hebrew typically form the plural by suffixing the morpheme |-ˈim|, though some use |-ˈot| instead. For instance, the plural of masculine sefer 'book' is safarim, whereas the plural of masculine mazón 'victual' is mezonot. Feminine nouns loaned from Hebrew usually form the plural with |-ˈot|, though some use |-ˈim| instead.
• The dual number only appears in nouns loaned from Hebrew in certain verses, such as "Mosé subió a los shamaim" ("Moses rose to the two heavens"). These nouns form the dual number by suffixing the morpheme |-ˈaim|.

Verb Conjugation

Regular conjugations:

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
Infinitive	-ar	-er	-ir
Gerund	-ando	-iendo
Participle	-ado	-ido

Present Indicative: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-oy
Second Person	-as	-es
Third Person	-a	-e

Present Indicative: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-amos	-emos	-imos
Second Person	-áis	-ís
Third Person	-an	-en

Imperfect Indicative: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aba	-ía
Second Person	-abas	-ías
Third Person	-aba	-ía

Imperfect Indicative: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-abamós	-íamos
Second Person	-abais	-íais
Third Person	-aban	-ían

Preterite Indicative: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-í
Second Person	-ates	-ites
Third Person	-ó	-ió

Preterite Indicative: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-imos
Second Person	-atis	-itis
Third Person	-aron	-ieron

Future Indicative: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aré	-eré	-iré
Second Person	-arás	-erás	-irás
Third Person	-ará	-erá	-irá

Future Indicative: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aremos	-eremos	-iremos
Second Person	-arís	-erís	-irís
Third Person	-arán	-erán	-irán

Singular Conditional

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aría	-ería	-iría
Second Person	-arías	-erías	-irías
Third Person	-aría	-ería	-iría

Plural Conditional

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aríamos	-eríamos	-iríamos
Second Person	-aríais	-eríais	-iríais
Third Person	-arían	-erían	-irían

Imperative

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
Singular	-a	-e
Plural	-ái	-í

Present Subjunctive: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-e	-a
Second Person	-es	-as
Third Person	-e	-a

Present Subjunctive: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-emos	-amos
Second Person	-ís	-áis
Third Person	-en	-an

Imperfect Subjunctive: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-ara	-iera
Second Person	-aras	-ieras
Third Person	-ara	-iera

Imperfect Subjunctive: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aramós	-ieramós
Second Person	-arais	-ierais
Third Person	-aran	-ieran

Future Subjunctive: Singular

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-are	-iere
Second Person	-ares	-ieres
Third Person	-are	-iere

Future Subjunctive: Plural

	-ar verbs	-er verbs	-ir verbs
First Person	-aremós	-ieremós
Second Person	-areis	-iereis/-ieris
Third Person	-aren	-ieren

Modern use

Haketia, unlike other varieties of Judaeo-Spanish, did not develop a literary tradition, so the language remained as a colloquial form of communication and was not used as a vehicle for formal education since in Spanish Morocco, Spanish was used, along with French, at the Alliance Israélite Universelle schools. Due to the influence of the Spanish and French conquests and the large number of Jews from northern Morocco who emigrated to Venezuela, Spain and later Argentina, the language was levelled with modern Spanish, which has contributed greatly to its diminution. Nevertheless, there has been a slow renaissance of the language, helped by musicians such as Vanessa Paloma^[6] with a variety of performances and the recordings of her sound archive KHOYA^[7] as well as others such as Doris Benmaman [lad], Mor Karbasi and Kol Oud Tof Trio [lad], among others. José Benoliel and Alegría Bendayán de Bendelac have both compiled Spanish-Haketía^[8] dictionaries, published in 1977 and 1995, respectively. The Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies [lad] regularly publishes articles in Haketia in its magazine Maguen-Escudo.^[9] The language is also spoken in some communities in the Amazon areas of Brazil.^[10]

Scholarship

Joseph Benoliel collected oral tradition, grammar, and a lexicon. Alegria Bendelac conducted fieldwork.^[11] Nina Pinto-Abecasis collected folklore.^[12] Vanessa Paloma Elbaz collected many songs from the oral tradition and published extensively on the community and its music in the early twenty first century.^[13]

Status

Decline began as early as 1860 during the Spanish occupation of Tetuan and accelerated as a increasing share of Haketia speakers adopted Modern Spanish. Today Haketia is a declining language with only 1000 speakers remaining, down from 30,000 in 1900.^[4]

References

1. Cunha (2009), p. 11.
2. Sisso Raz, Alicia. "La Haketía". Voces de Haketia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
3. Benoliel, José (1977). Dialecto Judeo-hispano-marroquí o Hakitía (in Spanish). Madrid: publisher not identified. OCLC 5982985.
4. "Haketia". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
5. "Differential Impact of Arabic on Haketia and Turkish on Judezmo".
6. حفلة - Hafla (5 March 2010). Vanessa Paloma - El Paipero (Fray Pedro). Retrieved 13 August 2024 – via YouTube.
7. Vanessa Paloma Elbaz (29 February 2016). KHOYA Haketia. Retrieved 13 August 2024 – via YouTube.
8. "Haketía: El Djudeo-Espagnol de la Afrika del Nord". Anajnu.cl. Archived from the original on 7 January 2020.
9. Moreno, Aviad (14 October 2016). "Maguén-Escudo". Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Archived from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
10. Cunha, Álvaro (2012). Hakitia: o judeu-árabe na Amazônia. São Paulo: Sapientia.
11. "Haketia". Encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
12. Pinto-Abecasis, Nina (2011). "Towards the Inclusion of Nicknames in the Genres of Folklore: The Case of the Former Jewish Community of Tetuan, Morocco". Folklore. 122 (2): 135–154. doi:10.1080/0015587X.2011.570520. ISSN 0015-587X. JSTOR 41306583. S2CID 147182606. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
13. "The Power in Transmission: Haketía as a Vector for Women's Communal Power", "Jewish music in northern Morocco and the building of sonic identity boundaries", "De tu boca a los cielos: Jewish Women's Songs in Northern Morocco as Oracles of Communal Holiness

Bibliography

• Cunha, Álvaro (2009). Introdução à fonologia da hakítia (Master's dissertation). São Paulo: University of São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.8.2009.tde-29032010-140949.

External links

• Jewish Language Research website's page on Haketia
• List of articles written in Haketia at eSefarad.com
• Rodrigues da Cunha, Álvaro Fernando (2012): Narrativa na (língua judaico-marroquina) hakitía (Portuguese and English summaries)
• YouTube video in Haketia

External links