This article is about the sound in spoken language. For the letter, see Glottal stop (letter). For consonants followed by superscript ˀ, see Glottalization.
The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spokenlanguages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʔ⟩.
As a result of the obstruction of the airflow in the glottis, the glottal vibration either stops or becomes irregular with a low rate and sudden drop in intensity.[1]
Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
It has no phonation at all, as there is no airflow through the glottis.[2] It is voiceless, however, in the sense that it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
In the traditional romanization of many languages, such as Arabic, the glottal stop is transcribed with the apostrophe⟨ʼ⟩ or the symbol ⟨ʾ⟩, which is the source of the IPA character ⟨ʔ⟩. In many Polynesian languages that use the Latin alphabet, however, the glottal stop is written with a rotated apostrophe, ⟨ʻ⟩ (called ʻokina in Hawaiian and Samoan), which is commonly used to transcribe the Arabic ayin as well (also ⟨ʽ⟩) and is the source of the IPA character for the voiced pharyngeal fricative ⟨ʕ⟩. In Malay the glottal stop is represented by the letter ⟨k⟩ (at the end of words), in Võro and Maltese by ⟨q⟩. Another way of writing the glottal stop is the saltillo⟨Ꞌ ꞌ⟩, used in languages such as Tlapanec and Rapa Nui.
Other scripts also have letters used for representing the glottal stop, such as the Hebrew letteraleph⟨א⟩ and the Cyrillic letter palochka⟨Ӏ⟩, used in several Caucasian languages. The Arabic script uses hamza⟨ء⟩, which can appear both as a diacritic and as an independent letter (though not part of the alphabet). In Tundra Nenets, it is represented by the letters apostrophe⟨ʼ⟩ and double apostrophe⟨ˮ⟩. In Japanese, glottal stops occur at the end of interjections of surprise or anger and are represented by the character ⟨っ⟩.
In the graphic representation of most Philippine languages, the glottal stop has no consistent symbolization. In most cases, however, a word that begins with a vowel-letter (e.g. Tagalogaso, "dog") is always pronounced with an unrepresented glottal stop before that vowel (as in Modern German and Hausa). Some orthographies use a hyphen instead of the reverse apostrophe if the glottal stop occurs in the middle of the word (e.g. Tagalog pag-ibig, "love"; or Visayangabi-i, "night"). If it occurs in the end of a word, the last vowel can be written with a circumflex accent (known as the pakupyâ) if both a stress and a glottal stop occur in the final vowel (e.g. basâ, "wet") or a grave accent (known as the paiwà) if the glottal stop occurs at the final vowel, but the stress occurs at the penultimate syllable (e.g. batà, "child").[3][4][5]
Some Canadian indigenous languages, especially some of the Salishan languages, have adopted the IPA letter ⟨ʔ⟩ into their orthographies. In some of them, it occurs as a casing pair, ⟨Ɂ⟩ and ⟨ɂ⟩.[6] The digit ⟨7⟩ or a question mark is sometimes substituted for ⟨ʔ⟩, and is preferred in languages such as Squamish. SENĆOŦEN – whose alphabet is mostly unique from other Salish languages – contrastly uses the comma⟨,⟩ to represent the glottal stop, though it is optional.
In 2015, two women in the Northwest Territories challenged the territorial government over its refusal to permit them to use the letter ⟨ʔ⟩ in their daughters' names: Sahaiʔa, a Chipewyan name, and Sakaeʔah, a Slavey name (the two names are actually cognates). The territory argued that territorial and federal identity documents were unable to accommodate the character. The women registered the names with hyphens instead of the ⟨ʔ⟩, while continuing to challenge the policy.[7]
In the Crow language, the glottal stop is written as a question mark⟨?⟩. The only instance of the glottal stop in Crow is as a question marker morpheme at the end of a sentence.[8]
Use of the glottal stop is a distinct characteristic of the Southern Mainland Argyll dialects of Scottish Gaelic. In such a dialect, the standard Gaelic phrase Tha Gàidhlig agam ("I speak Gaelic"), would be rendered Tha Gàidhlig a'am.[citation needed]
In English
Replacement of /t/
In English, the glottal stop occurs as an open juncture (for example, between the vowel sounds in uh-oh!,[9]) and allophonically in t-glottalization. In British English, the glottal stop is most familiar in the Cockney pronunciation of "butter" as "bu'er". Geordie English often uses glottal stops for t, k, and p, and has a unique form of glottalization. Additionally, there is the glottal stop as a null onset for English; in other words, it is the non-phonemic glottal stop occurring before isolated or initial vowels.
Often a glottal stop happens at the beginning of vowel phonation after a silence.[1]
Although this segment is not a phoneme in English, it occurs phonetically in nearly all dialects of English, as an allophone of /t/ in the syllable coda. Speakers of Cockney, Scottish English and several other British dialects also pronounce an intervocalic /t/ between vowels as in city. In Received Pronunciation, a glottal stop is inserted before a tautosyllabic voiceless stop: stoʼp, thaʼt, knoʼck, waʼtch, also leaʼp, soaʼk, helʼp, pinʼch.[10][11]
In American English, a "t" is usually not aspirated in syllables ending either in a vowel + "t", such as "cat" or "outside"; or in a "t" + unstressed vowel + "n", such as "mountain" or "Manhattan". This is referred to as a "held t" as the airflow is stopped by tongue at the ridge behind the teeth. However, there is a trend of younger speakers in the Mid-Atlantic states to replace the "held t" with a glottal stop, so that "Manhattan" sounds like "Man-haʔ-in" or "Clinton" like "Cli(n)ʔ-in", where "ʔ" is the glottal stop. This may have crossed over from African American Vernacular English, particularly that of New York City.[12][13]
Before initial vowels
"hard attack" redirects here. For other uses, see Hard Attack.
Most English speakers today often use a glottal stop before the initial vowel of words beginning with a vowel, particularly at the beginning of sentences or phrases or when a word is emphasized. This is also known as "hard attack".[14] Traditionally in Received Pronunciation, "hard attack" was seen as a way to emphasize a word. Today, in British, American and other varieties of English, it is increasingly used not only to emphasize but also simply to separate two words, especially when the first word ends in a glottal stop.[clarification needed][15][14][16]
Occurrence in other languages
In many languages that do not allow a sequence of vowels, such as Persian, the glottal stop may be used epenthetically to prevent such a hiatus. There are intricate interactions between falling tone and the glottal stop in the histories of such languages as Danish (see stød), Cantonese and Thai.[citation needed]
In many languages, the unstressed intervocalic allophone of the glottal stop is a creaky-voiced glottal approximant. It is known to be contrastive in only one language, Gimi, in which it is the voiced equivalent of the stop. [citation needed]
The table below demonstrates how widely the sound of glottal stop is found among the world's spoken languages:
One of the possible realizations of stød. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as laryngealisation of the preceding sound. See Danish phonology.
Allophone of final /k/ in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, /ʔ/ has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See Malay phonology
Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one [ʔ]–vowel length–pitch accent minimal pair (triply unusual, the ideophones short ih vs. long ih). See Portuguese phonology.
^Schoellner, Joan; Heinle, Beverly D., eds. (2007). Tagalog Reading Booklet(PDF). Simon & Schister's Pimsleur. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2013-11-27. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
^Graczyk, Randolph (2007). A grammar of Crow = Apsáalooke Aliláau. Bloomington. American Indian Studies Research Institute Indiana University. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN978-0-8032-2196-3. OCLC104894214.
^Edmondson, J. A.; Esling, J. H.; Harris, J. G., Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali, CiteSeerX10.1.1.570.821.
Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN0-521-65236-7
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Sivertsen, Eva (1960), Cockney Phonology, Oslo: University of Oslo
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266, S2CID243640727
Inalienable rights guaranteed to People in India by its Constitution The Fundamental Rights in India enshrined in part III (Article 12-35) of the Constitution of India guarantee civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India.[1] These rights are known as fundamental as they are the most essential for all-round development i.e., material, intellectual, moral and spiritual and protected by fundamental law of the land i.e. constitution. …
Kepulauan DiomedeNama lokal: bahasa Rusia: острова ГвоздеваInupiaq: IgnalukKepulauan Diomede: Diomede Kecil (kiri) dan Diomede Besar (kanan).Citra Selat Bering dari satelit, dengan Kepulauan Diomede di tengahnyaGeografiLokasiSelat BeringKoordinat65°47′N 169°01′W / 65.783°N 169.017°W / 65.783; -169.017Koordinat: 65°47′N 169°01′W / 65.783°N 169.017°W / 65.783; -169.017Jumlah pulau2PemerintahanNegara Amerika Ser…
NCAA Division III athletic conference This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Midwest Conference – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Midwest ConferenceFormerlyMidwest Collegiate Athletic Conference and Midwest Athletic Conferenc…
Міхал Йордан Народився 17 липня 1990(1990-07-17) (33 роки)м. Злін, ЧССР Зріст 185 см Вага 80 кг Позиція захисник Кидок лівий Клуб НХЛ Кароліна Гаррікейнс Нац. збірна Чехія Драфт НХЛ 105-й загальний, 2008Кароліна Гаррікейнс Ігрова кар'єра 2007 — зараз Міхал Йордан у Вікісховищі Міхал Йор…
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Lincoln Futura – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Motor vehicle Lincoln Futura1955 Lincoln FuturaOverviewManufacturerLincoln (Ford)Production1954one prototype builtModel years1955Asse…
Johann Paul Heumann (* 1703 in Hannover; † 14. Dezember 1759 ebenda) war ein deutscher Hof-Tischler und Oberhofbaumeister.[1] Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Werke 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Leben Die Marstallbrücke von 1736 gehört zu den bekanntesten Arbeiten Heumanns. Die 1739 erneuerte Orangerie im Großen Garten von Herrenhausen Der Küchengartenpavillon von 1749 wurde auf den Lindener Berg versetzt. Eine der Schleusen von 1743 am Ernst-August-Kanal Johann Paul kam als…
Nota: Para outros significados, veja Filosofia (desambiguação). Escola de Atenas (1509–1511) por Rafael, representando filósofos gregos clássicos famosos em um cenário idealizado inspirado pela arquitetura grega antiga. Filosofia (do grego Φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literalmente amor pela sabedoria[1][2][3][4]) é o estudo de questões gerais e fundamentais[5][6][7] sobre a existência, conhecimento, valores, razão, mente, e linguagem; frequentemente colocadas como problemas[…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Rhea Clyman pada sekitar tahun 1932 Rhea Clyman (1904–1981) adalah seorang jurnalis Kanada[1] yang mendatangi Uni Soviet dan melaporkan soal Holodomor. Ia kemudian diusir dari Uni Soviet pada 1932.[2] Referensi ^ New Chapters in the Ukr…
اقتصاد اليمن سياحة تعدين زراعة - سدود البنك المركزي اليمني النفط قائمة مطارات اليمن الضرائب مواضيع يمنية ثقافة - جغرافيا تاريخ - مجتمع هذا الصندوق: اعرضناقشعدل السياحة في اليمن تذخر اليمن بتاريخ حافل بالحضارات وبالكثير من الموارد الطبيعية فهي تمتلك تضاريس متنوعة تؤهلها إلى …
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Alekos Sakellarios – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) Greek writer and director Alekos SakellariosΑλέκος ΣακελλάριοςBorn13 November 1913Athens, GreeceDied28 August 1991 (aged 77)Athens, GreeceOccupation(s)director,…
المرشحة (باللاتينية: Candidatus) في التسميات البكتيرية (الكلمة اللاتينية كانت تعمي المرشح لمنصب السناتور في روما القديمة وسمي على اسم ثوب أبيض يرتديه أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ الروماني) هو مكون من الاسم التصنيفي للبكتيريا التي لا يمكن الاحتفاظ بها في مزارع البكتيريا. وهي تعني أن الوضع ال…
For other uses, see Angriff (disambiguation). Masthead of Der Angriff from 30 January 1933 (Machtergreifung of Adolf Hitler) Der Angriff (in English The Attack) was the official newspaper of the Berlin Gau of the Nazi Party. Founded in 1927, the last edition of the newspaper was published on 24 April 1945. History The newspaper was set up by Joseph Goebbels, who in 1926 had become the Nazi Party leader (Gauleiter) in Berlin, and the party provided most of the money needed to ensure publication. …
Season of television series Boruto: Naruto Next GenerationsSeries 5Cover of the twelfth home media box set release of the series featuring Naruto Uzumaki in Baryon Mode.Country of originJapanNo. of episodes52ReleaseOriginal networkTV TokyoOriginal releaseAugust 1, 2021 (2021-08-01) –July 31, 2022 (2022-07-31)Season chronology← PreviousList 4 (#157–208) Next →List 6 (#261–293) List of episodes Boruto: Naruto Next Generations is a Japanese anime series based on t…
Lacrosse club in Nanaimo, British Columbia Nanaimo Timbermen Founded 2005 Home arena Frank Crane Arena Based in Nanaimo Colours Red, Black, White League Western Lacrosse Association Head coach Kaleb Toth General Manager Earl Nicholson The Nanaimo Timbermen are a Senior A box lacrosse club, based in Nanaimo, British Columbia. The team competes in the 7-team Western Lacrosse Association (WLA). Their short history has not been a pleasant one, placing sixth place in their first two seasons. In 2007,…
هذه مقالة غير مراجعة. ينبغي أن يزال هذا القالب بعد أن يراجعها محرر مغاير للذي أنشأها؛ إذا لزم الأمر فيجب أن توسم المقالة بقوالب الصيانة المناسبة. يمكن أيضاً تقديم طلب لمراجعة المقالة في الصفحة المخصصة لذلك. (أكتوبر 2018) يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم…
Sporting event delegationIndependent Olympians at theOlympicsIOC codeIOP, IOA, OARMedals Gold 3 Silver 7 Bronze 12 Total 22 Summer appearancesIndependent Olympic Participants (1992)Individual Olympic Athletes (2000)Independent Olympic Athletes (2012)Independent Olympic Athletes (2016)ROC (2020)Winter appearancesIndependent Olympic Participants (2014)Olympic Athletes from Russia (2018)ROC (2022) Athletes have competed as independent Olympians at the Olympic Games for various reasons, including po…
Castello di San GiuseppeVecchie mura del castello di San GiuseppeUbicazioneStato Italia CittàChiaverano IndirizzoVia Castello San Giuseppe Coordinate45°29′27.78″N 7°53′35.41″E / 45.491051°N 7.89317°E45.491051; 7.89317Coordinate: 45°29′27.78″N 7°53′35.41″E / 45.491051°N 7.89317°E45.491051; 7.89317 Informazioni generaliInizio costruzione1640 Condizione attualein buono stato Proprietario attualeRelais Castello San Giuseppe (dimora storic…
2007 single by GabrielleWhySingle by Gabriellefrom the album Always Released17 September 2007Recorded2007Length3:13LabelGo BeatUniversalSongwriter(s)GabriellePaul WellerBen WolffAndy DeanProducer(s)The Boilerhouse BoysGabrielle singles chronology You Used to Love Me (2004) Why (2007) Every Little Teardrop (2007) Paul Weller singles chronology Are You Trying to Be Lonely?(2007) Why(2007) Echoes Round the Sun/Have You Made Up Your Mind(2008) Why is a song by English singer Gabrielle. It was wr…