Voiceless alveolar affricate

A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

• The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate [t͡s] is the most common type, similar to the ts in English cats.
• The voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate [t͡θ̠] or [t͡θ͇], using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is somewhat similar to the th in some pronunciations of English eighth. It is found as a regional realization of the sequence /tr/ in some Sicilian dialects of Standard Italian.
• The voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] is found in certain languages, such as Cherokee, Mexican Spanish, and Nahuatl.
• The voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [t͡s̺], also called apico-alveolar or grave, has a weak hushing sound reminiscent of retroflex affricates. One language in which it is found is Basque, where it contrasts with a more conventional non-retracted laminal alveolar affricate.

This article discusses the first two.

Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate

"Voiceless dental affricate" redirects here. For the non-sibilant affricate, see Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate.

Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate
ts
ʦ
IPA number	103 132
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʦ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A6
X-SAMPA	ts
Image

The voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨t͡s⟩ or ⟨t͜s⟩ (formerly with ⟨ʦ⟩ or ⟨ƾ⟩). The voiceless alveolar affricate occurs in many Indo-European languages, such as German (which was also part of the High German consonant shift), Kashmiri, Marathi, Pashto, Russian and most other Slavic languages such as Polish and Serbo-Croatian; also, among many others, in Georgian, in Mongolia, and Tibetan Sanskrit, in Japanese, in Mandarin Chinese, and in Cantonese. Some international auxiliary languages, such as Esperanto, Ido and Interlingua also include this sound.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
• There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [s] is very strong.^[1]
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʃ] or laminal [ʂ].
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
German	Standard[2]	Zeit	[t͡sʰäɪ̯t]	'time'	The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical.[2] See Standard German phonology
Italian	Standard[3]	grazia	[ˈɡrät̚t͡sjä]	'grace'	The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[3] See Italian phonology

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern[4]	ցանց/canc	[t̻͡s̪ʰan̪t̻͡s̪ʰ]^ⓘ	'net'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Basque[5]		hotz	[o̞t̻͡s̪]	'cold'	Contrasts with a sibilant affricate with an apical fricative component.[5]
Belarusian[6]		цётка/cötka	[ˈt̻͡s̪ʲɵtka]	'aunt'	Contrasting palatalization. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[7]		цар/car	[t̻͡s̪är]	'Tsar'	See Bulgarian phonology
Chinese	Mandarin[8][9]	早餐 / zǎo cān	[t̻͡s̪ɑʊ˨˩ t̻͡s̪ʰan˥]	'breakfast'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology
	Cantonese	早餐 / zou2 caan1	/t͡sou˧˥ t͡sʰaːn˥/	'breakfast'	See Cantonese phonology
Czech[10]		co	[t̻͡s̪o̝]	'what'	See Czech phonology
Hungarian[11]		cica	[ˈt̻͡s̪it̻͡s̪ɒ]	'kitten'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese		津波 / tsunami	[t̻͡s̪ɯ̟ᵝnämʲi]	'Tsunami'	Allophone of /t/ before /u/. See Japanese phonology
		モッツァレラ/mottsarera	[mo̞t̻t̻͡s̪äɾe̞ɾä]	'mozzarella'	May appear before other vowels in loanwords. See Japanese phonology
Kashmiri		ژاس/cás	[t͡saːs]	'cough'
Kashubian[12]		^[example needed]
Kazakh[13]		инвестиция/investitsiya	[investit̻͡s̪əja]	'price'	Only in loanwords from Russian[13][14] See Kazakh phonology and Kyrgyz phonology
Kyrgyz[14]
Latvian[15]		cena	[ˈt̻͡s̪en̪ä]	'price'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[16]		цвет/cvet	[t̻͡s̪ve̞t̪]	'flower'	See Macedonian phonology
Pashto		څــلور/cëlor	[ˌt͡səˈlor]	'four'	See Pashto phonology
Polish[17]		co	[t̻͡s̪ɔ]^ⓘ	'what'	See Polish phonology
Romanian[18]		preț	[pre̞t̻͡s̪]	'price'	See Romanian phonology
Russian[7]		царь/caŕ	[t̻͡s̪ärʲ]	'Tsar'	See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[19][20]		циљ / cilj / ڄیڵ	[t̻͡s̪îːʎ]	'target'	See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		cisár	[t̻͡s̪isaːr]	'emperor'	See Slovak phonology
Slovene[21]		cvet	[t̻͡s̪ʋêːt̪]	'bloom'	See Slovene phonology
Tyap		tsa	[t͡sa]	'to begin'
Ukrainian[22]		цей/cej	[t̻͡s̪ɛj]	'this one'	Contrasting palatalization. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[23]		cybla	[ˈt̻͡s̪ɘblä]	'onion'
Uzbek[24]		^[example needed]

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Najdi[25]	ك‍‍لب/tsalb	[t͡salb]	'dog'	Corresponds to /k/ and /t͡ʃ/ in other dialects
Asturian	Some dialects[26]	otso	[ˈot͡so]	'eight'	Corresponds to standard /t͡ʃ/
	Ḷḷena, Mieres, and others	ḷḷuna	[ˈt͡sunɐ]	'moon'	Alveolar realization of che vaqueira instead of normal retroflex [ʈ͡ʂ]
Basque[5]		hots	[ot̻͡s̺]	'sound'	The fricative component is apical. Contrasts with a laminal affricate with a dentalized fricative component.[5]
Catalan[27]		potser	[puˈt̻͡s̺(ː)e]	'maybe'	The fricative component is apical. Only restricted to morpheme boundaries, some linguistics do not consider it a phoneme (but a sequence of [t] + [s]). Long and short versions of intervocalic affricates are in free variation in Central Catalan [tsː] ~ [ts]. See Catalan phonology
Central Alaskan Yup'ik[28]		cetaman	[t͡səˈtaman]	'four'	Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before schwa
Chamorro[29]		CHamoru	[t͡sɑˈmoːɾu]	'Chamorro'	Spelled Chamoru in the orthography used in the Northern Mariana Islands.
Chechen		цаца / caca / ر̤ار̤ا	[t͡sət͡sə]	'sieve'
Cherokee[30]		ᏣᎳᎩ tsalagi	[t͡salaɡi]	'Cherokee'
Danish	Standard[31]	to	[ˈt̻͡s̺ʰoːˀ]	'two'	The fricative component is apical.[31] In some accents, it is realized as [tʰ].[31] Usually transcribed /tˢ/ or /t/. Contrasts with the unaspirated stop [t], which is usually transcribed /d̥/ or /d/. See Danish phonology
Dargwa		цадеш / ꞩadeş / ڝادەش	[t͡sadeʃ]	'unity, oneness'
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32]	mat	[ˈmät͡s]	'market'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of /t/.[32] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology
English	Broad Cockney[33]	tea	[ˈt͡səˑi̯]	'tea'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /t/.[34][35] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[35]		[ˈt͡sɪˑi̯]
	New York[36]				Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /t/.[36] See English phonology
	New Zealand[37]				Word-initial allophone of /t/.[37] See English phonology
	North Wales[38]		[ˈt͡siː]		Word-initial and word-final allophone of /t/; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [tʰ].[38] See English phonology
	Port Talbot[39]				Allophone of /t/. In free variation with [tʰʰ].[39]
	Scouse[40]				Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /t/.[40] See English phonology
	General South African[41]	wanting	[ˈwɑnt͡sɪŋ]	'wanting'	Possible syllable-final allophone of /t/.[41]
Esperanto		cico	['t͡sit͡so]	'nipple'	See Esperanto phonology
Filipino		tsokolate	[t͡sokɔlate]	'chocolate'
French	Quebec	tu	[t͡sy]	'you'	Allophone of /t/ before /i, y/.
Georgian[42]		კაცი/k'atsi	[kʼɑt͡si]	'man'
Haida		x̱ants	[ʜʌnt͡s]	'shadow'	Allophone of /t͡ʃ/.[43]
Luxembourgish[44]		Zuch	[t͡suχ]	'train'	See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi		चमचा/tsamtsā	['t͡səmt͡saː]	'spoon'	Represented by /च/, which also represents [t͡ʃ]. It is not a marked difference.
Nepali		चाप/tsāp	[t͡säp]	'pressure'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /च/. The aspirated sound is represented by /छ/. See Nepali phonology
Portuguese	European[45]	parte sem vida	[ˈpaɾt͡sẽj ˈviðɐ]	'lifeless part'	Allophone of /t/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[46]
	Brazilian[45][46]	participação	[paʁt͡sipaˈsɐ̃w̃]	'participation'
	Most speakers[47]	shiatsu	[ɕiˈat͡su]	'shiatsu'	Marginal sound. Many Brazilians might break the affricate with epenthetic [i], often subsequently palatalizing /t/, specially in pre-tonic contexts (e.g. tsunami [tɕisuˈnɜ̃mʲi]).[48] See Portuguese phonology
Spanish	Madrid[49]	ancha	[ˈänʲt͡sʲä]	'wide'	Palatalized;[49] with an apical fricative component. It corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology
	Chilean
	Some Rioplatense dialects	tía	['t͡siä]	'aunt'
	Some Venezuelan dialects	zorro	[ˈ t͡so̞ro̞]	'fox'	Allophone of /s/ word initially.
Tamil	Jaffna Tamil	சந்தை/cantai	[t͡sɐn̪d̪ɛi̯]	'market'	Rare, other realizations include [t͡ʃ, ʃ, s].[50]
Telugu		ౘట్టి/ĉaṭṭi	[t͡sɐʈʈi]	'pot'

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate
tɹ̝̊
tθ̠
tθ͇
Audio sample
source · help

Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[32]	verbèganger	[vərˈbɛːɣäŋət͡ɹ̝̊]	'passer-by'	A possible realization of word-final /r/ before pauses.[32]
English	General American[51]	tree	[t͡ɹ̝̊ʷɪi̯]^ⓘ	'tree'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/; more commonly postalveolar [t̠ɹ̠̊˔].[51] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[51]
Italian	Sicily[52]	straniero	[st͡ɹ̝̊äˈnjɛɾo]	'foreign'	Apical. Regional realization of the sequence /tr/; may be a sequence [tɹ̝̊] or [tɹ̝] instead.[53] See Italian phonology

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
2. Mangold (2005), pp. 50 and 52.
3. Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
4. Kozintseva (1995), p. 6.
5. Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri (2010:1). Although this paper discusses mainly the Goizueta dialect, the authors state that it has "a typical, conservative consonant inventory for a Basque variety".
6. Padluzhny (1989), pp. 48–49.
7. Chew (2003), p. 67.
8. Lee & Zee (2003), pp. 109–110.
9. Lin (2001), pp. 17–25.
10. Palková (1994), pp. 234–235.
11. Szende (1999), p. 104.
12. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
13. Kara (2002), p. 10.
14. Kara (2003), p. 11.
15. Nau (1998), p. 6.
16. Lunt (1952), p. 1.
17. Rocławski (1976), pp. 160.
18. Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
19. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
20. Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
21. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
22. S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
23. Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38).
24. Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
25. Lewis, Jr. (2013), p. 5.
26. "Normes ortográfiques, Academia de la Llingua Asturiana" (PDF) (in Asturian). p. 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-23.
27. Recasens & Espinosa (2007), p. 144.
28. Jacobson (1995), p. 2.
29. Chung (2020), p. 645. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFChung2020 (help)
30. Uchihara, Hiroto (2016). Tone and Accent in Oklahoma Cherokee. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873944-9.
31. Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
32. Peters (2010), p. 240.
33. Wells (1982), pp. 322–323.
34. Wells (1982), p. 323.
35. Cruttenden (2014), p. 172.
36. Wells (1982), p. 515.
37. Bauer et al. (2007), p. 100. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBauer_et_al.2007 (help)
38. Penhallurick (2004), pp. 108–109.
39. Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications. pp. 121–129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0.
40. Wells (1982), p. 372.
41. Collins & Mees (2013), p. 194.
42. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
43. ERIC - ED162532 - Haida Dictionary., 1977. SPHLL, c/o Mrs. 1977.
44. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
45. Alice Telles de Paula. "Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS" (PDF) (in Portuguese). p. 14.
46. Camila Tavares Leite. "Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
47. Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis. "Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
48. Aline Aver Vanin. "A influência da percepção inferencial na formação de vogal epentética em estrangeirismos" (in Portuguese).
49. Klaus Kohler. "Castilian Spanish – Madrid".
50. Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
51. Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
52. Canepari (1992), p. 64.
53. Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

References

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• Grønnum, Nina (2005). Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.). Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag. ISBN 87-500-3865-6.
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• Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, Karolinum, ISBN 978-8070668436
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• Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977). A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ISBN 9788301012885.
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External links

• List of languages with [ts] on PHOIBLE