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Judeo-Georgian
Judeo-Georgian
ყივრული
Native to	Georgia, Israel, Russia, Belgium, United States
Native speakers	60,000 (2015–2018)
Language family	Kartvelian Karto-Zan Georgian Judeo-Georgian; ; ;
Writing system	Georgian script; Hebrew script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jge
Glottolog	jude1258

Judeo-Georgian, known endonymically as Qivruli (Judeo-Georgian: ყივრული ენა) and also known as Gruzinic, is the traditional Georgian dialect spoken by the Georgian Jews, the ancient Jewish community of the South Caucasus nation of Georgia.^[2]

History

Georgian-speaking Jews maintain one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world.^[3] The most popular theory on the origins of Georgian Jewry is that the first Jews in Georgia arrived 2600 years ago after escaping Babylonian captivity.^[2]

Relationship to other languages

Judaeo-Georgian is the only Kartvelian Jewish dialect. Its status as a distinct language from the Georgian language is the subject of some debate.

With the exception of a significant number of Hebrew loanwords, the language is reportedly largely mutually intelligible with Georgian.

Distribution

In the beginning of the late 19th century, there were large Jewish communities across Georgia, including Tbilisi, Kutaisi, and Tskhinvali in South Ossetia.^[3] Small Jewish communities existed across almost every part of Georgia with a synagogue in nearly all villages and cities. The religious leaders of these were referred to as rabini or xaxami, the Georgia term for 'rabbi' and 'wise', respectively.^[3]

Judaeo-Georgian has approximately 85,000 speakers. These include 20,000 speakers in Georgia (1995 est.), and about 59,800 speakers in Israel (2000 est.). The language has approximately 4,000 speakers in New York and undetermined numbers in other communities in the United States, Russia, Belgium, and Canada.

Status

Judaeo-Georgian is, like many Jewish languages spoken there, on the decline in Israel. Its status in Georgia itself is unchanged, except by the rapid decline in the size of the language community, due to emigration beginning in the 1970s, which has seen the departure of some 80% of the community. Authoritative studies of its continued use by other expatriate communities of Georgian Jews have not been conducted.

Sample text

English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood
Judeo-Georgian: עוואלה הדהמיהני יבהדאבה תהוויסוּפֿהלי דה תהנהסצוֹרי תהוויסי גֿירסאביתה דה וּפֿלאבאבית. מהת מינישצאבוּלי הכּוות גּוֹנאבה דה סינדיסי דה ארתמהנאתיס מימהרת וּנדה יכּסתאוֹדנאן דזמוֹביס סוּליסקוואתאבית
Latin transliteration: Qvela adamiani ibadeba tavisupali da tanasc̣ori tavisi ɣirsebita da uplebebit. Mat minič̣ebuli akvt goneba da sindisi da ertmanetis mimart unda ikceodnenʒmobis sulisḳvetebit
Georgian transliteration: ყველა ადამიანი იბადება თავისუფალი და თანასწორი თავისი ღირსებითა და უფლებებით. მათ მინიჭებული აქვთ გონება და სინდისი და ერთმანეთის მიმართ უნდა იქცეოდნენ ძმობის სულისკვეთებით

References

^ Judeo-Georgian at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ ^a ^b "Judeo-Georgian". Jewish Languages. Retrieved 2024-01-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Lomtadze, Tamari; Enoch, Reuven (2019-06-19). "Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia)". Journal of Jewish Languages. 7 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1163/22134638-07011146. ISSN 2213-4387.