Integrale di superficie

La definizione di integrale di superficie consiste nel suddividere una superficie in parti infinitesime tanto da poterle considerare piane.

In matematica, un integrale di superficie è un integrale definito calcolato su una superficie, ad esempio un insieme di curve, che può essere pensato come un integrale doppio analogo ad un integrale di linea.

Definizione

Si definisce elemento di volume in la k-forma:

Sia una k-superficie positivamente orientata in e una funzione continua definita sull'immagine di e a valori in . Allora:

Sia il dominio di parametrizzazione di e iniettiva e differenziabile con matrice jacobiana positiva. Allora:[1]

Se l'integrale fornisce il volume della superficie.

Integrale di funzioni su 2-superfici in

Sia una 2-superficie in con dominio di parametrizzazione . Un tale oggetto è analiticamente rappresentato da tre funzioni , e di due variabili indipendenti e :

Sia:

una funzione definita su .

Ad ogni punto del dominio di parametrizzazione è possibile associare il vettore:[2]

dove i vettori appartengono alla base canonica di .

Si definisce integrale di superficie di sulla superficie la scrittura:[3]

In modo equivalente si scrive anche, notando che il prodotto interno è proprio il vettore normale:

dove:

è l'elemento di superficie normale a .

E .

Se l'integrale fornisce l'area della superficie:

Integrale di 2-forme su 2-superfici in

Sia una 2-superficie in con dominio di parametrizzazione . Un tale oggetto è analiticamente rappresentato da tre funzioni , e di due variabili indipendenti e :

Sia:

una 2-forma definita su .

Si definisce integrale di su

Interpretando la 2-forma come un campo vettoriale definito su si ha:

dove è il versore normale alla superficie .

Esempio

Sia una superficie (chiusa o aperta) analiticamente rappresentata da tre funzioni , e di due variabili indipendenti e :

e sia funzione continua dei punti di detta superficie. Decomposta in modo arbitrario in elementi , si fissi su ciascuno di questi un punto , e si formi il prodotto del valore di per ogni . La somma di tali prodotti è indicata con . Facendo aumentare indefinitamente il numero degli elementi della decomposizione e facendo diminuire ciascuna delle aree , se esiste il limite di tale somma e se è finito allora esso è l'integrale di superficie della funzione sulla superficie . Viene indicato con oppure con .

La sua effettiva valutazione si ottiene mediante un integrale doppio esteso all'area piana proiezione della superficie sul piano x-y.

Con lo spianamento della superficie l'integrale in si trasforma nel seguente integrale doppio:

ove e , che consente la valutazione dell'integrale di superficie.

Note

  1. ^ W. Rudin, Pag. 286.
  2. ^ W. Rudin, Pag. 288.
  3. ^ W. Rudin, Pag. 289.

Bibliografia

  • Walter Rudin, Principi di analisi matematica, Milano, McGraw-Hill, 1991, ISBN 88-386-0647-1.
  • (EN) Leathem, J. G. Volume and Surface Integrals Used in Physics. Cambridge, England: University Press, 1905.

Voci correlate

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

  Portale Matematica: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di matematica

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