Alclofenac

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Alclofenac
Nome IUPAC
acido 3-cloro-4-(prop-2-enossi)fenilacetico
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC11H11ClO3
Massa molecolare (u)226,65624 g/mol
Numero CAS22131-79-9
Numero EINECS244-795-4
Codice ATCM01AB06
PubChem30951 CID 30951
DrugBankDBDB13167
SMILES
C=CCOC1=C(C=C(C=C1)CC(=O)O)Cl
Dati farmacologici
Modalità di
somministrazione
orale, rettale, intramuscolare
Indicazioni di sicurezza

L’alclofenac è un farmaco derivato dell'acido fenilacetico con proprietà analgesiche, antipiretiche e antinfiammatorie.[1]

Farmacodinamica

L'alclofenac è un inibitore della sintesi delle prostaglandine. L'inibizione avviene attraverso il blocco reversibile dell'enzima prostaglandina-endoperossido sintasi, noto anche come cicloossigenasi: viene così impedita la produzione di mediatori dell'infiammazione (e del dolore) come le prostacicline e le prostaglandine.

Farmacocinetica

L'assorbimento dell'alclofenac da parte del tratto gastrointestinale è irregolare.[2] Dopo somministrazione orale o rettale le concentrazioni plasmatiche massime vengono raggiunte nel giro di 1-4 ore. L'emivita plasmatica è variabile tra 1,5 e 5,5 ore.[3] Alclofenac è escreto per via urinaria principalmente come glucuronide e come principio attivo immodificato.[2] Il legame con le proteine plasmatiche è del 99%. Il volume di distribuzione è di 0,1 L/kg.[4]

Usi clinici

È usato in reumatologia[5][6][7] in particolare nel trattamento dell'artrite reumatoide,[8][9][10] della spondilite anchilosante[11][12] e, come analgesico, nelle patologie artrosiche dolorose.[13][14]

In queste patologie determina non solo un sollievo sintomatico ma anche un evidente miglioramento delle concentrazioni sieriche di alcune proteine della fase acuta.[15] In letteratura si segnala il suo utilizzo anche nella terapia di alcune vasculiti.[16]

Tossicità

La dose letale nel topo e nel ratto è rispettivamente: 1100, 1050 mg/kg per via orale; 600, 630 mg/kg sotto cute; 550, 530 mg/kg per via intraperitoneale.

Effetti collaterali e indesiderati

Come con l'ibuprofene sono frequenti manifestazioni cutanee.
Studi sperimentali hanno rivelato un rischio di mutagenesi dovuto a un metabolita dell'alclofenac.[17][18]
Può mostrare sensibilità crociata con penicilline, sali di oro o salicilati.[19]

Altri effetti possibili sono rash cutanei,[20] vasculite cutanea diffusa, eruzioni maculopapillari,[19] edema angioneurotico[21] e raramente reazioni anafilattiche.[22]

Per le sue manifestazioni tossiche[23][24] è stato ritirato dal mercato in molti paesi.

L'alclofenac può esaltare gli effetti di anticoagulanti orali, ipoglicemizzanti orali e di tiroxina.

Dosi terapeutiche

Si somministrano 500–1000 mg per via orale tre volte al giorno. È stato somministrato anche per intramuscolo e in supposte da 600 mg.

Note

  1. ^ Buu-Hoï NP, Lambelin G, Gillet C, Roba J, Staquet M, 4-Allyloxy-3-chlorophenylacetic acid, a new type of analgesic, antipyretic and antiphlogistic drug, in Naturwissenschaften, vol. 56, n. 6, giugno 1969, pp. 330–1, PMID 5360889.
  2. ^ a b Wiggins LF, The chemical and biological background to alclofenac, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 241–8, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114774, PMID 241593.
  3. ^ Lambotte F, Therapeutic activity of 4-allyloxy-3-chlorophenylacetic acid, in Arzneimittelforschung, vol. 20, n. 4, aprile 1970, pp. 569–71, PMID 4911592.
  4. ^ Thomas GM, Rees P, Dippy JE, Maddock J, Simultaneous pharmacokinetics of alclofenace in plasma and synovial fluid in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 264–7, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114776, PMID 241595.
  5. ^ (FR) Colinet E, Famaey JP, [Clinical study of alclofenac in rheumatology. Cooperative study], in J Belge Rhumatol Med Phys, vol. 26, n. 6, 1971, pp. 267–80, PMID 4948859.
  6. ^ (FR) Recordier AM, Acquaviva P, Lapousse JC, [Study of the antirheumatic properties of Alclofenac], in Mars Med, vol. 108, n. 6, 1971, pp. 489–93, PMID 5000620.
  7. ^ Aylward M, Clinical studies on alclofenac in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a drug in question, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 274–85, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114778, PMID 241597.
  8. ^ Pavelka K, Vojtísek O, Brémova A, Kanková D, Handlová D, Double-blind comparison of alclofenac and phenylbutazone in the short-term treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 1, n. 6, 1973, pp. 342–50, DOI:10.1185/03007997309111691, PMID 4589406.
  9. ^ Aylward M, Alclofenac in rheumatoid arthritis: an evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, in Br J Clin Pract, vol. 27, n. 7, luglio 1973, pp. 255–60, PMID 4580332.
  10. ^ Aylward M, Parker RJ, Holly F, Maddock J, Davies DB, Long-term study of indomethacin and alclofenac in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in Br Med J, vol. 2, n. 5961, aprile 1975, pp. 7–9, PMC 1672980, PMID 236805.
  11. ^ Anylward M, Davies DB, A double-blind crossover trial comparing a new antirheumatic agent alclofenac with phenylbutazone in chronic rheumatic disorders, in Br J Clin Pract, vol. 26, n. 11, novembre 1972, pp. 517–23, PMID 4563533.
  12. ^ Bulgen DY, Hazleman BL, Alclofenac in ankylosing spondylitis, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 321–8, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114782, PMID 241601.
  13. ^ Van Hoek J, Double-blind comparison between 4-allyloxy-3-chlorophenylacetic acid (alclofenac) and phenylbutazone in osteoarthritis, in Curr Ther Res Clin Exp, vol. 12, n. 9, settembre 1970, pp. 551–5, PMID 4989683.
  14. ^ (FR) Fellmann N, [Comparative study: Alclofenac vs Indomethacin in the treatment of coxarthrosis], in Schweiz. Rundsch. Med. Prax., vol. 60, n. 26, giugno 1971, pp. 882–4, PMID 4933495.
  15. ^ Maddock J, Rees P, Holly F, Aylward M, The influence of alclofenac treatment on acute-phase proteins, plasma tryptophan, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 286–97, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114779, PMID 241598.
  16. ^ Billings RA, Burry HC, Emaslie FS, Kerr GD, Vasculitis with alclofenac therapy, in Br Med J, vol. 4, n. 5939, novembre 1974, pp. 263–5, PMC 1612257, PMID 4279126.
  17. ^ Slack JA, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Richold M, Choi BC, Some biochemical and pharmacological properties of an epoxide metabolite of alclofenac, in Chem. Biol. Interact., vol. 34, n. 1, febbraio 1981, pp. 95–107, PMID 6109575.
  18. ^ Mercier M, Poncelet F, de Meester C, et al., In vitro and in vivo studies on the potential mutagenicity of alclofenac, dihydroxyalclofenac and alclofenac epoxide, in J Appl Toxicol, vol. 3, n. 5, ottobre 1983, pp. 230–6, PMID 6141199.
  19. ^ a b Hort JF, Adverse reactions to alclofenac, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 333–7, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114784, PMID 241603.
  20. ^ Chamberlain MA, Wright V, A double blind trial to assess the value of alclofenac compared with phenylbutazone in the management of rheumatoid arthritis, in Ann. Rheum. Dis., vol. 34, n. 2, aprile 1975, pp. 186–9, PMC 1006370, PMID 237493.
  21. ^ Kounis NG, Angioneurotic oedema with alclofenac therapy, in Br J Clin Pract, vol. 29, n. 11, novembre 1975, pp. 322, 328, PMID 1079.
  22. ^ Bedi SS, Double-blind comparison of alclofenac and aspirin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Part II: high dosage regime for assessment of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, in Curr Med Res Opin, vol. 3, n. 5, 1975, pp. 309–20, DOI:10.1185/03007997509114781, PMID 241600.
  23. ^ Berry H, Fernandes L, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Evans SJ, Hamilton EB, Alclofenac and D-penicillamine. Comparative trial in rheumatoid arthritis, in Ann. Rheum. Dis., vol. 37, n. 1, febbraio 1978, pp. 93–7, PMC 1000200, PMID 24426.
  24. ^ Gokal R, Matthews DR, Renal papillary necrosis after aspirin and alclofenac, in Br Med J, vol. 2, n. 6101, dicembre 1977, pp. 1517–8, PMC 1632750, PMID 22385.

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