Acido acrilico

Acido acrilico
formula di struttura
formula di struttura
Nome IUPAC
acido 2-propenoico
Nomi alternativi
acido acroleico
acido etilencarbossilico
acido vinilformico
Caratteristiche generali
Formula bruta o molecolareC3H4O2
Massa molecolare (u)72.06 g/mol
Aspettoliquido incolore
Numero CAS79-10-7
Numero EINECS201-177-9
PubChem6581 e 19966351
DrugBankDBDB02579
SMILES
C=CC(=O)O
Proprietà chimico-fisiche
Densità (g/cm3, in c.s.)1.051
Costante di dissociazione acida (pKa) a 298 K4,3
Solubilità in acquaIllimitata (20 °C)
Temperatura di fusione12 °C (285 K)
Temperatura di ebollizione139 °C (412 K) (1013 hPa)
Indicazioni di sicurezza
Punto di fiamma46 °C (319 K)
Limiti di esplosione2 - 13,7 Vol%
Temperatura di autoignizione396 °C (669 K)
Simboli di rischio chimico
corrosivo pericoloso per l'ambiente infiammabile irritante
pericolo
Frasi H226 - 332 - 312 - 302 - 314 - 400
Consigli P280 - 273 - 302+352 - 301+330+331 - 305+351+338 - 309+310 [1]

L'acido acrilico o acido 2-propenoico (CH2=CHCOOH) è il più semplice acido carbossilico insaturo con un gruppo carbossilico ed un doppio legame carbonio-carbonio. Nella sua forma pura (acido acrilico glaciale) si presenta come un liquido limpido ed incolore, con un caratteristico odore acre e sgradevole.

È completamente miscibile con l'acqua ed è inoltre solubile negli alcoli, negli eteri e nel cloroformio. L'acido acrilico viene prodotto prevalentemente dal propilene, un gas ottenuto come sottoprodotto della lavorazione nelle raffinerie. Perché il propano è una materia prima significativamente più economica rispetto al propilene, l'ossidazione selettiva del propano dell'acido acrilico è oggetto di una ricerca intensa[2][3][4][5]. La domanda di acido acrilico è aumentata costantemente da 3,2 milioni di tonnellate (2005) a ca. 5,57 milioni di tonnellate (2014).

L'acido acrilico è in grado di dare tutte le comuni reazioni tipiche per gli acidi carbossilici, pertanto, in presenza di un alcol, esso reagirà per produrre il corrispondente estere: gli esteri alchilici più comuni dell'acido acrilico sono il metil-, il butil-, l'etil- ed il 2-etilesil-acrilato.

Al fine di rendere più stabile la sostanza è consigliata l'aggiunta di idrochinone (200 mg per kg)

L'acido acrilico ed i suoi esteri (collettivamente noti come acrilati) sono in grado di reagire a livello del loro doppio legame molto rapidamente, sia l'uno con l'altro, sia con altri monomeri reattivi come ammidi, stirene, vinili, butadiene e acrilonitrili, portando alla formazione di omopolimeri o copolimeri[6][7]. Tali polimeri vengono ampiamente utilizzati dall'industria chimica per la preparazione di varie plastiche, rivestimenti, adesivi, elastomeri, ma anche vernici.

In soluzioni concentrate provoca gravi irritazioni oculari, cutanee e respiratorie.

Note

  1. ^ scheda dell'acido acrilico su IFA-GESTIS (archiviato dall'url originale il 16 ottobre 2019).
  2. ^ Kinetic studies of propane oxidation on Mo and V based mixed oxide catalysts (PDF), 2011.
  3. ^ Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid (PDF), in Journal of Catalysis, vol. 285, 2012, pp. 48-60. URL consultato il 22 maggio 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 ottobre 2016).
  4. ^ Multifunctionality of Crystalline MoV(TeNb) M1 Oxide Catalysts in Selective Oxidation of Propane and Benzyl Alcohol, in ACS Catalysis, vol. 3, n. 6, 2013, pp. 1103-1113.
  5. ^ The reaction network in propane oxidation over phase-pure MoVTeNb M1 oxide catalysts (PDF), in Journal of Catalysis, vol. 311, 2014, pp. 369-385. URL consultato il 22 maggio 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 15 febbraio 2016).
  6. ^ POLYACRYLATES, su polymerdatabase.com.
  7. ^ (EN) Julia E. Babensee e Michael V. Sefton, Cell Encapsulation Technology and Therapeutics, Birkhäuser, Boston, MA, 1999, pp. 173–180, DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-1586-8_14, ISBN 9781461272052. URL consultato il 22 maggio 2018.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Controllo di autoritàLCCN (ENsh87000370 · GND (DE4141321-0 · J9U (ENHE987007536640005171 · NDL (ENJA01112798
  Portale Chimica: il portale della scienza della composizione, delle proprietà e delle trasformazioni della materia

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