Nicolas III

Nicolas III
Image illustrative de l’article Nicolas III
Détail de la fresque Le Pape Nicolas III présenté au Christ par saint Pierre et saint Paul. Sancta Sanctorum, ancien palais du Latran. 1278-79. Rome.
Biographie
Nom de naissance Giovanni Gaetano Orsini
Naissance entre 1210 et 1220
Rome
Père Matteo Rosso Orsini, Lord of Mugnano, Monterorondo, Galeria and San Angelo (d)
Mère Gemma di Monticelli (d)
Ordre religieux Ordre de Saint-Benoît
Décès
Viterbe
Pape de l'Église catholique
Élection au pontificat
Intronisation
Fin du pontificat
près de Viterbe
(2 ans, 8 mois et 28 jours)

Blason
(en) Notice sur www.catholic-hierarchy.org

Nicolas III, né Giovanni Gaetano OrsiniRosa composita dans la prophétie de saint Malachie (Rome, entre 1210 et 1220 - Soriano nel Cimino, près de Viterbe, ) — est pape de 1277 à 1280. Il est membre de la famille Orsini.

Biographie

Nicolas III reprend en douceur les prérogatives que Clément IV avait accordées, pour dix ans, au roi de Sicile Charles d'Anjou, dont il a toujours combattu l'influence, en même temps que le vicariat de Toscane. À l'échéance de 1278, le pape, en sa qualité de citoyen romain, se fait élire lui-même « sénateur à vie » puis, rejetant le cumul des fonctions, délègue le titre à des membres de l'aristocratie urbaine, d'abord à son propre neveu Matteo Rosso en 1278/1279, puis conjointement à un Colonna et à un Savelli en 1279/1280. La constitution Fundamenta militantis Ecclesiæ du , mettant en avant la nécessité de préserver la liberté du pape et celle de ses cardinaux, notamment pendant les vacances du Saint-Siège, faisait la part belle aux grandes familles de la Ville : elle posait en principe que nul ne pourrait être sénateur sans permission expresse du Saint-Siège et que la fonction ne pourrait en aucun cas excéder la durée d'un an.

Il meurt à Soriano, le , probablement d'une attaque d'apoplexie.

Dante parlant à Nicolas III, envoyé en Enfer pour simonie ; gravure sur bois de Gustave Doré, 1861.

Cité dans l'Enfer de Dante (chant XIX, 31-120), il est placé par le poète dans le huitième cercle (3e bolge), celui des simoniaques. On lui reprochera aussi son népotisme.

Bulles

Liste non exhaustive

Lire en ligne

  • Jules Gay, auprès de la Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, sous les auspices du ministre de l'instruction publique, Les registres de Nicolas III (1277 - 1280), recueil de bulles de ce pape, publiées ou analysées d'après les manuscrits originaux des archives du Vatican, Albert Fontemoing, Paris :

Notes et références

  1. Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Saint-Martin d'Autun, charte no LXXXV. Texte en ligne.
  2. Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Saint-Martin d'Autun, charte no LXXXVI. Idem

Voir aussi

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