Peba–Yaguan languages

Peba–Yaguan
Yawan, Peban
Geographic distribution	western Amazon
Linguistic classification	Saparo–Yawan ? Peba–Yaguan
Language codes
Glottolog	peba1241

The Peba–Yaguan language family (also Yaguan, Peban, Yáwan) is located in the northwestern Amazon, but today Yagua is the only remaining spoken language of the family.

Internal structure

French ethnologist Paul Rivet had suggested that the Peba–Yaguan family had been divided into two branches, with Yameo in one branch, and Peba and Yagua in the other.^{[citation needed]} There is extremely little documentation of Yameo and Peba, both of which are now extinct, though the town Pebas on the Amazon River clearly takes its name from this group of people. The available documentation is largely due to the efforts of early Catholic missionaries, as summarized by Rivet.^{[citation needed]}

Peba–Yaguan	Yameo Masamae (Mazán, Parara) Peba Yagua

Čestmír Loukotka (1968), a Czechoslovak linguist, also lists Masamae (Mazán, Parara) as part of the language family. It is spoken around the Mazán River in Loreto Department, Peru, and is most closely related to Yameo.^[1]

Brazilian linguist Marcelo Jolkesky (2016) groups Peba and Yameo in one branch, and Yagua in another separate branch.^[2]

Classification

There is no sound scientific evidence yet that the Peba–Yaguan family is related to any other family or stock of South America (in particular, there is no evidence for grouping it with Cariban languages). There has likely been contact between the Yaguas and Bora–Witotoan peoples, perhaps particularly during the era of the rubber-trade; this may account for some structural similarities between the languages (Doris Payne, linguist, forthcoming). Kaufman (2007) includes Sabela, Taushiro, and Omurano in his Yawan family.^{[citation needed]}

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kwaza, Zaparoan, and Nambikwaran language families due to contact.^[2]

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.^[1]

gloss	Yagua	Peba	Yameo	Masamae
one	tékí	tomätaira	pwitér	poetinten
two	nanoxõ	monomoira	narámue
three	mungoá	tamoimansa	pwiterorineo
head	ori-nó	rai-no	wi-nátu	nato
ear	o-tsiwá	mi-tiwa	wi-tíwẽ
tooth	o-xaná	vi-ala	wi-é
man	wánu	komoley	awára
fire	[h]ená	föla	óle	aule
sun	iñi	remelané	natéra	raitará
earth	mokané	kapalé	pópo	popo
maize	lelú	lolú	ogung
tapir	nechá	ameisha	náse

Further reading

• Powlison, P. (1995). Diccionario Yagua - Castellano. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 35). Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Summer Institute of Linguistics.

References

1. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
2. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

• Payne, Doris L. forthcoming. Source of the Yagua classifier system.
• Catholic Encyclopedia article