Languages of Peru

Languages of Peru
Sign in Cuzco in Quechua and Spanish
Official	Spanish (nationwide level) Indigenous languages (in areas where they are common)
Indigenous	Quechua, Aymara, languages of the Arawakan, Piro, Upper Amazon, Bora–Witoto, Cahuapanan, Jivaroan, Panoan, Quechuan, Tucanoan, Tupian and Zaparoan families
Vernacular	Peruvian Spanish, Andean Spanish, Amazonic Spanish, Peruvian Ribereño Spanish, Equatorial Spanish
Minority	French, Arabic, Hindi, Chinese, Japanese, Italian, Portuguese
Foreign	English
Signed	Peruvian Sign Language, Inmaculada Sign Language, Sivia Sign Language
Keyboard layout	No officially designated keyboard layout. Both the Latin American Spanish layout and the Spaniard Spanish layout are de facto in use side by side

Peru has many languages in use, with its official languages being Spanish, Quechua and Aymara. Spanish has been in the country since it began being taught in the time of José Pardo instead of the country's Native languages, especially the languages in the Andes.^[1] In the beginning of the 21st century, it was estimated that in this multilingual country, about 50 very different and popular languages are spoken: which reduces to 44 languages if dialects are considered variants of the same language. The majority of these languages are Indigenous, but the most common language is Spanish, the main language that about 94.4% of the population speaks. Spanish is followed by the country's Indigenous languages, especially all types of Quechua (13.9% combined) and Aymara (1.7%),^[2][3] who also have co-official status according to Article 48 of the Constitution of Peru,^[4] as well as the languages of the Amazon and the Peruvian Sign Language. In urban areas of the country, especially the coastal region, most people are monolingual and only speak Spanish, while in many rural areas of the country, especially in the Amazon, multilingual populations are prevalent.

Linguistic situation

According to Peter Landerman, the Jesuits translated fragments of Christian scriptures into about 150 Indigenous languages of the Peruvian Amazon area. Of those, about 60 survive today.^[5]

Linguistic legislation

At the political level, Spanish is the official language of Peru and, in areas where they are common, Quechua, Aymara, and some other Indigenous languages are also the official language.^[6]

Number of speakers

In Peru, there are close to 40 languages within the Amazon Rainforest which are usually grouped into 17 families and divide into close to 120 recognizable local varieties.

Population by Native Language:

Language	1993[3]		2007 [3]		2017 [3]
	Total	Percentage[7]	Total	Percentage[7]	Total	Percentage[7]
Total	19,190,624	100%	24,687,537	100%	26,887,584	100%
Spanish	15,405,014	80.3%	20,718,227	83.9%	22,209,686	82.6%
Quechua	3,177,938	16.6%	3,261,750	13.2%	3,735,682	13.9%
Aymara	440,380	2.3%	434,370	1.8%	444,389	1.7%
Ashaninka	No data	No data	No data	No data	68,667	0.3%
other Indigenous languages	132,174	0.7%	223,194	0.9%	141,350	0.5%
foreign languages	35,118	0.2%	21,097	0.1%	48,910	0.2%
Sign Language	No data	No data	28,899	0.1%	10,447	0.0%
No Response	No data	No data	No data	No data	203,829	0.8%

Small language families in Peru (20th century).

Native speakers of Quechua in Peru (National census 2017)

Native speakers of Aymara in Peru (National census 2017)

Native speakers of Spanish in Peru (National census 2017)

Other Native languages (Asháninka, Aguaruna, etc.) (National census 2017)

Indigenous languages

Indigenous languages of Peru are primarily located in the central Andes and the Amazon rainforest. Many northern Andes languages were located along the northern coast and the northern Andes, but most of them died in the 19th century. The only Native languages in the Andes that are common are Quechua, Aymara, Jaqaru, and Kawki; while in the Amazon region, there is an abundance of various Native languages. In the Amazon, the most common languages are Asháninka and Aguaruna. There are more than 15 defined linguistic families in Peru's territory and another 15 or more languages that are isolated or not classified.

The actual number of languages in Peru could have exceeded 300. Some authors even say that there could have been 700 languages. However, since the conquering of Latin America by Spain and after Peru's independence, the disappearance of Indigenous people (because of conquest and mixing of languages) and discrimination against Indigenous languages because of mixed populations, as well as the Peruvian government (which imposed Spanish), led to the number of Indigenous languages dropping to fewer than 150. Today the number of Indigenous languages is still large, but much less than it used to be. The following list shows the languages spoken today in Peru and those that went extinct since the 20th century.

Classification

The Indigenous languages of Peru belong to more than 15 language families, and some isolated or unclassified languages, which are extinct today (represented in the table as †), are also documented to more than 15 languages. The following list organizes more than 95 languages within existing and extinct languages:

Classification of Indigenous Languages in Peru

Family	Group		Language	Territory
Aru A family that is well-known demographically and historically, the north branch suffered from the expansion of Quechua, while the south branch still has many speakers today.	Northern Aru		Jaqaru	Yauyos
			Kawki	Yauyos
	Southern Aru		Aymara	Puno
Aruanas A small family with languages in Brazil and Peru. Some authors and scholars consider these languages related to Arawak.	Dení-kulina		Kulina	Ucayali
Arawak This is the family with the most languages in South America.	Northern	North Amazonian	Resígaro	Loreto
	Southern	Southwest	Iñapari (†)	Madre de Dios
			Mashko-Piro (†)	Madre de Dios
			Yine	Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Loreto
		Rural	Asháninca	Cuzco
			Asheninca	Cuzco
			Axininca	Cuzco
			Campa de Pajonal the hack
			Caquinte	Cuzco
			Machiguenga	Cuzco
			Nomatsiguenga	Cuzco
		Amuesha-Chamicuro	Amuesha	Cuzco
			Chamicuro (†)	Loreto
Bora-witoto Some scholars question whether the Bora languages and the Witoto languages form a single family due to the large diversity between the 2 groups.	Bora		Bora	Loreto
			Muinane	Loreto
	Witoto		Coixama	Loreto
			Meneca	Amazonas Department
			Murui
			Nonuya
			Nüpode witoto	Loreto
			Ocaina	Loreto
Cahuapanas			Cayahuita-Cahuapana (†)	Loreto
			Jébero	Loreto
Candoshi-chirino			Candoshi	Loreto
			Chirino (†)	Amazonas, Cajamarca
Harákmbet			Amarakaeri	Madre de Dios
			Huachipaeri	Madre de Dios
Hibito-cholón			Cholón	San Martín
			Hibito	San Martín
Jívaras	Aguaruna		Aguaruna	Amazonas, Cajamarca, San Martín
	Shuar-Huambisa		Achuar	Loreto
			Huambisa	Amazonas, Loreto
Pano-tacanas One of the families with the most different languages in Peru.	Pano	Yaminawa	Amahuaca	Madre de Dios, Ucayali
			Cashinahua	Ucayali
			Sharanahua	Ucayali
			Yaminawa	Ucayali
		Chacobo	Arazaire (†)	Cuzco
			Atsahuaca (†)	Madre de Dios
			Yamiaca (†)	Madre de Dios
		Capanawa	Capanahua	Loreto
			Isconahua	Ucayali
			Marubo	Ucayali
			Pánobo (†)	Loreto
			Remo (†)	Loreto
			Shipibo	Ucayali
		Others	Cashibo	Ucayali, Huánuco
			Mayo-Pisabo	Loreto
			Mayoruna	Loreto
			Nahua	Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali
			Nocamán (†)	Ucayali
			Sensi (†)	Loreto
	Tacano		Ese'ejja	Madre de Dios
Peba-yagua			Peba (†)	Loreto
			Yagua	Loreto
			Yameo (†)	Loreto
Quechua These languages make a family of different languages, and not every variety of Quechua is known yet.	Quechua I	Central Quechua I	Quechua ancashino	Ancash
			Quechua huanca	Junín
			Quechua yaru	Junín, Pasco
		Peripheral Quechua I	Quechua de Pacaraos	Distrito de Pacaraos(Huaral)
	Quechua II	Quechua II-A	Quechua cajamarquino	Provincia de Cajamarca
			Quechua Incawasi-Cañaris	Distritos de Incahuasi y Cañaris
			Quechua yauyino	Provincia de Yauyos
		Quechua II-B	Quechua chachapoyano	Provincias de Chachapoyas y Luya
			Quechua lamista	Provincia de Lamas, Valle del Huallaga
			Quichua norteño	Loreto
		Quechua II-C	Quechua ayacuchano	Ayacucho, Huancavelica
			Quechua cuzqueño	Cuzco
Tallán-sechura This family is a group of languages that are not well known, which have been extinct since the end of the 18th century or beginning of the 19th century. The only information that exists from this language are some lists of vocabulary.	Atallano		Catacaos	Distrito de Catacaos
			Colán	Distrito de Colán
	Sechura		Olmos	Distrito de Olmos
			Sechura	Provincia de Sechura
Tucanas This family is formed by many local languages in the south of Colombia and in parts of Brazil.	Western	Southwestern	Orejón	Loreto
Tupí This is the family with the most languages in South America, especially in Brazil.	tupí-guaraní	subgroup III	Cocama-cocamilla	Loreto
			Omagua	Loreto
Záparas	Group I		Cahuarano (†)?	Loreto
			Iquito	Loreto
	Group II		Arabela	Loreto
			Andoa-shimigae(†)?	Loreto
			Conambo (†)	Loreto
			Záparo (†)?	Loreto
Isolated Languages			Culli (†)	La libertad, Cajabamba
			Mochica (†)	Departamento de Lambayeque
			Munichi (†)	Loreto
			Puquina (†)	Alrededor del lago Titicaca
			Quingnam (†)	Lima, Ancash, La Libertad
			Taushiro	Loreto
			Ticuna	Loreto
			Urarina	Loreto
Unclassified Languages There exists a group of languages with rare documentation and references to extinct villages, that cannot be classified due to lack of information. For more examples, see List of unclassified languages of South America.			Aguano (†)	Loreto
			Bagua (†)	Amazonas, Cajamarca
			Chacha (†)	La Libertad, San Martín
			Copallén (†)	Amazonas
			Omurano (†)(zápara?)	departamento
			Patagón (†)(caribe?)	Amazonas, Cajamarca
			Sacata (†)	Cajamarca
			Tabancale (†)	Cajamarca
			Terikaka (†)(zápara?)	Loreto

Quechua

Quechua is the second language of Peru, in terms of number of speakers. It is the official language in areas where it is the dominant language, even though from a linguistic point of view, it's a family of related languages. (Ethnologue assigns separate language codes to more than 25 varieties of Quechua in Peru.)

Geographic distribution of the first divisions of the Quechua family

Aymara

Aymara has the third largest number of speakers within Peru, with about half a million speakers in the country.^[8][9] It is most common in the southern part of the country, in parts of Puno, Moquegua, and Tacna.

Amazonian languages

The rest of the Indigenous languages of Peru have more than 105 thousand speakers in total,^[10] and are located mostly in the east and north part of the country, specifically in Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali. The northern part of Peru (Loreto) is probably the most diverse part of the country from a linguistic standpoint since that part contains an abundance of the small families of languages and isolated languages.

Pano-Takanan languagesPano languages (dark green) and Takana languages (clear green). The points indicate documented locations of the languages.

In northern Peru, there are 5 small families of languages: Cahuapana, Jívara, Zápara, Peba-yagua, and Bora-witoto. These families of languages are mostly spoken in Loreto, but also in areas connected to Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador. The majority of these groups were destroyed in the "Rubber Boom" at the beginning of the 20th century. In the Putumayo river region, the population fell from 50 thousand to between 7-10 thousand within the first decade of the 20th century.

In the Ucayali area, Pano languages are most common, while in the high jungle of the Ucayali River basin the southern Arahuaca languages are most common.

In the Peruvian Amazon over forty languages, which are usually grouped into 14 families and diversifying about 120 recognizable local varieties are spoken.^[11]

Other minority languages

A foreign language of a territory is a language whose historical origin is known and falls outside of said that territory and arrived in this territory through conquest, immigration, or colonization.

Sign language

The sign language of Peru (Peruvian Sign Language) is used by the deaf community in the country. The 2007 census did not include any questions about the LSP, but this was corrected in 2017.

Other foreign languages

In addition to Spanish, which is the most common foreign language, there exist other languages that also did not originate in Peru, and are spoken due to the results of migration.

While it is true that there are many foreign colonies in Peru, the majority of these abandoned their original language. Within the first communities of immigrants lived people from Japan, China, and in smaller amounts people from Germany (central jungle in Pozuzo and Oxapampa), Italy (urban areas of Lima and Arequipa), and Arabic and Hindi (Urdu) areas.^[12] These last two are due to the recent waves of immigrants from Palestine and Pakistan (especially to the southern department of Tacna). French is also a language that is rooted in Loreto due to a campaign by the French Alliance.^[13] French was well received in the Peruvian population, especially in Iquitos. Lately English has also had a big influence due to the number of tourists and American/British residence. Portuguese is also used in areas like Ucayali, Loreto, and Madre de Dios. These areas border Brazil, whose official language is Portuguese.

Use in government

Historically name registers only captured Spanish or Western-inspired names. In 2019 the government began encouraging the use of Indigenous names in name registers.^[14]

See also

• Demographics of Peru
• Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift

References

1. Alfredo Torrero Historia social del quechua Lima
2. "Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. p. 197.
3. "Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales 2017". Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
4. "Political Constitution of Peru" (PDF).
5. Gibson, Michael Luke (1996): El muniche: un idioma que se extingue Archived 2014-01-15 at the Wayback Machine. Serie Lingüística Peruana 42. Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
6. Constitución política del Perú, art.48, see 'Political Constitution of Peru'
7. This number is relative to the number of respondents, it does not include the total population of Peru.
8. "The Many Languages of Peru". www.tripsavvy.com. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
9. "Aymara". minorityrights.org. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
10. Adelaar, 2004, pp. 610-624.
11. "Censos Nacionales 2007 (Archived copy apparently broken)". Archived from the original on 2013-09-10. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
12. "Peru Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". World Population Review.
13. The French Language Worldwide 2014 (PDF). Paris: Nathan. ISBN 978-2-09-882654-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2015-08-11 – via Francophonie.org.
14. Collyns, Dan (2019-04-04). "Call me by my name: Peru promotes use of indigenous names in public records". The Guardian. Retrieved 2019-10-28.

Bibliography

• Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004): The languages of the Andes. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36275-7
• Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.) (1999): The Amazonian languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-57021-3.

External links

• (in Spanish) Resonancias.org – Aboriginal languages of Peru
• (in Spanish) Center of Peruvian Studies
• (in Japanese) Mucha-suerte.com – ペルー トルヒージョ 2003年12月31日(水)
• Linguistic Map of Peru
• Resonancias.org – Indigenous Languages of Peru.
• Center of Peruvian Investigation
• Summer Language Institute - Perú