Tucanoan languages
Language family of South America
Tukánoan Geographic distribution Amazon Linguistic classification One of the world's primary language families Subdivisions
Glottolog tuca1253 East Tukano (nuclear green), Central Tukano (turquoise green) and West Tukano (dark green). Dots indicate current locations of the various languages. Shaded areas indicate their extents before the 20th century.
Tucanoan (also Tukanoan , Tukánoan ) is a language family of Colombia , Brazil , Ecuador , and Peru .
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani , Paez , Sape , Taruma , Witoto-Okaina , Saliba-Hodi , Tikuna-Yuri , Pano , Barbakoa , Bora-Muinane , and Choko language families due to contact.[1]
Classification
Chacon (2014)
There are two dozen Tucanoan languages.[2] There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.[3]
Tucanoan
Western Tucanoan
?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
Napo
Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
Correguaje–Secoya
Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé) †
Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
?Tama †
Eastern Tucanoan
South
West
Barasana–Macuna
Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
Cubeo–Desano
Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
Yupua–Desano
East
Central
Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea)
Waimaha–Tatuyo
North
Kotiria–Piratapuyo
Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
Pisamira–Yuruti
Plus unclassified Miriti .†
Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.
Jolkesky (2016)
Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):[1]
(† = extinct)
Tukano
Tukano, Western
Kueretu †
Tukano, Western, Nuclear
Mai Huna
Koreguaje-Pioje
Koreguaje-Tama
Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
Tukano, Eastern
Tanimuka ; Retuarã ; Yahuna
Tukano, Eastern, West
Tukano, Eastern, East
Tukano-Tatuyo
Tuyuka-Wanano
Wanano-Piratapuyu
Tuyuka-Karapanã
Varieties
Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.[4]
Tucanoan language varieties listed by
Loukotka (1968)
Western group
Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River , Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct.
Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River , department of Cauca, Colombia.
Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River , department of Loreto , Peru.
Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River , Putumayo territory, Colombia.
Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River , Loreto. (Unattested.)
Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River , Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.)
Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River , Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.)
Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River , Putumayo territory, Colombia.
Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo , by a few families.
Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River , Loreto. (Unattested.)
Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River , Tarapoto River , and Aguarico River , Loreto.
Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River , Loreto, Peru.
Yahuna group
Yupua group
Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River , a tributary of the Apoporis River , Colombia.
Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River , state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River , Amazonas territory, Colombia.
Coretu group
Cubeo group
Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River , state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are:
Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River , Amazonas.
Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River .
Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River .
Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River , now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)
Särä group
Erulia group
Desána group
Tucano group
Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River ; state of Amazonas, Brazil.
Uaíana - on the Caiary River , Colombia.
Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River , partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia.
Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River , Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.)
Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River , Colombia.
Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River , Colombia.
Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River , Colombia.
Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River , Colombia.
Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River , Colombia.
Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River , Colombia.
Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé , Colombia.
Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River , Colombia.
Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River , Colombia.
Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras , Brazil.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[4]
Language
Branch
head
eye
hand
one
two
three
Tucano
I
dex-póa
kaxpéri
tomógha
nĩkáno
peáro
itiáro
Uaíana
I
dé-paue
kape
oama
ikãpeleko
peápeleko
itiapeleko
Tuyuca
I
déx-píu
kaxfea
uamo
txixkálo
peálo
ixtiéro
Waikína
I
dax-púa
káxfea
umuká
axkakiró
péaro
tíaro
Uantya
I
kapéga
uamó
Bará
I
dex-féa
kapéka
anó
hixkága
peága
tixtíaga
Uanána
I
dax-púa
kaxpádi
dapáro
kéliã
peáro
tíaro
Uasöna
II
de-póue
káxea
oámu
hikálo
peálo
itíalo
Tsölá
II
rix-fóa
kuíri
ámo
híkã
péga
ixtíale
Urubu-Tapuya
II
re-kapeã
uamon
Pamöä
II
rea-poá
kapé
uamon
Patsoca
II
kapé
uamó
Möxdöá
II
rea-poa
kapea
oamó
hikän
pángara
éteaná
Sära
Sära
lix-hóga
káxea
áma
hohogá
héaga
ediaga
Omöá
Sära
dix-hóga
káxea
hóga
héaga
ediago
Buhágana
Sära
tix-hóga
kaxea
ámo
kohága
héaga
ediága
Macuna
Sära
ri-hóga
kaea
ámo
Erulia
Erulia
lix-hóga
káxfea
uamó
kóla
héãlã
edíala
Tsölöa
Erulia
rix-hóa
káxea
ámo
gohé
héa
idía
Palanoa
Erulia
lix-hoá
káxea
ámo
Cubeo
Cubeo
hi-póbe
hi-yakóli
pubu
kũinálõ
pekálõã
dópekelõã
Dyuremáwa
Cubeo
hi-póbi
dya-kóli
pilí
kuináro
pikáro
dyobekiro
Hehénawa
Cubeo
hi-póbí
ya-kóli
pilí
kwináro
pikaːro
yobekiro
Bahúkiwa
Cubeo
hí-póbi
dyá-koli
pilí
kuinárõã
pikárõã
dyóbekirõã
Desána
Desána
dex-púru
yéle
mohópama
yũhúge
péye
eléye
Chiranga
Desána
dix-púlu
kudiru
muhá
uhúpũnu
perú
ilerú
Yahuna
Yahuna
líupukóa
hiyakóli
pitaka
ínoho
ípo
makalaka
Tanimuca
Yahuna
dupukoa
ñákua
pitaka
Yupuá
Yupuá
kúele
yaːkõá
múho
tzyundyá
axpedyá
aleddyá
Durina
Yupuá
kúrʔ
díölö
móhu
chun
apáina
áʔalia
Coretu
Coretu
sí-roho
sia-kokia
muhú
námare
nahárakiare
masírakiáre
Tama
Western
xixo-pué
nakoba
teyo
káyapa
choteyo
Coreguaje
Western
sixó-pués
nankoká
xẽte
Amaguaje
Western
zium-bue
nañka
hente
teo
kayapa
toazumba
Icaguate
Western
hente
toazumba
Siona
Western
sixum-bué
nankoka
enté
teheke
samú
Pjoje
Western
siom-pwö
nánkoa
höntö
tayo
kayayé
toasoñé
Cóto
Western
tsíong
ñákoa
óteperé
teyong
tépe
báwabwö
Language
Branch
water
fire
sun
star
maize
jaguar
axe
Tucano
I
axkó
pexkáme
mũhípũ
yãxkõá
ohóka
yaí
kumé
Uaíana
I
óko
pekáne
muhĩpü
yõkõá
olikaleko
yéi
kóme
Tuyuca
I
oxkó
pexkámene
mũhĩphfu
yãxkõá
ohólika
yéi
kumé
Waikína
I
axkó
pexkáka
axsé
yapíkoa
yó
nodogé
komé
Uantya
I
óko
pekáme
muipem
ñokoam
yahi
kumúa
Bará
I
oxkó
pexkáme
mũhífũ
yöxkóã
ódixka
yeído
kómea
Uanána
I
kó
pxtxáka
sé
yapítxoa
iyó
yaído
kúma
Uasöna
II
óko
pekáme
múhípe
yókóaː
olíka
yái
komé
Tsölá
II
óxko
péro
múhífú
yóxkõã
ohólika
yái
kómea
Urubu-Tapuya
II
óko
péro
muipem
ñokon
oriká
kumuá
Pamöä
II
hokó
paʔáro
muipem
yakopaké
oriká
kumuä
Patsoca
II
óko
pekaró
muipum
ñonkóãn
oriká
dyahi
komé
Möxdöá
II
okó
péro
moépo
áríka
yáhi
koméa
Sära
Sära
ida
péame
ómakani
yoxkó
ohólika
yái
kómea
Omöá
Sära
éde
heáme
amakai
yoxkoá
ohólika
yái
kumá
Buhágana
Sära
íde
héame
ómãkãyi
yóxko
oholika
yái
kumá
Macuna
Sära
íde
éa
úmakanö
tapia
áre
yáiya
Erulia
Erulia
óxko
heáme
mũhihũ
yõxkóã
ohólika
yái
kumá
Tsölöa
Erulia
oxkó
heáno
muhíhú
yoxkó
ohólika
yáí
kúmoa
Palanoa
Erulia
óxko
heáne
muhíhu
yoxkó
ohólika
yái
kúmoa
Cubeo
Cubeo
okó
toá
auiyá
abiákoa
ueá
yauí
kométako
Dyuremáwa
Cubeo
okó
toábo
avía
abíakoli
veá
dyaví
hoekí
Hehénawa
Cubeo
okó
toábo
aviá
abíakoli
veá
yawí
hoéki
Bahúkiwa
Cubeo
okó
toaːbo
aviá
abiákoli
veá
dyaví
hoekí
Desána
Desána
dexkó
peáme
abé
néyãxkã
ohólexka
ye
kumé
Chiranga
Desána
dexko
piámeʔe
abé
naiukamo
húdeka
diéche
kumé
Yahuna
Yahuna
ókoa
peká
ihía
tãapíã
oáka
yaia
kómeá
Tanimuca
Yahuna
ókoa
peka
ayáka
tapia
wáka
yáiya
Yupuá
Yupuá
déxko
píele
aué
yóxkólo
óo
yí
kúmi
Durina
Yupuá
pílö
áwe
yokolo
óho
diwórekö
kúmi
Coretu
Coretu
kótapu
hékiekie
háya
yákohe
mitólikere
híyai
kumú
Tama
Western
okó
toá
enesé
mañeguai
keá
edyai
supo
Coreguaje
Western
óko
toá
ense
mañokó
weá
chaí
supú
Amaguaje
Western
óko
toa
ense
manúko
bea
ayroyai
supó
Icaguate
Western
toa
enze
mañoko
Siona
Western
oko
toá
ensé
mañoko
gueá
ayroxai
supó
Pjoje
Western
ókó
towá
öntsö
mánioko
wéa
yaí
súpo
Cóto
Western
óko
towaʔa
báñi
túku
béa
yái
dzöʔó
Proto-language
Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):[5]
gloss
proto-Tukanoan
3rd.person.masculine
*-pi
agouti
*wuɨ
ant sp.
*meka
aracu fish[6]
*p’ot’ika
armadillo
*pãmu
back
*sõkɨ
bat
*ojo
big
*pahi
(to) bite
*kũ
black
*tj’ĩ
black ink (jenipapo )
*weʔe
blood
*tj’ie
blow
*pu-
bone
*k’oʔa
(to) break
*p’ope (*poa)
breast
*upe
buriti palm
*neʔe
capybara
*kuetju
cara (Dioscorea alata )
*japi
case
*-t’e
centipede; boa
*jãk’i
charcoal (1)
*nitti
charcoal (2); grease
*neo
cheek
*wajo
chew
*tj’ãk’ɨ
chili
*p’ia
cold
*tjɨsi
kapok
*jɨi
(to) cut
*t’ɨtte
dance / ritualized songs
*p’aja
deer
*jama
dove
*ƭʃɨ-
duck
*p’ete
ear
*k’ãp’o
egg
*tj’ia
elder
*p’ɨkɨ
elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau)
*kaja
(to) end
*pet’i
excrement
*k’ɨt’a
face
*tj’ia
father
*pa-kɨ
feminine
*-k’o
fire / firewood
*peka
fish; fish sp. (?)
*waʔi
(to) fish with a net; strain, remove
*wajo
fishing net
*p’api
float
*paʔja
flower
*k’oʔo
foot
*k’ɨp’o
fruit sp.
*toa
Inga (fruit sp.)
*p’ene
garden; outside; village
*wese
gather / collect
*tʃɨ-a
grandfather
*jẽkku-
grape
*ɨʔje
grass
*taja
green / blue / not ripe
*tjɨ̃p’e
hand; palm (of the hand)
*pɨtɨ
head
*tj’ɨpo
heavy
*t’ɨkkɨ
heron
*jahi
hole
*k’ope
hot; heat
*atjɨ
house; anthill
*wɨ’e
hummingbird
*mimi
I
*jɨʔɨ
insect sp.
*tjusi
jaguar
*jai
kingfisher
*tjãsa
know
*masi
lake
*tj’itta
land / territory / region
*jep’a
larva
*p’ekko
leg; hips; knee
*jɨ̃ka
locative / part-of-a-whole
*-t’o
distant
*tj’oa
macaw
*maha
man
*ɨmɨ
manioc
*kɨi
monkey
*takke
monkey sp. / coati
*sisi
mosquito
*mɨte
mouth
*tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo)
name
*wãmi
navel
*tʃõp’ɨ
non-3rd animate person
-p’ɨ
nose
*ɨ̃kʷ’e
paca
*seme
pacu fish
*uhu
palm weevil
*pĩko
parrot
*wekko
path
*maʔa
peccary
*tjẽse
penis
*no-
people; 1.pl.inclusive
*p’ã-tjã
(to) plant
*otte
poison
*tjima
pot / ceramics / clay
*sot-
pupunha palm
*ɨne
red
*sõʔa
river
*tj’ia
root
*t’ɨ̃k ’o
(to) rub
*sĩk’e
(to) sit
(to) sleep
*kã-
(to) smoke meat
*sɨʔjo
snake
*ãja
spider
*p’ɨpɨ
spirit; ancestral
*wãtti
(to) squeeze
*p’ipo
(to) stop
*nɨk’V
stone
*k’ɨ̃ta
stump; stick, club
*tu-tu
(to) swell
*p’upi
tapir
*wekkɨ
termite
*p’utu
thorn; fishhook
*pota
three
*ɨt’ia
thunder
*wɨ̃po
toad sp.
*p’opa
tobacco
*mɨt’o
tocandira ant
*piata
tongue / liver
*tj’eme
tooth
*k’õpi
tortoise; turtle
*k’oɨ
toucan
*tj’ase (?)
traira fish
*t’oje
tree
*tjũkkɨ
(to) urinate
*k’one
urucum (achiote )
*p’õsa
(to) wait
*kʷɨt’e
wasp
*utti
water
*okko
white; whitewash
*p’o-
wife
*t’ɨ̃po
wind
*wĩno
woman
*t’õmi-
woodpecker
*kone
yam
*jãp’o
you all
*mɨ-tja
References
^ a b Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas . Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília .
^ Chacon, Thiago (2014). "A Revised Proposal of Proto-Tukanoan Consonants and Tukanoan Family Classification". International Journal of American Linguistics . 80 (3): 275–322. doi :10.1086/676393 . S2CID 147252620 .
^ Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки . Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.
^ a b Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
^ Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica . Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.
^ Aracus . amazonwaters.org
Bibliography
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1 .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3 .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
Western Eastern
Unclassified