Peru is a multiethnic country, which means that it is home to people of many different historical backgrounds. Therefore, it is a multicultural country as well. Since it is a multiethnic society, Peruvian people usually treat their nationality as a citizenship instead of an ethnicity. The Peruvian census does not contain information about ethnicity so only rough estimates are available.
Population size and structure
According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[12][13] the total population was 33,715,471 in 2021, compared to only 7,728,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 27.9%, 65.3% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 6.8% were 65 years or older.[14]
Total population ( × 1000)
Population percentage
aged 0–14
aged 15–64
aged 65+
1950
7728
41.6%
55.0%
3.5%
1955
8787
42.1%
54.5%
3.4%
1960
10062
43.0%
53.6%
3.5%
1965
11608
43.9%
52.5%
3.5%
1970
13341
43.8%
52.6%
3.5%
1975
15230
43.1%
53.3%
3.6%
1980
17359
41.8%
54.5%
3.7%
1985
19545
40.3%
55.9%
3.8%
1990
21827
38.5%
57.5%
4.0%
1995
24039
36.3%
59.3%
4.4%
2000
25915
34.3%
60.8%
4.9%
2005
27610
31.6%
62.8%
5.6%
2010
29374
29.3%
64.5%
6.2%
2015
31115
27.9%
65.3%
6.8%
2020
32950
25.7%
65.4%
6.7%
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Population map of Peru in 2007 (regional)
Structure of the population
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2013) (Estimates based on the 2007 Population Census.):[15]
Age Group
Male
Female
Total
%
Total
15 271 062
15 204 082
30 475 144
100
0-4
1 480 990
1 421 071
2 902 061
9.52
5-9
1 494 879
1 439 049
2 933 928
9.63
10-14
1 484 138
1 434 336
2 918 474
9.58
15-19
1 468 223
1 425 272
2 893 495
9.49
20-24
1 416 897
1 382 963
2 799 860
9.19
25-29
1 306 593
1 283 240
2 589 833
8.50
30-34
1 195 857
1 179 479
2 375 336
7.79
35-39
1 093 901
1 083 633
2 177 534
7.15
40-44
949 209
947 326
1 896 535
6.22
45-49
823 574
829 474
1 653 048
5.42
50-54
691 250
705 667
1 396 917
4.58
55-59
554 524
576 245
1 130 769
3.71
60-64
436 614
462 886
899 500
2.95
65-69
327 821
357 853
685 674
2.25
70-74
240 978
275 844
516 822
1.70
75-79
166 611
204 668
371 279
1.22
80+
139 003
195 076
334 079
1.10
Age group
Male
Female
Total
Percent
0-14
4 460 007
4 294 456
8 754 463
28.73
15-64
9 936 642
9 876 185
19 812 827
65.01
65+
874 413
1 033 441
1 907 854
6.26
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (30.VI.2021) (Source: INEI – National population estimates and projections.):[16]
Peru's football team in 1970; the ethnic diversity of Peruvians is visible, with players showing African, Amerindian and European ancestry in various mixes.
Peru is a multiethnic country formed by the amalgamation of different cultures and ethnicities over thousands of years.
Amerindians inhabited the land for over ten millennia before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century; their cultures and influence represent the foundation of today's Peru.
As a result of European contact and conquest, the population of the area now known as Peru decreased from an estimated 9 million in the 1520s to around 600,00 in 1620.[29] This happened mostly because of the unintended spread of germs and infectious diseases. In fact, the spread of smallpox greatly weakened the Inca empire, even before the Spanish arrival. The Amerindians did not have as much natural immunity to the disease as did the Europeans.[30] For this reason, several Amerindian populations were decimated. Furthermore, the disease killed Inca ruler Wayna Capac, triggering a civil war in the Inca empire that preceded the conquest efforts the Spaniards. Thus, the conquest was facilitated by the weakness of the Inca empire which was recovering from both a civil war and epidemics of unknown diseases.
Peruvian girls
However, other reasons for the decrease of Amerindian population include violence during the conquest followed by the breakdown of the Inca social system and famine. The Amerindian population suffered further decrease as the Spanish exploited an Inca communal labor system called mita for mining purposes, thus killing thousands in forced labor.
Spaniards arrived in large numbers under colonial rule. After independence, there has been a gradual European immigration from Austria, England, Scotland, France, Germany, Italy, Croatia and Spain.[31][32] Polynesians also came to the country lured to work in the Guano islands during the boom years of this commodity around the 1860s. Chinese arrived in the 1850s as a replacement for slave workers in the sugar plantations of the north coast and have since become a major influence in Peruvian society.[33] Other immigrant groups include Arabs (namely from Levant/West Asian countries), South Asians, Japanese, Americans and Colombians.[34]
Since 2014, Peru has experienced a massive rise in the immigrant population from nearby Venezuela. In May 2023, the estimated population of Venezuelans in Peru is 1,600,000, being the second most popular destination for Venezuelans after Colombia.[35]
Mestizos compose about 60%[36] of the total population. The term traditionally denotes Amerindian (mostly Quechua ancestry) and European ancestry (mostly Spaniard ancestry). This term, was part of the caste classification during colonial times, whereby people of exclusive Spanish descent but born in the colonies were called criollos, people of mixed Amerindian and Spanish descent were called mestizos, those of African and Spanish descent were called mullatoes, and those of Amerindian and African descent were called Zambos. Most mestizos are urban dwellers and show stronger European inheritance in regions like Lima Region, La Libertad Region, Callao Region, San Martín Region, Cajamarca Region, Piura Region, Amazonas Region, Lambayeque Region, and Arequipa Region.
Amerindians constitute around 25%[36] of the total population. The two major indigenous or ethnic groups are the Quechuas (belonging to various cultural subgroups), followed by the Aymaras, mostly found in the extreme southern Andes. A large proportion of the indigenous population who live in the Andean highlands still speak Quechua and have vibrant cultural traditions, some of which were part of the Inca Empire. Dozens of indigenous cultures are also dispersed throughout the country beyond the Andes Mountains in the Amazon basin. This region is rapidly becoming urbanized. Important urban centers include Iquitos, Nauta, Puerto Maldonado, Pucallpa and Yurimaguas. This region is home to numerous indigenous peoples, though they do not constitute a large proportion of the total population. Examples of indigenous peoples residing in eastern Peru include the Shipibo, Urarina,[37]Cocama, and Aguaruna, to name just a few.
European descendants constitute around 6%[36] of the total population. They are descendants of the Spanish conquerors and other Europeans such as Germans, Italians, British, French, and Croatians (see also Croats) who arrived in the 19th and 20th centuries. The majority of them live also in the largest cities (like mestizos), usually in the North and Center of Peru: Lima, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura, and through all the highlands of Northwest, like Amazonas, Cajamarca and San Martin. A Southern city with a significant white population is Arequipa.
Chinatown in Lima
There is also a presence of Asian Peruvians, who are primarily of Chinese and Japanese origin, constituting less than 1% of the population.[36] Peru has the second largest population of people of Japanese descent in Latin America after Brazil and the largest population of Chinese descent in Latin America. Historic communities inhabited by people of Chinese descent are found throughout the Peruvian upper Amazon, including cities such as Yurimaguas, Nauta, Iquitos and the north central coast (Lambayeque and Trujillo). In contrast to the Japanese community in Peru, the Chinese appear to have intermarried much more since they came to work in the rice fields during the Viceroyalty and to replace the African slaves, during the abolition of slavery itself. Other Asian communities include small numbers of West Asian/Arab Peruvians, mostly of Lebanese and Syrian origin, and Palestinians,[38][39] as well a small community of South Asians, namely of Hindustani and Pakistani background. There have been several notable Peruvian politicians of Asian heritage, notable past president (Alberto Fujimori), who is of Japanese origin, as well as Omar Chehade, of Lebanese heritage and served as the Second Vice President of Peru from 2011 to 2012.
The remaining is constituted by Afro-Peruvians, a legacy of Peru's history as an importer of slaves during the colonial period. Today mulattos (mixed African and European) and zambos (mixed African and Amerindian) also constitute an important part of the population, especially in Piura, Tumbes, Lambayeque, Lima and Ica regions. The Afro-Peruvian population is concentrated mostly in coastal cities south of Lima, such as those found in the Ica Region, in cities like Cañete, Chincha, Ica, Nazca and Acarí in the Arequipa Region. Another large but poorly promoted segment of Afro-Peruvian presence is in the Yunga regions (west and just below the Andean chain of northern Peru), (i.e., Piura and Lambayeque), where sugarcane, lemon, and mango production are still of importance. Important communities are found all over the Morropón Province, such as in the city of Chulucanas. One of them is Yapatera, a community in the same city, as well as smaller farming communities like Pabur or La Matanza and even in the mountainous region near Canchaque. Further south, the colonial city of Zaña or farming towns like Capote and Tuman in Lambayeque are also important regions with Afro-Peruvian presence.
Socioeconomic and cultural indicators are increasingly important as identifiers. For example, Peruvians of Amerindian descent who have adopted aspects of Hispanic culture also are beginning to consider themselves "mestizo". With economic development, access to education, intermarriage, and large-scale migration from rural to urban areas, a more homogeneous national culture is developing, mainly along the relatively more prosperous coast.
The Lima-Callao Metropolitan area is home to over 11 million residents, being one of South America's largest urban areas as well as one of the five megacities in the continent.
According to the Peruvian Constitution of 1993, Peru's official languages are Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages in areas where they predominate. Today, Spanish is spoken by some 83.9% of the population. It is used by the government and the media and in education and commerce. Amerindians who live in the Andean highlands speak Quechua and Aymara and are ethnically distinct from the diverse indigenous groups who live on the eastern side of the Andes and in the tropical lowlands adjacent to the Amazon basin.
Peru's distinct geographical regions are mirrored in a socioeconomic divide between the coast's Hispanic mestizo culture and the more diverse, traditional Andean cultures of the mountains and highlands. The indigenous populations east of the Andes speak various languages and dialects. Some of these groups still adhere to traditional customs, while others have been almost completely assimilated into the Hispanic mestizo culture.
Amerindian woman with child
According to official sources, the use of Spanish has increased while the knowledge and use of indigenous languages have decreased considerably during the last four decades (1960–2000). At the beginning of the 1960s some 39% of the total Peruvian population were registered as speakers of indigenous languages, but by the 1990s the figures show a considerable decline in the use of Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages, when only 28% is registered as Quechua-speaking (16% of whom are reported to be bilingual in Spanish) and Spanish-speakers increased to 72%.
For 2017, government figures place Spanish as being spoken by 82.6% of the population, but among Amerindian languages, another decrease is registered. Of the indigenous languages, Quechua remains the most spoken, and even today is used by some 13.9% of the total Peruvian population or a third of Peru's total indigenous population. The number of speakers of Aymara and other indigenous languages is placed at 2.5%, and those of foreign languages at 0.2%.
The drastic decline in use and knowledge of indigenous languages is largely attributed to recent demographic factors. The urbanization and assimilation of Peru's Amerindian plurality into the Hispanic mestizo culture, as well as new socioeconomic factors associated with class structure, have given privilege to the use of Spanish at the expense of the Amerindian languages which were spoken by the majority of the population less than a century ago.
The major obstacle to a more widespread use of Quechua is the fact that multiple varieties of this language exist. Quechua, along with Aymara and the minor indigenous languages, was originally and remains essentially an oral language. As a result, there is a lack of modern media which use it, such as books, newspapers, software, magazines, and technical journals. However, non-governmental organizations, as well as state-sponsored groups, are involved in projects to edit and translate major works into Quechua; for instance, in late 2005 a version of Don Quixote was presented in the language. There has also been an increasing and organized effort to teach Quechua in public schools in the areas where it is spoken.
The percentage of native speakers of Quechua who are illiterate was decreasing as of 2008,[41] as 86.87% of the Peruvian population is literate. More encouraging, nationwide literacy rate of youth aged 15 to 24 years is high and considered an achievement in Peruvian educational standards.[42][better source needed]
As part of the recent push in Peru to recognize and integrate indigenous people into national life, the government of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski supported the use of indigenous languages in Peru, with the state-run TV station starting to broadcast in December 2016 a daily news program in Quechua and in April 2017 one in Aymara. The President's state-of-the-union address was simultaneously translated into Quechua in July 2017.[43] As of 2016[update], government figures show about 4 million (13 percent) of the population speak Quechua fluently, while up to 10 million – around a third of the population – understand some of the language.[44]
^Cuche, Denys. “Un siècle d’immigration palestinienne au Pérou: La construction d’une ethnicité spécifique.” Revue Européenne de Migrations Internationales 17/3 (2001): 94–95.
Bagian dari seriIlmu Pengetahuan Formal Logika Matematika Logika matematika Statistika matematika Ilmu komputer teoretis Teori permainan Teori keputusan Ilmu aktuaria Teori informasi Teori sistem FisikalFisika Fisika klasik Fisika modern Fisika terapan Fisika komputasi Fisika atom Fisika nuklir Fisika partikel Fisika eksperimental Fisika teori Fisika benda terkondensasi Mekanika Mekanika klasik Mekanika kuantum Mekanika kontinuum Rheologi Mekanika benda padat Mekanika fluida Fisika plasma Ter...
Discontinued desktop media player Adobe Media PlayerAdobe Media Player 1.8 on Windows 7Developer(s)Adobe SystemsInitial release16 April 2007; 16 years ago (2007-04-16)[1]Final release1.8 / 17 May 2010; 13 years ago (2010-05-17) Operating systemMac OS X and Microsoft WindowsPlatformAdobe AIRTypeMedia player, Internet television, Media AggregatorLicenseFreewareWebsitewww.adobe.com/products/mediaplayer/ Adobe Media Player is a discontinued desktop medi...
Torrealta Tipo Ganadería bravaFundación 1943Fundador Amalia Márquez MartínAlberto Márquez MartínSede central “El Toñanejo”, “La Escorbaina”, “El Bercial” y “Las Pilas” (Medina Sidonia, Cádiz)Personas clave Borja Prado Eulate (ganadero)Pilar Prado Benítez (ganadera)Productos Toro de lidiaEncaste Juan Pedro DomecqTwitter TorrealtaCoordenadas 36°27′41″N 5°50′11″O / 36.46125, -5.8364166666667[editar datos en Wikidata] Torrealta es una g...
Zawratowa Turnia Blick von dem Tal Dolina Gąsienicowa Höhe 2247 m n.p.m. Lage Polen/Woiwodschaft Kleinpolen Gebirge Hohe Tatra, Karpaten Koordinaten 49° 13′ 10″ N, 20° 0′ 56″ O49.21944444444420.0155555555562247Koordinaten: 49° 13′ 10″ N, 20° 0′ 56″ O Zawratowa Turnia (Kleinpolen) Typ Felsgipfel Blick vom Höhenweg Orla Perć Die Zawratowa Turnia ist ein Berg in der polnischen Hohen Tatra mit 2247 m im ...
NeonatologiPekerjaanNamaDokter, Ahli medisJenis pekerjaanSpesialisasiSektor kegiatanPediatri (kedokteran)PenggambaranKualifikasi pendidikan Dokter Pengobatan Dokter Pengobatan Osteopatik Sarjana Kedokteran, Sarjana Bedah Bidang pekerjaanRumah sakit, Klinik Neonatologi adalah subspesialisasi pediatri yang terdiri dari perawatan medis pada bayi yang baru lahir, terutama bayi baru lahir yang sakit atau prematur. Neonatologi adalah spesialisasi yang berbasis di rumah sakit, dan biasanya dipraktik...
Опис файлу Опис обкладинка відеогри Sine Mora (цифрова версія) Джерело http://www.giantbomb.com/sine-mora/3030-32370/images/ Час створення 2012 Автор зображення права належать Digital Reality і Grasshopper Manufacture Ліцензія див. нижче Обґрунтування добропорядного використання для статті «Sine Mora» [?] Мета вико...
Teachers' university in Yining, Yili, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China Yili Normal UniversityMain Gate of Yili Normal UniversityAddress448 Jiefang Xilu, Yining, Yili, Xinjiang, ChinaInformationTypePublicMotto品正学实Established17 April 1948; 75 years ago (1948)Staff941Faculty621Number of students14,134Area1.25 square kilometersWebsitewww.ylsy.edu.cn Yili Normal University (Chinese: 伊犁师范大学; Kazakh: ىلە سىفان داشۋەىسى) is a higher no...
Resolution in the 117th CongressSee also: Green New DealRecognizing the duty of the Federal Government to create a Green New DealSponsored byHouse: Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) Senate: Ed Markey (D-MA)Number of co-sponsorsHouse: 102 Senate: 12Legislative historyIntroduced in the 117th Congress as H. Res. 332 and S. Res. 166 by Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Ed Markey on April 20, 2021Committee consideration by House: Energy and Commerce, Science, Space, Technology, Education and Labor, Trans...
Bohuslav Martinů Complete Edition The Bohuslav Martinů Complete Edition (BMCE; Souborné vydání děl Bohuslava Martinů in Czech) aims to publish the complete works of Czech composer Bohuslav Martinů (1890–1959). The BMCE is a complete historical critical edition of all the finished and unfinished compositions of Bohuslav Martinů. It is based on the scholarly assessment of all available sources and analysed with the newest methods of textual criticism and music philology.[1] T...
Motor vehicle International ProStar2006-2007 ProStar sleeper cab of USA TruckOverviewManufacturerInternational TrucksAlso calledJAC Gallop V7 (China, International LT)Production2006-present (LT Series only)AssemblyChatham, OntarioSpringfield, OhioGeneral Escobedo, MexicoBody and chassisClassClass 8PowertrainEngineInternational MaxxForce 11International MaxxForce 13Cummins ISX15TransmissionManualAutomaticAutomated ManualChronologyPredecessorInternational 9400iSuccessorLT Series The Intern...
Ship converted for use as a detention center for convicts, POWs, or civilian internees This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Prison ship – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The beached convict ship HMS Discovery at ...
日本國家公安委員會委員長Chairperson of the National Public Safety Commission日本國政府桐紋現任二之湯智（第97代）2021年（令和三年）10月4日就任行政府內閣府（國家公安委員會）类别國務大臣地位國家公安委員會首長所属內閣任命者內閣總理大臣（安倍晉三）設立法源國家行政組織法警察法（日语：警察法）先前职位內務省警保局局長首任辻二郎（日语：辻二郎 (機械工学者)...
The Black DemonPoster rilisSutradara Adrian Grünberg Produser Javier Chapa Jon Silk Arianne Fraser Delphine Perrier Ditulis oleh Boise Esquerra SkenarioBoise EsquerraCeritaCarlos CiscoPemeran Josh Lucas Fernanda Urrejola Julio Cesar Cedillo Penata musik Leonardo Heiblum Jacobo Lieberman SinematograferAntonio RiestraPenyunting Sam Baixauli V. Manu Medina Perusahaanproduksi Highland Film Group BuzzFeed Studios Mucho Mas Media Silk Mass DistributorThe AvenueTanggal rilis 28 April 2023...
Spanish culinary author Simone OrtegaBornSimone Ortega Klein(1919-05-29)May 29, 1919Barcelona, SpainDiedJuly 2, 2008(2008-07-02) (aged 89)Madrid, SpainOccupationWriterLanguageSpanishNationalitySpanishGenreNon-fictionSubjectFood Simone Ortega Klein (29 May 1919 – 2 July 2008) was a bestselling Spanish culinary author.[1] Born in Barcelona[2] to a family originally from Alsace in France, she published her first and bestselling book 1080 recetas de cocina (republished ...
Australian airport bus service SkyBusBustech CDi in September 2023ParentKinetic Group(majority owned by OPTrust)FoundedJune 1978 (1978-06)HeadquartersMelbourne AirportService areaHobartMelbourneService typeAirport busHubsAvalon AirportHobart AirportMelbourne AirportFleet104 (June 2022)Chief executiveMichael Sewards Adam BeggWebsitewww.skybus.com.auwww.skybus.co.nz SkyBus Terminal near Southern Cross station SkyBus is an airport bus service operating in Australia in Melbourne and Hob...
Cove/beach on Zakynthos, Greece 37°51′34″N 20°37′28″E / 37.85944°N 20.62444°E / 37.85944; 20.62444 Navagio Beach and wreck of the MV Panagiotis. Navagio Beach (Greek: Παραλία Ναυάγιο, pronounced [naˈvaʝio]), or Shipwreck Beach, is an exposed cove, sometimes referred to as Smugglers Cove, on the coast of Zakynthos, in the Ionian Islands of Greece. Navagio Beach was originally known as Agios Georgios. In popular culture The location wa...
Swedish DJ and music producer (born 1976) Mouseville redirects here. For Mickey Mouse's hometown, see Mickey Mouse universe. For Mighty Mouse's hometown, see Mighty Mouse. Eric PrydzPrydz at Glastonbury in 2009Background informationBirth nameEric Sheridan PrydzAlso known asAxErA&P ProjectCirez DDukes of SlucaGroove SystemHardformPrydaMooSheridanTonja HolmaFiol LasseBorn (1976-07-19) 19 July 1976 (age 47)OriginTäby, Stockholm County, SwedenGenresHousetechnoprogressive house[1]...
1967 single by the Beatles This article is about the Beatles song. For other uses, see All You Need Is Love (disambiguation). All You Need Is LoveUS picture sleeveSingle by the BeatlesB-sideBaby, You're a Rich ManReleased7 July 1967Recorded14, 19, 23–26 June 1967StudioOlympic Sound and EMI, LondonGenrePop,[1] psychedelia[2][3]Length3:57LabelParlophone, CapitolSongwriter(s)Lennon–McCartneyProducer(s)George MartinThe Beatles singles chronology Strawberry Fields F...
Police department of the City of Reno This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines for companies and organizations. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If ...
.svg)
