The nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1 for "nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1") also known as Nur77, TR3, and NGFI-B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NR4A1gene.[5][6]
Nuclear receptor 4A1 plays a key role in mediating inflammatory responses in macrophages.[9] In addition, subcellular localization of the NR4A1 protein appears to play a key role in the survival and death of cells.[10]
Expression is inducible by phytohemagglutinin in human lymphocytes and by serum stimulation of arrested fibroblasts. Translocation of the protein from the nucleus to mitochondria induces apoptosis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.[5]
Structure
The NR4A1 gene contains seven exons. An amino terminal transactivation domain is encoded in exon 2, a DNA-binding domain in exons 3 and 4, and dimerisation and a ligand-binding domain is exons 5 to 7.[11]
The protein has an atypical ligand-binding domain that is unlike the classical ligand-binding domain in most nuclear receptors. The classical domain contains a ligand-receiving pocket and co-activator site, both of which are lacking in the NR4A family. Whereas most nuclear receptors have a hydrophobic surface that results in a cleft, NR4A1 has a hydrophilic surface.[7]
Cofactors interact with Nuclear receptor 4A1 at a hydrophobic region between helices 11 and 12 to modulate transcription.[7]
Function
Along with the two other NR4A family members, NR4A1 is expressed in macrophages following inflammatory stimuli. This process is mediated by the NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) complex, a ubiquitous transcription factor involved in cellular response to stress.[9]
Nuclear receptor 4A1 can be induced by many physiological and physical stimuli. These include physiological stimuli such as "fatty acids, stress, prostaglandins, growth factors, calcium, inflammatory cytokines, peptide hormones, phorbol esters, and neurotransmitters" and physical stimuli including "magnetic fields, mechanical agitation (causing fluid shear stress), and membrane depolarization".[7] No endogenous ligands that bind to NR4A1 have yet been identified, so modulation occurs at the level of protein expression and posttranslational modification.Besides these, NR4A1 can mediate T cell function, the transcription factor NR4A1 is stably expressed at high levels in tolerant T cells. Overexpression of
Nuclear receptor 4A1 inhibits effector T cell differentiation, whereas deletion of NR4A1 overcomes T cell tolerance and exaggerates effector function, as well as enhancing immunity against tumor and chronic virus. Mechanistically, NR4A1 is preferentially recruited to binding sites of the transcription factor AP-1, where it represses effector gene expression by inhibiting AP-1 function. NR4A1 binding also promotes acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 (H3K27ac), leading to activation of tolerance-related genes.[12]
There are several ligands that directly bind NR4A1, including cytosporone B, celastrol, and certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. These NR4A1 ligands bind at various NR4A1 sites and show activities that are dependent on ligand structure and cell context. These NR4A1 ligands may have relevance to treatment of cancer, metabolic disease, inflammation, and endometriosis.[13] NR4A1 may play a role in Drug-induced gingival overgrowth associated with exposure to phenytoin, nifedipine, and cyclosporine A.[14]
Nuclear receptor 4A1 has the systematic HUGO gene symbol NR4A1. It belongs to a group of three closely related orphan receptors, the NR4A family (NR4A). The other two members are Nuclear receptor 4A2 (NR4A2) and Nuclear receptor 4A3 (NR4A3).
Nuclear receptor 4A1 has a high degree of structural similarity with other family members at the DNA-binding domain with 91-95% sequence conservation. The C-terminal ligand-binding domain is conserved to a lesser extent at 60% and the N-terminal AB region is not conserved, differing in each member.[7]
The three members are similar in biochemistry and function. They are immediate early genes activated in a ligand-independent manner that bind at the homologous sites on response elements.[11]
Nuclear receptor 4A1 and the rest of the NR4A family are structurally similar to other nuclear receptor superfamily members, but contain an extra intron. The DNA-binding domain at exons 3 and 4 of the NR4A1 gene is conserved among all members of the nuclear receptor.[11]
NR4A1 has homologous genes in a range of species including neuronal growth factor-induced clone B in rats, Nur77 in mice and TR3 in humans.[18]
Pathology
Along with 16 other genes, NR4A1 is a signature gene in the metastasis of some primary solid tumours. It is downregulated in this process.[19]
Interactions
Nuclear receptor 4A1 has been shown to interact with:
^ abChang C, Kokontis J, Liao SS, Chang Y (1989). "Isolation and characterization of human TR3 receptor: a member of steroid receptor superfamily". Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 34 (1–6): 391–395. doi:10.1016/0022-4731(89)90114-3. PMID2626032.
Engelse MA, Arkenbout EK, Pannekoek H, de Vries CJ (November 2003). "Activin and TR3 orphan receptor: two 'atheroprotective' genes as evidenced in dedicated mouse models". Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology. 30 (11): 894–899. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2003.03928.x. PMID14678255. S2CID11046562.
Bondy GP (April 1991). "Phorbol ester, forskolin, and serum induction of a human colon nuclear hormone receptor gene related to the NUR 77/NGFI-B genes". Cell Growth & Differentiation. 2 (4): 203–208. PMID1651101.
Nakai A, Kartha S, Sakurai A, Toback FG, DeGroot LJ (October 1990). "A human early response gene homologous to murine nur77 and rat NGFI-B, and related to the nuclear receptor superfamily". Molecular Endocrinology. 4 (10): 1438–1443. doi:10.1210/mend-4-10-1438. PMID2283997.
Harrison DC, Roberts J, Campbell CA, Crook B, Davis R, Deen K, et al. (2000). "TR3 death receptor expression in the normal and ischaemic brain". Neuroscience. 96 (1): 147–160. doi:10.1016/S0306-4522(99)00502-3. PMID10777386. S2CID42030769.
Li H, Kolluri SK, Gu J, Dawson MI, Cao X, Hobbs PD, et al. (August 2000). "Cytochrome c release and apoptosis induced by mitochondrial targeting of nuclear orphan receptor TR3". Science. 289 (5482): 1159–1164. Bibcode:2000Sci...289.1159L. doi:10.1126/science.289.5482.1159. PMID10947977.
Lee MO, Kang HJ, Cho H, Shin EC, Park JH, Kim SJ (November 2001). "Hepatitis B virus X protein induced expression of the Nur77 gene". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 288 (5): 1162–1168. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2001.5910. PMID11700033.
Slagsvold HH, Østvold AC, Fallgren AB, Paulsen RE (March 2002). "Nuclear receptor and apoptosis initiator NGFI-B is a substrate for kinase ERK2". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (5): 1146–1150. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2002.6579. PMID11883936.
Wu WS, Xu ZX, Ran R, Meng F, Chang KS (May 2002). "Promyelocytic leukemia protein PML inhibits Nur77-mediated transcription through specific functional interactions". Oncogene. 21 (24): 3925–3933. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205491. PMID12032831. S2CID23367035.
