1530s
Decade
The 1530s decade ran from January 1, 1530, to December 31, 1539.
November 5, 1530: St. Felix's Flood destroys the city of Reimerswaal July 26, 1533: Execution of Atahualpa .
Events
1530
This section is
transcluded from
1530 .
(edit | history )
January 5 – Strasbourg joins the Christliches Burgrecht , the Protestant alliance of Swiss cities.[ 1] January 20 – Sent on a mission to penetrate the interior of Mexico and to conquer the Kingdom of Michoacán, the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés leads a group of soldiers across the Lerma river through Cuitzeo and proceeds northwest.[ 2] January 21 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , issues letters from his winter residence in Bologna , inviting members of the Imperial Diet to convene at Augsburg on April 8 to discuss various theological questions. [ 3] February 14 – Tangaxuan II , last cazonci of the Purépecha Empire , is executed by conquistador Nuño de Guzmán , ending the Purépecha Empire's independence from Spain .[ 4] [ 5] February 24 – Charles V is crowned emperor in Bologna , by Pope Clement VII .[ 6] March 23 – The Tribute of the Maltese Falcon , an agreement by the Grand Master of the Order of St John of Jerusalem to pay an annual tribute to the Charles V , King of Sicily, in return for an order granting the Knights full rulership of Tripoli and the islands of Malta and Gozo , is reached.[ 7] October 26 , 1550, although Tripoli is conquered by the Ottomans on August 15, 1551.
July 4 – King François of France marries Eleanor of Austria , daughter of King Philip I of Castile and widow of King Manuel I of Portugal .[ 10] July 9 – The Tetrapolitan Confession , a Protestant confession of faith, is submitted jointly to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V on behalf of the southern German cities of Konstanz , Lindau , Memmingen and Strasbourg .[ 11] July 19 – Turkish Ottoman troops attempt to take the Hungarian town of Nagykörű but, according to local legend, the Turkish soldirers are lost in a marsh protecting the city.July 25 – The transfer of Tripoli , in North Africa, from Spain to the Knights of Malta, is formally accomplished, four months after an agreement was reached with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and King of Sicily.[ 12] July 30 – At Neue Augsburg (now Coro in the nation of Venezuela), German explorer Nikolaus Federmann becomes the acting governor of Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice") Germany's short-lived South American colonyas Governor Ambrosius Ehinger takes a leave of absence to recover from malaria .[ 13] August 3 – Battle of Gavinana : Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert of Chalon (who is killed in the action). The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola ) are overthrown, ending the Siege of Florence , and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de' Medici .[ 14] September 15 – The miraculous portrait of Saint Dominic in Soriano Soriano Calabro , Calabria .[ 15] [ 16]
Date unknown
1531
This section is
transcluded from
1531 .
(edit | history )
April 12 – In the Songhai Empire that rules most of West Africa and the Niger River valley, the Emperor Askiya Musa is assassinated by his brothers after less than two years on the throne. Askia Mohammad Benkan is enthroned the same day.[ 33] April 16 – The city of Puebla , Mexico, is founded.[ 34] April – Battle of Puná : Francisco Pizarro defeats the native inhabitants of the island of Puná, off of the coast of what is now the South American nation of Ecuador .[ 35] May 18 – The third Dalecarlian rebellion in Sweden is settled on St. Eric's Day at Arboga in Denmark when King Christian II returns church bells, confiscated earlier to pay Denmark's debts, to the villages in rebellion.[ 36] [ 37] May 27 – (11th waxing of Nayon 893 ME) Minkhaung of Mrauk-U , the Burmese King of Arakan since 1521, is killed in a coup d'etat by the rebellious Governor of Thandwe , Min Pa .[ 38] [ 39] June 24 – The city of San Juan del Río , Mexico, is founded.[ 40]
Date unknown
1532
This section is
transcluded from
1532 .
(edit | history )
April 27 – The democratic government of the Republic of Florence in Italy , in existence for more than 400 years since its founding in 1115 , is abolished by order of Pope Clement VII in order for a hereditary, and absolute, monarchy to be established.[ 63] Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence , the illegitimate son of Pope Clement, is given full power and the Republic's parliament (the Signoria ) and the rule of the executive officer, the Gonfaloniere , come to an end.April – Battle of Quipaipan in Peru : Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire , defeating his brother Huáscar .[ 64] [ 65] May 13 – Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru .[ 66] May 16 – Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England .[ 67] June 25 – Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary .
July 23 – The Nuremberg Religious Peace is granted to members of the Schmalkaldic League, granting them religious liberty.[ 68] August 13 – Union of Brittany and France : The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France .[ 69] August 5 – The siege of Güns in the Austrian Empire begins as the Ottoman army, under Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , attempts to take the city of Güns (now Kőszeg in Hungary ) with 100,000 troops in order to mount a larger invasion of the Austrian city of Vienna , capital of the Holy Roman Empire . The defenders, less than 800 Croatian soldiers commanded by Nikola Jurišić , puts up a successful resistance despite being outnumbered by more than 100 to 1.[ 70] August 30 – The siege of Güns fails as heavy rains and the arrival of reinforcements from Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to supplement the Croatian defenders, causes Suleiman to retreat.[ 70] September 1 – Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England .[ 71]
October 7 – (9th waxing of Tazaungmon 894 ME) The Burmese monarch Min Bin , King of Arrakan , leads a combined invasion force of 12,000 people (three armies of 11,000 men in a three-pronged attack, and a flotilla of war boats carrying 1,000 troops) in an invasion of Bengal in India.November 16 – Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca , ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers, without loss to themselves.[ 72] [ 73] December 1 – (5th waxing of Pyatho 894 ME) The Burmese Army under Min Bin marches into Dhaka , capital of Bengal without any resistance.December 4 – A fire strikes the cathedral in Chambéry , now a part of France , but at the time a part of Italy's Duchy of Savoy . The fire burns several holes in the Shroud of Turin , believed by some Roman Catholics to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth after the crucifixion, and to have a miraculous imprint of Jesus, but the shroud is repaired by nuns at the cathedral.December 20 – The first payment for Atahualpa's ransom from the Spaniards is made as gold is delivered to Cuzco to fill up a room.
Date unknown
1533
This section is
transcluded from
1533 .
(edit | history )
February 4 – The Reformation Parliament is summoned into session by King Henry VIII of England, and meets until April 7.February 8 – (15th waxing of Tabaung 894 ME) King Min Bin of Burma begins receiving tributes from the local lords of Bengal.February 14 – By a treaty between the German city of Münster and the Holy Roman Empire, Münster is recognized as a Lutheran city.
April 7 – The Statute in Restraint of Appeals in England , declaring the king to be the supreme sovereign and forbidding judicial appeals to the papacy , is given royal assent .[ 87] [ 88] April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark , ruler of the Danes since 1523 and later elected, but never crowned, King of Norway, dies at the age of 61. The vacancy leaves a dispute over his successor, which soon becomes the Count's Feud (Grevens Fejde ) between the Roman Catholic supporters of the former King Christian II of Denmark , and the Lutheran supporters of Frederick's son, proclaimed to be King Christian III .May 23 – King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer.[ 89] Pope Clement VII had rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530 , Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.June 1
July 11 – Henry VIII is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII , as is Archbishop Cranmer.[ 91] July 22 – Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria : Ferdinand I, King of the Romans , withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and János Szapolyai , voivode of Transylvania , becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.July 26 – Sapa Inca Atahualpa is executed by garotte , at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca .[ 92] : 77–78 [ 93] Túpac Huallpa to be crowned as a successor,[ 92] : 86–67 [ 94] August 13 – King François of France dispatches Colonel Pierre de Piton to Morocco with a letter addressed to the ruler, Sultan Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad , in order to establish a trade agreement.[ 95] September 7 – Anne Boleyn , the second wife of King Henry VIII of England gives birth to a daughter, at Greenwich, a little more than three months after she and Henry were married. The King's second daughter, Elizabeth , will become the reigning monarch of England 15 years later and rule for more than 44 years.September 13 – Antonio Sedeño , the Spanish Colonial Governor of Trinidad, comes under attack along with his troops by the Kalinago people, indigenous to the area. Though the Spanish lose many troops, Sedeño defeats the Kalinago and puts the island under Spanish rule.
Date unknown
1534
This section is
transcluded from
1534 .
(edit | history )
January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn , and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.[ 102] February 23 – A group of Anabaptists , led by Jan Matthys , seize Münster , Westphalia and declare it The New Jerusalem , begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.March 10 – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies , hereditary titles similar to duchies .[ 103] March 30 – The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 becomes law in England, requiring submission of the clergy , that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.[ 104]
October 4 – As the Michaelmas fair opens in Wittenberg , Martin Luther 's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by Hans Lufft adds the Old Testament and the Apocrypha to Luther's 1522 translation of the New Testament , and includes woodcut illustrations.[ 112] October 13 – Cardinal Alessandro Farnese is elected as the 220th pope of the Roman Catholic Church after a two-day conclave to find a successor for Pope Clement VII , who had died on September 25. Farnese, the Bishop of Ostia, takes the name Pope Paul III and is crowned on November 3.[ 113] October 18 – Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass , provoking a violent sectarian reaction (Affair of the Placards ).November 3 – The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy , establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England .[ 102] December 4 – The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent captures the city of Baghdad from the Safavids without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.[ 114] December 6 – Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar , found what becomes Quito , Ecuador .
Date unknown
1535
This section is
transcluded from
1535 .
(edit | history )
January 18 – Lima , now the capital of Peru , is founded by Francisco Pizarro , as Ciudad de los Reyes [ 116] January 21 – The French Protestant leaders of the October 1534 Affaire des Placards Notre-Dame de Paris and witnessed by a large crowd that includes King François and the visiting Ottoman diplomats .[ 117] February 27 – George Joye publishes his Apologye in Antwerp , to clear his name from the accusations of William Tyndale .March 10 – Fray Tomás de Berlanga discovers the Galápagos Islands , when blown off course en route to Peru .March 23 – English forces under William Skeffington storm Maynooth Castle in Ireland, the stronghold of Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare , after a siege that began on March 16. Skeffington shows little mercy to the 25 surviving defenders, and has them decapitated in front of the castle two days after the surrender.[ 118] March 29 – (Tenbun 4, 26th day of 2nd month) Go-Nara , who has ruled since 1526 is formally installed as the 105th Emperor of Japan [ 119]
April 11 – The visiting Ottoman envoys to France depart from Marseille , six months after having arrived from Istanbul in October. Jean de La Forêt , the new French ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, accompanies the Ottoman fleet with his party on a French galley, and the group sails to Tunis .[ 120] April 20 – While King Gustav Vasa of Sweden is out of the country, an unusual atmospheric phenomenon, the Vädersol Stockholm , and last for two hours. Because of uncertainty about whether the vädersol is a sign of God showing favor or disapproval of the Protestant reformation and of King Gustav himself, the Evangelical Lutheran Archbishop Olaus Petri commissions Urban Larsson to document the event in a painting, the Vädersolstavlan May 4 – The first of the English Carthusian Martyrs of London , John Houghton of London, Robert Lawrence of Beauvale , and Augustine Webster of Axholme are executed at Tyburn after refusing to sign the English Oath of Supremacy .[ 121] [ 122] May 10 – In Amsterdam , a small troop of Anabaptists , led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall, in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the burgemeester , Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels.[ 123] May 19 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona 's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).May 20 – William Tyndale is arrested in Antwerp for heresy, in relation to his Bible translation,[ 124] Vilvoorde .June 1 – The Conquest of Tunis by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , begins with the destruction of Barbarossa 's fleet. Following the eventual capture of the city from the Ottoman Empire , around 30,000 inhabitants are massacred.June 8 – Battle of Bornholm : Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.June 22 – Cardinal John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester , is executed for his refusal to swear an oath of loyalty to King Henry VIII of England .[ 102] June 24 – Münster Rebellion : The Anabaptist state of Münster is conquered and disbanded.
July 6 – Sir Thomas More , author of Utopia Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason, after refusing to recognize King Henry VIII as head of the English Church , and separate from the Roman Catholic Church .[ 125] July 15 – Archdeacon Charles Reynolds (cleric) , envoy to James V, Charles V, and Pope Paul III, is buried in Rome. He died of malaria while lobbying for the excommunication of King Henry VIII for heresy.August 17 – Pope Paul III issues a papal bull , Sublimis Deus , to appint a commission of five cardinals and three bishops to carry out a reform of the city of Rome and the Roman Curia, with unlimited powers to uproot and punish all spiritual and secular transgressions, abuses, and errors.[ 126] September 13 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , becomes the first person to pass through the new Porta Nuova in Palermo , celebrating the European conquest of the North African territory of Tunis .[ 127]
Viceroy Mendoza of New Spain November 1 – Eighteen days after the death of Francesco II Sforza , Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Charles V claims the Duchy of Milan as his inheritance under Sforza's will. King François of France disputes the claim of Charles, citing the French right to rule Milan, Genoa and Asti, and the dispute leads to war between France and the Empire .[ 128] November 14 –
Spanish colonial administrator Antonio de Mendoza is appointed as the first Viceroy of New Spain , with jurisdiction on behalf of King Carlos of Spain over a large area of what is now Mexico and the southwestern United States, from California to Louisiana, the state of Florida, most of Central America and the Caribbean, the northern parts of South America, the Philippines and Guam.[ 129]
Voters in the [[Canton of Geneva Republic of Geneva (1534/1541–1798, 1813–1815)|Republic of Geneva]] approve the merger of the city's seven charitable establishments into a single entity, the Hôpital général November 30 – Jakob Hutter , leader of the Hutterites is arrested along with his wife in Klausen in the Tyrol region on the Italian side of the Alps . The two are taken to the prison at the fortress in Bronzolo .[ 130] [ 131] December 4 – The Consejo de i Diexe Republic of Venice , votes to replace the republic's treasury, made of wood, with the Zecca a structure that has stone vaults, and invites architects to submit designs.[ 132] December 28 – James Atkenhead , the envoy of Scotland's King James V, leaves Scotland to travel to France to evaluate Mary of Bourbon , daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme , as a prosprective queen consort.[ 133] Madeline of Valois , daughter of King Francois of France.December – Manco Inca Yupanqui , nominally Sapa Inca , is imprisoned by the Spanish Conquistadors of Peru.
Date unknown
1536
This section is
transcluded from
1536 .
(edit | history )
January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco , the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas,[ 136] [ 137] Franciscans in Mexico City.[ 138] January 22 – John of Leiden , Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion .[ 139] January 24 – King Henry VIII of England is seriously injured when he falls from his horse at a jousting tournament in Greenwich , after which the fully armored horse falls on him. The King is unconscious for two hours, sustaining an injury to an ulcerated leg and a concussion .[ 140] [ 141] [ 142] February 2 – Spanish conquistador Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires in what is now Argentina .[ 143] February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan 's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.[ 144] 1569 .[ 144] February 25 – Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter , founder of the Hutterites , is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy .[ 145] March 8 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha , Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire since 1523, is executed after falling into disfavor with Hürrem Sultan , the wife of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . After Hürrem persuades her husband that Pargali Ibrahim has become a threat as his money and power have increased, Suleiman hosts an elaborate dinner with Pargali as his guest. After the dinner ends, Pargali prepares to go to bed but is seized and strangled upon reaching his bedroom.[ 146] March 14 – Ayas Mehmed Pasha is appointed by the Sultan Suleiman to be the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.March
April 6 – Count's Feud : Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark .April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries .[ 102] Basingwerk Abbey , Bourne Abbey , Brinkburn Priory , Buildwas Abbey , Cartmel Priory , Dorchester Abbey , Dore Abbey , Haltemprice Priory , Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey .April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme Wales into that of England.[ 150] May 2 – Anne Boleyn , second queen of Henry VIII of England , is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.[ 151] May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui , having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco , begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro .[ 152] May 14 – Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England 's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.[ 153] May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded.[ 154] May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal .[ 155] [ 156] May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour .[ 157] June 2 – Pope Paul III announces that he will send three legates to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ; to King Ferdinand of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia ; and King François of France to prevent an outbreak of war in Europe.[ 158] June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands , completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525 .[ 159] June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.[ 160]
July 9 – The papal legation of Cardinals Marino Caracciolo , Francisco Quiñones , and Agostino Trivulzio meets with Emperor Charles V at Savigliano , south of Turin on orders of Pope Paul III.[ 161] July 21 – The papal legation arrives in France, arriving at Lyon , to meet with King Francois I.[ 162] July 24 – Three days after the arrival of the peacekeeping team in Lyon, and 15 days after the legation had met with the Holy Roman Emperor to avoid war, troops of the Holy Roman Empire invade France, crossing over the Var river from Nizza in Italy (now Nice in France) as well as invading Picardie with a second force.[ 163] July 29 – The Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark .[ 164] [ 165] Protestant Reformation in Denmark .August 5 – Guelders Wars : Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders , under command of Meindert van Ham , are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany , Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli , his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans , succeeds as heir to the kingdom.[ 166] September 1 – King James V of Scotland becomes the first Scottish monarch since 1346 to voluntarily leave his kingdom, leaving six vice-regents— the Lord Chancellor Gavin Dunbar, Archbishop of Glasgow ; James Beaton , Archbishop of St Andrews ; the earls of Huntly, Montrose, and Eglinton, and Lord Maxwell— to govern the nation during his absence.[ 167] Kirkcaldy on the Royal Scots Navy flagship Mary Willoughby France to meet his future bride, Princess Madeleine of Valois . The Scottish entourage docks in France at Dieppe one week later.[ 168]
October 1 – The Pilgrimage of Grace , a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms, begins in as the Lincolnshire and spreads across the kingdom to most of Yorkshire, and parts of Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland, and Westmorland.[ 169] October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde , Flanders .[ 102] October 10 – English barrister Robert Aske becomes the leader of the Pilgrimate of Grace rebels, whose numbers have grown to 9,000 and marches with them to York .[ 169] October 16 – The three negotiators of Pope Paul III depart France after three months of discussions with representatives of King Francois I.[ 162] November 4 – Cardinal Agostino Trivulzio , the envoy of Pope Paul III , files his report of his peace mission to negotiate an agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and France.[ 162] November 13 –
On "a great misty morning such as hath seldom been seen",[ 170] Robert Pakington , a London merchant and a member of the English Parliament , becomes the first person in Britain to be murdered with a handgun ,[ 171]
Robert Aske meets with royal delegates at York, including the Duke of Norfolk and negotiates the return of the homes of Catholic monks and nuns, as well as a safe passage for Aske and several Catholic representatives for a meeting with King Henry VIII.[ 169] November 26 – At the Château de Blois , the marriage contract between King James V of Scotland and King Francois of France to arrange the marriage of James to Francois' daughter Madeline, is signed despite the reluctance of the French monarch to send his daughter to an unhealthy climate.[ 172] December 5 – After two months, the Pilgrimage of Grace ends at Pontefract Castle after the Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk promises to present a list of 24 Articles of the pilgrims' demands, "The Commons' Petition", to King Henry VIII . The Duke pledges a reprieve for abbeys from dissolution until Parliament can meet, and to obtain a general pardon for the rebel pilgrims.[ 169]
Date unknown
1537
This section is
transcluded from
1537 .
(edit | history )
January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois , the 16-year-old daughter of François I , King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris . Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7.[ 175] January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici , a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke.January 16 – Bigod's Rebellion , an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by Francis Bigod against Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire .[ 176] January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire , but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland .[ 176] January – At the battle of Ollantaytambo , the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish led by Hernando Pizarro and the Spaniards' Indian alliesFebruary 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle . He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2.[ 176] March 8 – Chipatá , now in the Santander Department of the Republic of Colombia , is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada , which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela .March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese , in Brazil .[ 177] [ 178]
April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway , Olav Engelbrektsson , flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium .[ 179] [ 180] April 18 – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca 's siege of Cuzco , thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers .[ 181] April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca : Bacatá , the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation , is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes.[ 182] May 17 –
June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed.[ 185] [ 186] June 23 – The Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn , and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway.
July 12 – Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos at the battle of Abancay , but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru .[ 187] July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh , Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India [ 188] July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice . The war will continue until October 2, 1540.[ 189] August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo , an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici , Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi .August 12 – The coronation of Christian III as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen.[ 190] August 15 – The city of Asunción , now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay , is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa .[ 191] August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company , the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army , and the second most senior, is formed.August 26 –The siege of the island of Corfu is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent.[ 192] [ 193] [ 194] September 2 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway appoints Gjeble Pederssøn as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the Church of Norway .[ 195] September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay ) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza .[ 196] Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538.[ 197]
Silver coin (sasnu) of the Kashmiri sultan Shams al-Din Shah II, 1537-38
Date unknown
Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato , one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León , part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later[ 204] [ 205] 1570 .[ 206]
Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537.
Kiritimati (Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition.[ 207] The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print. .[ 208]
The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III ; these include Bakke Abbey , Munkeby Abbey , Tautra Abbey , Nidarholm Abbey , Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey .
Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English , both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale 's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark , London)[ 209] Matthew Bible , edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp .[ 209]
Ongoing
1538
This section is
transcluded from
1538 .
(edit | history )
January 14 – Leonard Grey , England's Lord Deputy of Ireland , successfully negotiates a truce in the semi-independent County Laois , formerly an Irish Kingdom, over the areas leadership. between Peter O'Moore and Rory Lysaght.[ 216] January 31 – General Johann Katzianer of the Holy Roman Empire , on trial in Vienna for the disastrous Imperial campaign against the Ottoman Empire and for desertion during the Battle of Gorjani , escapes and flees to Kostajnica Fortress in Ottoman-controlled Croatia . After 14 months, Nikola IV Zrinski have Katzianer murdered.February 8 – The Holy League , an alliance of Christian nations (the Papal States and the Republic of Venice , the Knights Hospitaller of Malta , Spain and the Spanish-ruled Viceroyalty of Naples and Sicily , is agreed upon under the direction of Pope Paul III and Venetian Senator Alvise Badoer .February 24 – Treaty of Nagyvárad : Peace is declared between Ferdinand I, future Holy Roman Emperor and the Ottoman Empire . John Zápolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom ), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.[ 217] March 18 – Garcia de Noronha is appointed as the new Governor-General of Portuguese India by King João III . He sails to Goa and arrives less than three weeks later.
April 6 – In India ,Sher Shah Suri , who had been the Mughal Empire's Governor of the Bihar Subah province, declares the founding of the Sur Empire and crowns himself as Emperor in a ceremony at Delhi .[ 218] April 26 – Battle of Las Salinas : In Peru , Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro , who then seizes Cusco .[ 219] May 9 – Mary of Guise is wed by proxy to King James V of Scotland , while she is at the Château de Châteaudun and he is in London , with neither of the two seeing each other.May 10 – In India Mahmud Khan, 11-year-old the nephew of the late Sultan Bahadur Shah , is enthroned as Mahmud Shah III , Sultan of Gujarat .[ 220] May 27 – A joint delegation of Lutherans from various German cities arrives in England for meetings with King Henry VIII ; Thomas Cranmer , Archbishop of Canterbury; and Thomas Cromwell , the former Chief Minister of England.June 18 –
June 19 – Dissolution of the Monasteries in England: The newly founded Bisham Abbey is dissolved.[ 222]
July 17 – The betrothal ceremony of 12-year-old Princess Elisabeth , granddaughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to the 17-year-old Prince Sigismund II Augustus , son of King Sigismund of Poland (who is also the Grand Duke of Lithuania) and heir to the throne, takes place in Innsbruck .[ 223] July 25 – The city of Guayaquil , now the largest city in the South American nation of Ecuador is founded by Spanish conqueror Francisco de Orellana in the location of a Quechua native village of the same name. Orellana names the city "Santiago de Guayaquil".[ 224] August 6 – Bogotá , Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada .[ 225] September 18 – Ştefan V Lăcustă of the Bogdan-Musat dynasty in Romania is appointed as the new Prince of Moldavia by the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman, replacing uncle, Petru Rareș .[ 226] September 28 – Battle of Preveza : The Ottoman fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent , under the command of Hayreddin Barbarossa , defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V , under the command of Andrea Doria .[ 227] September 29 – The last significant volcanic eruption in the Phlegraean Fields of Italy begins and lasts one week.[ 228] [ 229]
Date unknown
1539
This section is
transcluded from
1539 .
(edit | history )
April 17 – At Dresden in Germany, Heinrich IV of the House of Wettin , nicknamed "Heinrich der Fromme" (Henry the Pious) becomes the new Duke of Saxony within the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his older brother, Georg der Bärtige ("George the Bearded").April 19 – The Treaty of Frankfurt is signed at Frankfurt-am-Main by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on behalf of the Empire's Roman Catholic states, and the Lutheran theologian Philip Melanchthon , representative of the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant German states.[ 239] [ 240] April 28 – The English Parliament meets for the first time since 1536, after being summoned by King Henry VIII as his seventh Parliament.May 5 – The English House of Lords creates a committee, balanced between religious reformers and religious conservatives, to examine and determine doctrine, eventually forming the "Six Articles".May 25 – The inaugural declaration of the Protestant Reformation takes place in Leipzig (now part of Germany) with Martin Luther present, as Duke Henry IV pledges to adopt Lutheranism as the official religion of make the Duchy of Saxony .May 30 – Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay , Florida with 600 soldiers, with the goal of finding gold . He also introduces pigs into North America .June 26 – Battle of Chausa in modern-day Buxar , India : Sher Shah Suri defeats the Mughal emperor, Humayun (Sher Shah goes on to form the Sur Empire , and take control of nearly all Mughal territory).June 28 – The Six Articles , an Act of the Parliament of England , is given royal assent reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII 's Church of England .[ 241]
July 13 – Lütfi Pasha becomes the new Grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire after being appointed by the Sultan Suleiman the Great following the death of Ayas Mehmed Pasha July 18 – The siege of Castelnuovo (now the town of Herceg Novi in Montenegro ) is started by General Hayreddin Barbarossa , leader of the Ottoman Empire's Army, after the Spanish commanding officer, Francisco de Sarmiento , rejects an offer of honorable surrender with safe passage. Spain had taken the city in war from the Ottomans in 1538, giving the Christian Europeans control of the eastern Mediterranean sea and access to the Holy Land . With 50,000 Ottomans against less than 4,000 Spanish defenders, Castelnuovo falls in less than three weeks.[ 242] The siege of Castelnuovo ends after 19 days and the deaths of as many as 20,000 of the Ottoman attackers. After the city falls, almost all of the surviving Spanish defenders are executed, including Spain's General de Sarmiento.[ 243] [ 242]
August 15 – King Francis I of France issues the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêt , that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts, and makes French the language of those courts, and the official language of legal discourse.August 17 – The revolt of Ghent begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium as members of the city's guilds demand the right to choose their own leaders, and the resignation of the Spanish-sponsored city leaders. Within four days, the city is under the control of nine guild leaders.[ 244] September 7 – Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs .
Undated
Births
1530
Sir Thomas Bromley Ivan the Terrible January 5 – Gaspar de Bono , Spanish monk of the Order of the Minims (d. 1571 )[ 250] January 31 – Ōtomo Sōrin , Japanese Christian Daimyō (d. 1587 )February 17 – Louis III, Count of Löwenstein (d. 1611 )February 18 – Uesugi Kenshin , Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1578 )February 26 – David Chytraeus , German historian and theologian (d. 1600 )[ 251] March 11 – Johann Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1573 )[ 252] May 5 – Gabriel, comte de Montgomery , French nobleman (d. 1574 )May 7 – Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Condé , French Protestant general (d. 1569 )[ 253] June 17 – François de Montmorency , French nobleman (d. 1579 )[ 254] June 20 – Johannes Schenck von Grafenberg , German physician (d. 1598 )[ 255] July 3 – Claude Fauchet , French historian (d. 1602 )[ 256] August 1 – Daniel, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577 )[ 257] August 11 – Ranuccio Farnese , Italian prelate (d. 1565 )[ 258] August 14 – Giambattista Benedetti , Italian mathematician and physicist (d. 1590 )[ 259] August 25 – Ivan IV of Russia (d. 1584 )[ 260] [ 261] September 30 – Geronimo Mercuriale , Italian philologist and physician (d. 1606 )[ 262] October 1 – Walter Aston , English politician (d. 1589 )[ 263] October 21 – Jacques Jonghelinck , Flemish sculptor (d. 1606 )[ 264] October 30 – Charles d'Angennes de Rambouillet , Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1587 )[ 265] November 1 – Étienne de La Boétie , French judge and writer (d. 1563 )[ 266] November 6 – Josias Simler , Swiss scholar (d. 1576 )[ 267] December 1 – Bernardino Realino , Italian Jesuit (d. 1616 )[ 268] December 5 – Nikolaus Selnecker , German musician (d. 1592 )[ 269] date unknown
Julius Caesar Aranzi , Italian anatomist (d. 1589 )[ 270] Vincenza Armani , Italian actress (d. 1569 )Christopher Báthory , Prince of Transylvania (d. 1581 )Jean Bodin , French jurist (d. 1596 )[ 271] Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki , Polish bishop, political thinker and philosopher (d. 1607 )[ 272] [ 273] Thomas Hoby , English diplomat and translator (d. 1566 )[ 274] Kōriki Kiyonaga , Japanese daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama and Edo periods (d. 1608 )[ 275] Jan Kochanowski , Polish writer (d. 1584 )[ 276] Jean Nicot , French diplomat and scholar (d. 1606 )[ 277] Mordecai Yoffe , Bohemian author of Levush Malkhut (d. 1612 )[ 278] Anastasia Romanovna , Russian Tsaritsa (d. 1560 )[ 279] Thomas Bromley , English lord chancellor (d. 1587 )[ 280] probable
Moses Isserles , Polish rabbi and Talmudist (d. 1572 )[ 281] Claude Le Jeune , French composer (d. 1600 )[ 282] Gráinne O'Malley , Irish ruler (d. 1603 )[ 283] Teodora Ginés , Dominican musician and composer (d. 1598 )[ 284] [ 285] Shane O'Neill , Irish chieftain and rebel (d. 1567 )[ 286] Turlough Luineach O'Neill , Irish chieftain of Tyrone (d. 1595 )Jöran Persson , Swedish politician (d. 1568 )[ 287] Nicholas Sanders , English Catholic propagandist (d. 1581 )[ 288] Ruy López de Segura , Spanish priest and chess player (d. 1580 )[ 289] Pey de Garros , Provençal poet (d. 1585 )[ 290] 1531
Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg Anna d'Este January 26 – Jens Bille , Danish servant and poet (d. 1575 )[ 291] April 6 – Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595 )[ 292] May 15 – Maria of Austria, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg , daughter of Emperor Ferdinand I (d. 1581 )[ 293] May 20 – Viceroy Thado Minsaw of Ava (d. 1584 )June 1 – János Zsámboky , Hungarian scholar (d. 1584 )[ 294] July 17 – Antoine de Créqui Canaples , French Catholic cardinal (d. 1574 )[ 295] July 22 – Leonhard Thurneysser , German scholar and quack at the court of John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1595 )[ 296] September 2 – Francesco Cattani da Diacceto , Bishop of Fiesole (d. 1595 )[ 297] September 4 – Hans Fugger , German businessman (d. 1598 )[ 298] September 14 – Philipp Apian , German mathematician and medic (d. 1589 )[ 299] Late September – Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby , English noble and diplomat (d. 1594 )[ 300]
October 7 – Scipione Ammirato , Italian historian (d. 1601 )[ 301] October 12 – Jacques de Savoie, 2nd Duc de Nemours (d. 1585 )[ 302] October 25 – Matthew Wesenbeck , Belgian jurist (d. 1586 )[ 303] October 27 – Herbert Duifhuis , Dutch minister (d. 1581 )[ 304] November 14 – Richard Topcliffe , English torturer (d. 1604 )[ 305] November 16 – Anna d'Este , duchess consort of Nemours (d. 1607 )[ 306] November 18 – Roberto di Ridolfi , Italian conspirator against Elizabeth I of England (d. 1612 )[ 307] November 29 – Johannes Letzner , German Protestant priest and historian (d. 1613 )[ 308] December – Hendrick van Brederode , Dutch noble (d. 1568 )[ 309] December 6 – Vespasiano I Gonzaga , Italian noble and diplomat (d. 1591 )[ 310] December 10 – Henry IX, Count of Waldeck (d. 1577 )date unknown
1532
Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester January 21 – Ludwig Helmbold , German classical singer (d. 1598 )[ 314] February 14 – Richard Lowther , English soldier and official (d. 1607 )[ 315] February 19 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf , French poet and member of the Pléiade (d. 1589 )[ 316] March 20 – Juan de Ribera , Spanish Catholic archbishop (d. 1611 )[ 317] March 25 – Pietro Pontio , Italian music theorist and composer (d. 1596 )[ 318] April 21 – Martin Schalling the Younger , German theologian (d. 1608 )[ 319] [ 320] April 23 – Anna Marie of Brunswick-Lüneburg , Duchess of Prussia (d. 1568 )[ 321] June 1 – Marino Grimani , Doge of Venice (d. 1605 )[ 322] June 6 – Giulio Antonio Santorio , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602 )[ 323] June 7 – Amy Robsart , wife of Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester (d. 1560 )[ 324] June 13 – Countess Palatine Helena of Simmern , countess consort of Hanau-Münzenberg (1551-1561) (d. 1579 )[ 325] June 16 – Francis Coster , Brabantian Jesuit theologian, author (d. 1619 )[ 326] June 24
July 12 – Mechthild of Bavaria , German duchess (d. 1565 )July 25 – Alphonsus Rodriguez , Spanish Jesuit lay brother and saint (d. 1617 )[ 329] August 14 – Archduchess Magdalena of Austria , Member of the House of Habsburg (d. 1590 )[ 330] October 4 – Francisco de Toledo , Spanish Jesuit cardinal (d. 1596 )[ 331] [ 332] October 30 – Yuri of Uglich , Prince of Uglich (d. 1563 )[ 333] November 16 – Clara of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , Abbess of Gandersheim, later Duchess of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1595 )[ 334] November 22 – Anne of Denmark, Electress of Saxony (d. 1585 )[ 335] December 7 – Louis I, Count of Sayn-Wittgenstein (d. 1605 )[ 336] December 20
December 26 – Guilielmus Xylander , German classical scholar (d. 1576 )date unknown
Robert Abercromby , Scottish Jesuit missionary (d. 1613 )[ 339] William Allen , English cardinal (d. 1594 )[ 340] Hernando Franco , Spanish composer (d. 1585 )[ 341] Luís Fróis , Portuguese missionary (d. 1597 )[ 342] Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa , Spanish explorer (d. 1592 )[ 343] John Hawkins , English navigator and slave trader (d. 1595 )[ 344] Étienne Jodelle , French dramatist and poet (d. 1573 )[ 345] Ralph Lane , English explorer (d. 1603 )[ 346] Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland (d. 1585 )[ 347] Thomas Norton , English lawyer (d. 1584 )[ 348] Tulsidas , medieval Hindi poet and philosopher (d. 1623 )Flavio Orsini , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1581 )[ 349] Thomas Lucy , English politician (d. 1600 )[ 350] probable
1533
Queen Elizabeth I Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland January 2 – Johann Major , German poet and theologian (d. 1600 )[ 353] January 3 – Jerónimo Bautista Lanuza , Spanish friar, bishop and writer (d. 1624 )January 6 – Timotheus Kirchner , German theologian (d. 1587 )[ 354] January 28 – Paul Luther , German scientist (d. 1593 )[ 355] February 5 or February 16 – Andreas Dudith , Croatian-Hungarian nobleman and diplomat (d. 1589 )[ 356] February 2 – Shimazu Yoshihisa , Japanese samurai (d. 1611 )[ 357] February 16 – Gianfrancesco Gambara , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1587 )[ 358] February 28 – Michel de Montaigne , French essayist (d. 1592 )[ 359] March 10 – Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1550 )[ 360] : 397 April 5 – Giulio della Rovere , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1578 )[ 361] April 8 – Claudio Merulo , Italian composer and organist (d. 1604 )[ 362] April 24 – William I of Orange (d. 1584 )[ 363] May 2 – Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen (d. 1596 )[ 364] July 20 – Martín de Rada , Spanish missionary (d. 1578 )[ 365] July 10 – Antonio Possevino , Italian diplomat (d. 1611 )[ 366] August 2 – Theodor Zwinger , Swiss scholar (d. 1588 )[ 367] August 7
September 5 – Jacopo Zabarella , Italian philosopher (d. 1589 )[ 370] September 7 – Queen Elizabeth I of England , daughter of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1603 )[ 371] September 15 – Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland (d. 1572 )[ 372] September 27 – Stefan Batory , King of Poland (d. 1586 )[ 373] October 9 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1568 )[ 374] October 12 – Asakura Yoshikage , Japanese ruler (d. 1573 )October 14 – Anna of Mecklenburg , duchess consort of Courland (1566-1587) (d. 1602 )[ 375] November 22 – Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara , Italian noble (d. 1597 )[ 360] : 510 December 13 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (d. 1577 )[ 376] date unknown – Eknath , Indian Marathi saint (d. 1599 )[ 377] probable
1534
Archduchess Eleanor of Austria January 6 – Pavao Skalić , Croatian encyclopedist , Renaissance humanist and adventurer (d. 1575 )February 5 – Giovanni de' Bardi , Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. 1612 )February 10 – Song Ikpil , Korean scholar (d. 1599 )March 19 – José de Anchieta , Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. 1597 )April 18 – William Harrison , English clergyman (d. 1593 )June 15 – Henri I de Montmorency , Marshal of France (d. 1614 )June 23 – Oda Nobunaga , Japanese warlord (d. 1582 )July 1 – King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1588 )July 3 – Myeongjong of Joseon , ruler of Korea (d. 1567 )July 18 – Zacharius Ursinus , German theologian (d. 1583 )August 29 – Nicholas Pieck , Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. 1572 )September 24 – Guru Ram Das , fourth Sikh Guru (d. 1581 )October 4 – William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d. 1597 )October 18 – Jean Passerat , French writer (d. 1602 )November 2 – Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (d. 1594 )November 6 – Joachim Camerarius the Younger , German scientist (d. 1598 )November 17 – Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , German prince (d. 1561 )November 26 – Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley (d. 1613 )December 16 – Lucas Osiander the Elder , German pastor (d. 1604 )December 16 – Hans Bol , Flemish artist (d. 1593 )date unknown
1535
Pope Leo XI Katarina Stenbock February 11 – Pope Gregory XIV (d. 1591 )[ 382] January 7 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Baron Stafford , English baron (d. 1603 )February 24 – Eléanor de Roucy de Roye , French noble (d. 1564 )February 27 – Min Phalaung , Burmese monarch (d. 1593 )February 28 – Cornelius Gemma , Dutch astronomer and astrologer (d. 1578 )March 10 – William of Rosenberg , High Treasurer and High Burgrave of Bohemia (d. 1592 )March 23 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach , princess of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1587 )May 31 – Alessandro Allori , Italian painter (d. 1607 )June 2 – Pope Leo XI (d. 1605 )[ 383] June 18 – Jakub Krčín , Czech architect (d. 1604 )June 21 – Leonhard Rauwolf , German physician and botanist (d. 1596 )June 24 – Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal (d. 1573 )July 4 – William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1592 )July 21 – García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete , Royal Governor of Chile (d. 1609 )July 22 – Katarina Stenbock , queen of Gustav I of Sweden (d. 1621 )August 21 – Shimazu Yoshihiro , Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1619 )September 6 – Emanuel van Meteren , Flemish historian (d. 1612 )September 18 – Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk (d. 1551 )October 16 – Niwa Nagahide , Japanese warlord (d. 1585 )November 9 – Nanda Bayin , King of Burma (d. 1600 )December 12 – Gilbert Génébrard , Roman Catholic archbishop (d. 1597 )December 28 – Martin Eisengrein , German theologian (d. 1578 )date unknown
1536
Cornelis Cort January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569 )[ 384] February 2
February 12 – Leonardo Donato , Doge of Venice (d. 1612 )[ 387] February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605 )[ 388] March 6 – Santi di Tito , Italian painter (d. 1603 )[ 389] March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru , Japanese shōgun (d. 1565 )[ 390] April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597 )[ 391] May 3 – Stephan Praetorius , German theologian (d. 1603 )[ 392] May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius , Belgian bishop (d. 1587 )[ 393] August 10 – Caspar Olevian , German Protestant theologian (d. 1587 )[ 394] August 14 – René, Marquis of Elbeuf (d. 1566 )[ 395] August 24 – Matthäus Dresser , German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607 )[ 396] October 18 – William Lambarde , English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601 )[ 397] October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586 )[ 398] October 28 – Felix Plater , Swiss physician (d. 1614 )[ 399] November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo , Doge of Venice (d. 1615 )November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606 )[ 400] December 26 – Yi I , Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584 )[ 401] December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572 )[ 402] date unknown
Jeong Cheol , Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593 )[ 403] Leonor de Cisneros , Spanish Protestant (d. 1568 )Juan de Fuca , Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602 )[ 404] Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham , English statesman and admiral (d. 1624 )[ 405] Roger Marbeck , chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (d. 1604 )[ 406] Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset , English statesman and poet (d. 1608 )[ 407] Friedrich Sylburg , German classical scholar (d. 1596 )[ 408] Ikeda Tsuneoki , Japanese military commander (d. 1584 )Giovanni de' Vecchi , Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614 )[ 409] 1537
Willem IV van den Bergh January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605 )[ 410] January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602 )[ 411] February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575 )[ 412] March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor , Emperor of China (d. 1572 )[ 413] May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585 )[ 414] May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius , Italian anatomist (d. 1619 )[ 415] May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg , son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604 )[ 416] May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577 )[ 417] [ 418] June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal , Portuguese prince (d. 1554 )[ 419] [ 420] July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat , French diplomat and writer (d. 1604 )[ 421] July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna , Spanish duke (d. 1590 )July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592 )August 9 – Francesco Barozzi , Italian mathematician (d. 1604 )[ 422] August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa , Japanese samurai (d. 1592 )October – Lady Jane Grey , claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554 )[ 423] [ 424]
October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553 )[ 198] November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba , Spanish military leader (d. 1583 )[ 425] December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki , Japanese shōgun (d. 1597 )December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592 )[ 426] December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh , Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586 )[ 427] December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593 )[ 428] date unknown
1538
Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo January 6 – Jane Dormer , English lady-in-waiting to Mary I (d. 1612 )[ 433] January 10 – Louis of Nassau , Dutch general (d. 1574 )[ 434] January 13 – Udai Singh of Marwar , Ruler of Marwar (d. 1595 )January 15 – Maeda Toshiie , Japanese samurai and warlord (d. 1599 )January 16 – John Frederick III, Duke of Saxony and nominal Duke of Saxe-Gotha (d. 1565 )[ 435] February 23 – Dorothy Catherine of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1604 )March 25 – Christopher Clavius , German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1612 )[ 436] April 24 – Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua (d. 1587 )[ 437] April 26 – Gian Paolo Lomazzo , Italian painter (d. 1600 )[ 438] June 30 – Bonaventura Vulcanius , Flemish Renaissance humanist (d. 1614 )[ 439] July 12 – Infanta Maria of Guimarães , Portuguese infanta (d. 1577 )July 28 – Alberto Bolognetti , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585 )[ 440] September 29
October 2 – Saint Charles Borromeo , Spanish saint and cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1584 )[ 441] October 17 – Irene di Spilimbergo , Italian Renaissance poet and painter (d. 1559 )[ 442] November 16 – Saint Turibius of Mongrovejo , Spanish Grand Inquisitor, missionary Archbishop of Lima (d. 1606 )[ 443] June 12 – Francesco Gonzaga , Spanish Catholic cardinal (d. 1566 )[ 444] July 25 – Diane de France , illegitimate daughter of Henry II of France (d. 1619 )[ 445] December 8 – Miklós Istvánffy , Hungarian politician (d. 1615 )[ 446] December 10 – Giovanni Battista Guarini , Italian poet (d. 1612 )[ 447] December 11 – Sigismund of Brandenburg , Archbishop of Magdeburg, Administrator of Halberstadt (d. 1566 )[ 448] December 13 – Sigrid Sture , Swedish Governor (d. 1613 )[ 449] December 19 – Jan Zborowski , Polish noble (d. 1603 )December 21 – Luigi d'Este , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1586 )[ 450] date unknown
1539
Franciscus Raphelengius January 28 – Nicolò Donato , Doge of Venice (d. 1618 )February 13 – Elisabeth of Hesse, Electress Palatine by marriage (1576-1582) (d. 1582 )February 23
February 27 – Franciscus Raphelengius , Dutch printer (d. 1597 )March 5 – Christoph Pezel , German theologian (d. 1604 )March 18 – Maria of Nassau , Countess of Nassau (d. 1599 )April 5 – George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1603 )April 6 – Amalia of Neuenahr , German noble (d. 1602 )April 7
April 30 – Archduchess Barbara of Austria , Austrian archduchess (d. 1572 )May 22 – Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (d. 1621 )May 29 – Thomas Pounde , English Jesuit lay brother (d. 1613 )June 6 – Catherine Vasa , Regent of East Frisia (1599-1610) (d. 1610 )June 13 – Jost Amman , Swiss printmaker (d. 1591 )June 23 – William Darrell of Littlecote , English politician (d. 1589 )July 4 – Louis VI, Elector Palatine (d. 1583 )September 18 – Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers , Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (d. 1595 )October 1 – Peter Vok , Czech noble (d. 1611 )November 1 – Pierre Pithou , French lawyer and scholar (d. 1596 )December 5 – Fausto Paolo Sozzini , Italian theologian (d. 1604 )December 20 – Paulus Melissus , German composer (d. 1602 )December 31 – John Radcliffe , English politician (d. 1568 )date unknown
Deaths
1530
Thomas Wolsey Babur Badshah February 7 – Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez , Spanish Catholic cardinal and bishop (b. 1485 )[ 456] February 24 – Properzia de' Rossi , Italian Renaissance sculptor (b. c. 1490 )[ 457] April 12 – Joanna la Beltraneja , princess of Castile (b. 1462 )May 3 – Stephen VII Báthory , Hungarian nobleman and military commander[ 458] June 4 – Maximilian Sforza , Duke of Milan (b. 1493 )[ 459] June 5 – Mercurino di Gattinara , Italian statesman and jurist (b. 1465 )[ 460] June 6 – Boniface IV, Marquess of Montferrat , Italian nobleman (b. 1512 )[ 461] June 28 – Margaret of Münsterberg , Duchess consort and regent of Anhalt (b. 1473 )[ 462] August 2 – Kanō Masanobu , chief painter of the Ashikaga shogunate (b. 1434 )August 3 – killed in Battle of Gavinana :
August 6 – Jacopo Sannazaro , Italian poet (b. 1458 )[ 465] August 10 – Konstanty Ostrogski , Grand Hetman of Lithuania (b. 1460 )[ 466] August 28 – Gerold Edlibach , Swiss historian (b. 1454 )[ 467] August 29 – Moise of Wallachia [ 468] September 13 – Queen Jeonghyeon , Korean royal consort (b. 1462 )September 15 – Maria Paleologa , Italian noblewoman (b. 1508 )[ 469] October 10 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset , English noble (b. 1477 )[ 470] November 24 – Mingyi Nyo , founder of the Toungoo Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) (b. 1459 )November 29 – Cardinal Thomas Wolsey , British statesman (b. c. 1473 )[ 471] December 1 – Margaret of Austria , Regent of the Netherlands (b. 1480 )[ 472] December 22 – Willibald Pirckheimer , German humanist (b. 1470 )[ 473] December 26 – Babur , founder of the Mughal Empire (b. 1483 )[ 474] date unknown
1531
Huldrych Zwingli Johannes Oecolampadius January 14 – Walraven II van Brederode , Dutch noble (b. 1462 )[ 479] January 31 – Edward Sutton, 2nd Baron Dudley (b. 1460 )[ 480] February 16 – Johannes Stöffler , German mathematician (b. 1452 )[ 481] March – María Pacheco , Spanish heroine and defender of Toledo (b. 1496 )[ 482] March 6 – Pedrarias Dávila , Spanish colonial administrator (b. c. 1440 )[ 483] May 19 – Jan Łaski , Polish statesman and diplomat (b. 1456 )[ 484] May 20 – Guy XVI , Count of Laval (b. 1476 )[ 485] May 10 – George I, Duke of Pomerania from the House of Griffins (b. 1493 )[ 486] July 7 – Tilman Riemenschneider , German sculptor (b. 1460 )[ 487] July 17 – Hosokawa Takakuni , Japanese military commander (b. 1484 )July 23 – Louis de Brézé, seigneur d'Anet , Marshal of Normandy and husband of Diane de Poitiers [ 488] August 30 – Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 3rd Duke of the Infantado , Spanish noble (b. 1461 )[ 489] September 18 – Lorenzo Pucci , Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1458 )[ 490] September 22 – Louise of Savoy , French regent (b. 1476 )[ 491] October 11 – Huldrych Zwingli , Swiss reformer (in battle) (b. 1484 )[ 47] November 24 – Johannes Oecolampadius , German religious reformer (b. 1482 )[ 492] November 28 – Hedwig of Münsterberg-Oels , German noble (b. 1508 )[ 493] December 1 – Maud Green , English noble (b. 1492 )[ 494] date unknown
probable
1532
Cardinal Pompeo Colonna Reverend William Warham May – Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex June – Bernardino Luini , Italian painter (b. 1482 )June 28 – Pompeo Colonna , Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1479 )[ 499] July 8 – Andrea Riccio , Italian sculptor and architect (b. 1470 )[ 500] August 11 – John of Denmark , Danish prince (b. 1518 )[ 501] August 16 – John, Elector of Saxony (b. 1468 )[ 502] August 19 – Caritas Pirckheimer , German nun (b. 1467 )[ 503] August 22 – William Warham , Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1450 )[ 504] September – Vlad VI Înecatul , Prince of Wallachia[ 505] October 1 – Jan Mabuse , Flemish painter[ 506] December 2 – Louis Gonzaga (Rodomonte) , Italian-French dignitary and diplomat (b. 1500 )[ 507] December 3 – Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken , Duke of Zweibrücken from 1514 to 1532 (b. 1502 )[ 508] December 12 – Pietro Accolti , Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1455 )[ 509] December 13 – Solomon Molcho , Portuguese mystic (b. 1500 )[ 510] December 30 – Krzysztof Szydłowiecki , Polish noble (b. 1467 )[ 511] date unknown
1533
King Frederick I of Denmark Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy March 16 – John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners , English soldier and statesman (b. 1467 )[ 514] April 10 – King Frederick I of Denmark (b. 1471 )[ 515] April 28 – Nicholas West , English bishop and diplomat (b. 1461 )[ 516] April 30 – John George, Marquis of Montferrat , Italian noble (b. 1488 )[ 517] June 25 – Mary Tudor , queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1496 )[ 518] July 4 – John Frith , English Protestant priest and martyr (b. 1503 )[ 519] July 6 – Ludovico Ariosto , Italian poet (b. 1474 )[ 520] July 26 – Atahualpa , last Inca ruler of Peru (executed) (b. c.1502 )[ 92] : 77–78 September 6 – Jacopo Salviati , Italian politician and son-in-law of Lorenzo de' Medici (b. 1461 )[ 521] September 17 – Philip I, Margrave of Baden (b. 1479 )[ 522] September 20 – Veit Stoss , German sculptor (b. c. 1447 )[ 523] October 10 – Severinus of Saxony , Prince of Saxony; died young (b. 1522 )[ 524] October – Túpac Huallpa , puppet ruler of Peru[ 94] December 3 – Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy (b. 1479 )[ 525] date unknown
probable – Girolamo del Pacchia , Italian painter (b. 1477 )[ 532] 1534
Pope Clement VII January 9 – Johannes Aventinus , Bavarian historian and philologist (b. 1477 )January 25 – Magdalena of Saxony (b. 1507 )February 15 – Barbara Jagiellon , duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. 1478 )March 5 – Antonio da Correggio , Italian painter (b. 1489 )March 17 – Vojtěch I of Pernstein , Bohemian nobleman (b. 1490 )March 19 – Michael Weiße , German theologian (b. c. 1488 )April 5 – Jan Matthys , German Anabaptist reformerApril 20 – Elizabeth Barton , English prophet and nun (executed) (b. 1506 )May 3 – Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez , Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. 1481 )June 14 – Chaitanya Mahaprabhu , Bengali mystic (b. 1486 )June 27 – Hille Feicken , Dutch AnabaptistAugust 3 – Andrea della Valle , Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1463 )August 9 – Thomas Cajetan , Italian theologian and cardinal (b. 1470 )August 21 – Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam , 44th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1464 )September 7 – Lazarus Spengler , German hymnwriter (b. 1479 )September 24 – Michael Glinski , Lithuanian prince (b. c. 1470 )September 25 – Pope Clement VII (b. 1478 )[ 533] October 31 – Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara (b. 1476 )November 7 – Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso , Portuguese nobleman (b. 1507 )November 8 – William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy , scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)November 23 – Beatriz Galindo , Spanish Latinist and scholar (b. 1465 )[ 534] December 9 – Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg , German nobleman (b. 1508 )December 27 – Antonio da Sangallo the Elder , Florentine architect (b. 1453 )date unknown
1535
Ippolito de' Medici February 18 – Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa , German alchemist and occult writer (b. 1486 )February 28 – Wolter von Plettenberg , Master of the Livonian Order (b. 1450 )April 4 – Beatrix of Baden , Margravine of Baden, Countess Palatine consort of Simmern (b. 1492 )May 4 (executed by Henry VIII of England ):
May 26 – Francesco Berni , Italian poet (b. 1497 )June 12 – Elisabeth Wandscherer , Dutch AnabaptistJune 19 – Sebastian Newdigate , Carthusian monk and martyr (b. 1500 )June 22 – John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester (executed) (b. c. 1469 )July 6 – Sir Thomas More , English lawyer, writer, and politician (executed) (b. 1478 )[ 535] July 11 – Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1484 )August 10 – Ippolito de' Medici , ruler of Florence (poisoned) (b. 1509 )September – George Nevill, 5th Baron Bergavenny (b. 1469 )September 23 – Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg , queen of Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1513 )November 17 – Piero de Ponte , 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1462 )December 29 – Matsudaira Kiyoyasu , Japanese daimyo (b. 1511 )December 31 – William Skeffington , Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. 1465 )date unknown
1536
Erasmus January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi , Italian architect and painter (b. 1481 )[ 536] January 7 – Catherine of Aragon , First Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485 )[ 537] January 22
February 25
March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha , Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493 )[ 539] April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460 )[ 540] May 17 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford , English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (b. 1503 )[ 541] May 19 – Anne Boleyn , second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. c. 1501 /1507 )[ 541] [ 154] May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels , Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476 )June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474 )[ 542] July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus , Dutch philosopher (b. 1466 )[ 543] July 23 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset , illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (b. 1519 )[ 544] June 28 – Richard Pace , English diplomat (b. 1482 )[ 545] August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany , Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518 )September 25 – Johannes Secundus , Dutch poet (b. 1511 )[ 546] September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille , 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller [ 547] September 27 – Felice della Rovere , also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483 )[ 548] October 6 – William Tyndale , English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494 )[ 549] October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega , Spanish poet (b. 1503 )[ 550] [ 551] December 21 – Sir John Seymour , English courtier (b. 1474 )[ 552] date unknown
1537
Saint Gerolamo Emiliani Pedro de Mendoza January 6
January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi , Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459 )[ 560] February 2 – Johann Carion , German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499 )[ 561] February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare , Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513 )[ 562] February 8
January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony , German prince (b. 1498 )[ 565] March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme , French noble (b. 1489 )[ 566] March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo , Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498 )[ 567] May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki , Polish archbishop (b. 1482 )[ 568] May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach , German princess (b. 1485 )[ 569] June 2
June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza , Spanish conquistador (b. 1487 )[ 571] June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland , English noble (b. 1502 )[ 572] July 7 – Madeleine of Valois , queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520 )[ 573] July 12 – Robert Aske , English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500 )[ 574] September 4 – Johann Dietenberger , German theologian (b. c. 1475 )[ 575] September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg , German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472 )[ 576] September 20 – Pavle Bakić , last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch[ 577] September 25 – William Framyngham , English author[ 578] October 24 – Jane Seymour , 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508 )[ 198] October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar , English calligrapher (b. 1510 )[ 579] December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa , son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490 )[ 580] [ 581] date unknown – John Kite , Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle[ 582] probable – Thomas Murner , German satirist (b. 1475 )[ 583] 1538
Diego de Almagro January 8 – Beatrice of Portugal, Duchess of Savoy (b. 1504 )[ 584] February 3 – John III of the Palatinate , Administrator of the Bishopric of Regensburg (b. 1488 )[ 585] February 7 – Olav Engelbrektsson , Archbishop of Norway (born c. 1480).[ 586] February 12 – Albrecht Altdorfer , German painter (b. c. 1480 )[ 587] March 18 – Érard de La Marck , prince-bishop of Liège (b. 1472 )April 3 – Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire (b. 1480 )[ 588] April 4 – Elena Glinskaya , Regent of Russia (b. c. 1510 )[ 589] May 8 – Edward Foxe , English churchman (b. 1496 )[ 590] May 15 – Philipp III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg (b. 1482 )[ 591] May 22 – John Forest , English Franciscan friar (martyred) (b. 1471 )[ 592] [ 593] June 22 – Bodo VIII, Count of Stolberg-Wernigerode (1511–1538) (b. 1467 )[ 594] June 30 – Charles II, Duke of Guelders (b. 1467 )[ 595] July 8 – Diego de Almagro , Spanish conquistador (b. 1475 )[ 596] September 14 – Henry III of Nassau-Breda , Baron of Breda (b. 1483 )[ 597] September 28 – Mary of Bourbon , daughter of Charles, Duke of Vendôme (b. 1515 )[ 598] October 20 – Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino , condottiero (b. 1490 )[ 599] November 22 – John Lambert , English Protestant martyr (burned at stake)[ 600] December 28 – Andrea Gritti , Doge of Venice (b. 1455 )[ 601] date unknown
1539
Isabella d'Este Saint Anthony Maria Zaccaria January 24 – Anneke Esaiasdochter , Dutch Anabaptist writer (b. 1509 )February – Narapati of Prome , king of Prome in Burma.
February 6 – John III, Duke of Cleves (b. 1491 )February 13 – Isabella d'Este , Marquise of Mantua (b. 1474 )[ 604] March 5 – Nuno da Cunha , Portuguese governor in India (b. 1487 )March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire , English diplomat and politician (b.1477 )March 19 – Lord Edmund Howard , English nobleman (b. c. 1478 ))April 17 – George, Duke of Saxony (b. 1471 )April 19 – Katarzyna Weiglowa , Jewish martyr (b. 1460 )April 30 – John Bourchier, 1st Earl of Bath , English noble (b. 1470 )May 1 – Isabella of Portugal , Holy Roman Empress (b. 1503 )[ 605] May 7 – Ottaviano Petrucci , Italian printer (b. 1466 )May 7 or September 22 – Guru Nanak , founder of Sikhism (b. 1469 )June 20 – Philip III, Count of Waldeck -Eisenberg (1524–1539) (b. 1486 )July 5 – St Anthony Maria Zaccaria , Italian saint (b. 1502 )July 9 – Adrian Fortescue , English Roman Catholic martyr (b. 1476 )August – Vannoccio Biringuccio , Italian metallurgist (b. 1480 )September 8 – John Stokesley , English prelate (b. 1475 )[ 606] November 14 – Hugh Cook Faringdon , English Abbot of ReadingDecember 12 – Bartolomeo degli Organi , Italian musician (b. 1474 )December 20 – Johannes Lupi , Flemish composer (b. c. 1506 )date unknown
References
^ Greschat, Martin (2004), Martin Bucer: A Reformer and His Times , Louisville, KY : Westminster John Knox Press, p. 116, ISBN 0-664-22690-6 Martin Bucer: Ein Reformator und seine Zeit (in German), Munich: CH Beck^ Manuel Salas Mercado – El Cronista Municipal El Salto. "El Salto and its History (Historical Facts)" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2013 . ^ a b Johann Michael Reu , The Augsburg Confession: A Collection of Sources with an Historical Introduction (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1983) p.28^ Sánchez Sandoval, Fidel (2002). Michoacán : historia y geografía, tercer grado ISBN 978-970-18-7681-7 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Alvarez, María Jesús Torrens (2007). Evolución e historia de la lengua española ISBN 978-84-7635-712-5 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Finlay, Robert (December 2000). "Fabius Maximus in Venice: Doge Andrea Gritti, the War of Cambrai, and the Rise of Habsburg Hegemony, 1509-1530*" . Renaissance Quarterly . 53 (4): 988–1031. doi :10.2307/2901454 . ISSN 0034-4338 . JSTOR 2901454 . S2CID 155791278 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ "La cesión de Malta a los Caballeros de San Juan a través de la cédula del 4 de marzo de 1530" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2020.^ Polo Sifontes, Francis (1981). Francis Polo Sifontes; Celso A. Lara Figueroa (eds.). "Título de Alotenango, 1565: Clave para ubicar geograficamente la antigua Itzcuintepec pipil". Antropología e Historia de Guatemala (in Spanish). 3, II Epoca. Guatemala City, Guatemala: Dirección General de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala, Ministerio de Educación: 109–129. OCLC 605015816 . ^ Kolb, Robert; Wengert, Timothy J.; Arand, Charles P. (August 4, 2000). The Book of Concord: The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church ISBN 978-1-4514-1732-6 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Wurzbach, Constantin von (1860). "Habsburg, Eleonore von Oesterreich (Tochter Philipp's von Oesterreich)" . Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . Vienna: Verlag L. C. Zamarski.^ Cross, F. L. ; Livingstone, E. A. , eds. (2009) [2005]. "Tetrapolitan Confession" . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd rev. ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3 ^ Mallia, David (2011). "The survival of the Knights' Church in Tripoli" (PDF) . Proceedings of History Week : 29–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2019. ^ "Federmann, Nicholas" Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius (1967). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages ^ Bidotti, Massimo (2 October 2021). "La promozione agiografica di san Domenico in Calabria attraverso l'uso della pittura: i casi di Soriano e Taverna (secc. XVI-XVII)" . Atlante. Revue d'études romanes (in Italian) (15): 5. doi :10.4000/atlante.5858 ISSN 2426-394X . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ "Soriano Calabro" . calabriastraordinaria.it . Retrieved 7 August 2023 .^ Forcella, Vincenzo (1879). Iscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het Bisdom van Haarlem . Retrieved 7 August 2023 .^ "Sint Felixvloed treft Zeeland" . IsGeschiedenis (in Dutch). 5 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2023 .^ Barua, Pradeep (1 January 2005). The State at War in South Asia ISBN 978-0-8032-1344-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ McAlister, Lyle N. (1984). Spain and Portugal in the New World: 1492-1700 ISBN 978-1-4529-0183-1 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Smith, Joseph (23 April 2014). A History of Brazil ISBN 978-1-317-89021-8 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Caldwell, Mark (1999). A short history of rudeness : manners, morals, and misbehavior in modern America ISBN 978-0-312-20432-7 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Misztal, Barbara (11 September 2002). Informality: Social Theory and Contemporary Practice ISBN 978-1-134-73028-5 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Haller, Charles R. (1993). Across the Atlantic and Beyond: The Migration of German and Swiss Immigrants to America ISBN 978-1-55613-697-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Thomas Downing Kendrick (1957). The Lisbon Earthquake ^ McEntegart, Rory (2002). Henry VIII, the League of Schmalkalden, and the English Reformation ISBN 978-0-86193-255-9 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Herzog, Johann Jakob (1857). Real-encyklopädie für protestantische theologie und kirche: In verbindung mit vielen protestantischen theologen und gelehrten . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ The Asiatic Quarterly Review . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .^ public domain : James Macnabb Campbell , ed. (1896). "II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)" . History of Gujarát . Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. 254–257. Archived from the original on 2018-09-19. Retrieved 2017-06-29 .^ Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire , Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1 , pp.391-398
^ Raithby, John , ed. (1811). The statutes at large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland ^ Hunwick, John O. (1 January 2003). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613, and Other Contemporary Documents ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Marley, David F. (12 September 2005). Historic Cities of the Americas ISBN 978-1-57607-574-6 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Burr Cartwright Brundage (1963). Empire of the Inca ISBN 978-0-8061-1924-3 ^ The Historians' History of the World , Volume 11, ed. by Henry Smith Williams (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1926) pp.286-287^ Linder, Nils; Rosén, John; Westrin, Theodor; Olsson, Bror Ferdinand; Meijer, Bernhard (1880). Nordisk familjebok: konversationslexikon och realencyklopedi, innehållande upplysningar och förklaringar om märkvärdiga namn, föremål och begrepp . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Rakhine Razawin Thit ^ Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 . London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. p. 140. ^ "Historia" . www.sanjuandelrio.gob.mx . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .^ Cubas, Antonio García (1890). Diccionario geográfico, histórico y biográfico de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Constantin C. Giurescu; Horia C. Matei; Marcel D. Popa (1972). Chronological History of Romania ^ Ganganatha Jha Research Institute (1946). The Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Research Institute ^ Curtis, Edmund; McDowell, Robert Brendan (1968). Irish historical documents, 1172-1922 ISBN 978-0-416-03360-1 ^ Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan ^ Katarina, urn:sbl:12404 , Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Ivan Svalenius), hämtad 2016-12-26.
^ a b B. J. Van der Walt (1991). Anatomy of Reformation: Flashes and Fragments of a Reformational Worldview ISBN 978-1-86822-036-6 ^ Heise, Arnold (1916). "Christian II" . Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon 4 (2 ed.): 886–890.^ Lockhart, Paul Douglas (23 August 2007). Denmark, 1513-1660: The Rise and Decline of a Renaissance Monarchy ISBN 978-0-19-153382-2 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Hastings, Adrian (5 July 2000). A World History of Christianity ISBN 978-0-8028-4875-8 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Mong, Ambrose (2 January 2018). "Our Lady of Guadalupe: model of inculturation" . International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church . 18 (1): 67–83. doi :10.1080/1474225X.2018.1493764 . ISSN 1474-225X . S2CID 149488177 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 . ^ Literatura mexicana . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .^ "Alciato at Glasgow: Alciato, Andrea: Emblematum liber (1531)" . www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .^ The Rough Guide to Cancun and the Yucatan: Includes the Maya Sites of Tabasco & Chiapas ISBN 978-1-4053-8260-1 . Retrieved 10 August 2023 .^ Dizdar, Srebren (1998). A Development and Perspectives of Teacher Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina ISBN 978-9958-11-061-0 . Retrieved 11 August 2023 . ^ "Kõpu Lighthouse" . IALA Heritage . Retrieved 11 August 2023 .^ Ebelt, Thomas (15 November 2018). Lighthouses of Europe ISBN 978-1-4729-5875-4 . Retrieved 11 August 2023 . ^ Brook, Timothy (1998). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3 . Retrieved 11 August 2023 . ^ Rachel Lawrence : 2010, Page 183^ Clubb, Louise George (2010). Pollastra and the origins of Twelfth night : Parthenio, commedia (1516) with an English translation ISBN 9780754668909 ^ Jonathan Gray, Oaths and the English Reformation (Cambridge University Press, 2013) p.100
^ Elton, G.R. (1974). "The Commons' Supplication of 1532: Parliamentary Manoeuvres in the Reign of Henry VIII". Studies in Tudor and Stuart Politics and Government: Papers and Reviews 1946–1972: Volume 2: Parliament Political Thought ISBN 978-0-521-53319-5 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss, The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture (Routledge, 2017)
^ de Velasco y Pérez Petroche, Juan (1789). Historia del reino de Quito en la América meridional. Tomo II . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Rincones, Orlando. "La colonización del Abya Yala y la conformación de un nuevo "modelo" de sociedad" (PDF) . Integra Educativa . 5 (3): 221–232. Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Milton Meltzer (2005). Francisco Pizarro: The Conquest of Peru ISBN 978-0-7614-1607-4 ^ Logan, George M. (27 January 2011). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More ISBN 978-1-139-82848-2 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ article on the Nuremberg Religious Peace , page 351 of the 1899 Lutheran Cyclopedia^ Harold Griffith Daniels (1937). The Framework of France ^ a b Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). The Enemy at the Gate: Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe ISBN 9780465013746 ^ Rosemary O'Day (26 July 2012). The Routledge Companion to the Tudor Age ISBN 978-1-136-96253-0 ^ Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A. (November 2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ Roberts, Jason C. (1996). "The Protection of Indigenous Populations' Cultural Property in Peru, Mexico and the United States" . Tulsa Journal of Comparative & International Law . 4 : 327. Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ Robin Healey (1 January 2011). Italian Literature Before 1900 in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography, 1929-2008 ISBN 978-1-4426-4269-0 ^ John O'Brien (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Rabelais ISBN 978-0-521-86786-3 ^ Brabner, J. H. F. (1894). The Comprehensive Gazetteer of England and Wales . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ "The History of Bristol Grammar School" . Bristol Grammar School . Retrieved 14 August 2023 .^ Gardner, Brian (1973). The Public Schools: An Historical Survey ISBN 978-0-241-02337-2 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ "Stamford Endowed Schools" . www.stamfordschoolsarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 14 August 2023 .^ Foucault, Michel (2013-01-30). Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason ISBN 9780307833105 . Retrieved 2015-03-02 . ^ Silva Galdames, Osvaldo (1983). "¿Detuvo la batalla del Maule la expansión inca hacia el sur de Chile?" . Cuadernos de Historia (in Spanish). 3 : 7–25. Retrieved 2019-01-10 . ^ Simon Hall (1999). The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History ISBN 978-1-57958-107-7 ^ Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, with Communications Made to the Society . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ "Henry VIII: January 1533, 26-31" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ Tondini di Quarenghi, Cesario (1907). "Barnabites" Catholic Encyclopedia ^ Stephen Taylor (1999). From Cranmer to Davidson: A Church of England Miscellany ISBN 978-0-85115-742-9 ^ Tittler, Robert; Jones, Norman L. (7 January 2009). A Companion to Tudor Britain ISBN 978-1-4051-8974-3 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ The statutes of the realm . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ Hutchinson, Robert (15 September 2009). Thomas Cromwell: The Rise and Fall of Henry VIII's Most Notorious Minister ISBN 978-0-312-57794-0 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ The Dublin Review ^ Historians disagree on the exact date of the excommunication; according to Winston Churchill 's A History of the English-Speaking Peoples bull of 1533 was a draft with penalties left blank and was not made official until 1535. Others say Henry was not officially excommunicated until 1538 by Pope Paul III , brother of Cardinal Franklin de la Thomas.
^ a b c d Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas ISBN 978-0-333-51794-9 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ John Hemming, [1] , The Conquest of the Incas (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1973) p.557 (quote:"It is an extraordinary fact that the exact date of Atahualpa's execution was not known until very recently. Garcilaso [de la Vega] wrote incorrectly that the Inca was christened Don Juan Atahualpa.. Because of this Juan de Velasco assumed, in his Historia del reino de Quito ... that the baptism and execution took place on 29 August, the day of St John the Baptist. William Hickling Prescott accepted this date and it has been repeated by innumerable later writers ot this day. The Spaniards had in fact marched out of Cajamarca long before 29 August.")
^ a b Davies, Nigel (1997). The Ancient Kingdoms of Peru ISBN 978-0-14-023381-0 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Cecil Vivian Usborne, The Conquest of Morocco (S. Paul & Co, 1936) p.33
^ Licence, Amy (6 April 2023). The Sixteenth Century in 100 Women ISBN 978-1-3990-8385-0 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ Guizot, M (1869). A popular history of France, from the earliest times . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ Смена . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ Covarrubias, Suzanne Martinez (1992). Contribucion al estudio de la Entomofauna de la Isla Socorro, Mexico (PDF) (License in Biology) (in Spanish). University of Guadalajara. p. 4. Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ American Geographical Society (1967). Special publication 38 p. 370. New York. ISSN 0065-843X^ Большая советская энциклопедия: Перемышль-Пол . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ a b c d e Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History 210–215 . ISBN 0-304-35730-8 ^ Rodrigo Ricupero, A Formação da Elite Colonial no Brasil (de 1530 a 1630) (Almedina Brasil, 2020),
quoting Doacaoes e Forais das Capitanias do Brasil (1534-1536) , transcribed by Maria Jose Chorao (National Archive of Torre to Tombo, 1999) p.11
^ The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533 , as amended, from the National Archives ^ George M. Logan, ed. (2011). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More ISBN 978-1-139-82848-2 ^ a b c Cartier, Jacques (1993). Ramsay Cook (ed.). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier ISBN 0-8020-5015-8 ^ Collins, W. E. (1903). "The Scandinavian North". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History ^ Pollard, A. F. (1903). "The conflict of creeds and parties in Germany". In Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Modern History . Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–245.^ McKitterick, David (1992). A History of Cambridge University Press: Volume 1, Printing and the Book Trade in Cambridge, 1534-1698 ISBN 978-0-521-30801-4 ^ Francisco Javier Benjamín González Echeverría. "Documents of the Jesuits and of Michael de Villanueva (Servetus) in the register of the University of Paris" . Michael Servetus Research . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 2023-01-16 . ^ Gilmar Soares Furtado, A Pesca Artesanal Na Ria De Aveiro Em Portugal E Na Laguna Manguaba ("Artisan fishing in the Ria de Aveiro in Portugal and in the Manguaba lagoon") (Clube de Autores, 2019)
^ "Martin Luther's 1522 September Testament as the Epoch-Making Foundation for a Quarter-Century of Wittenberg Bible Publication", by W. Gordon Campbell, in Martin Luther's Bible
^ Howard Hibbard (1974). Michelangelo ISBN 9780713907810 ^ André Clot, Suleiman the Magnificent (Saqi Books, 2012)
^ "One Thousand Years of the Polish Jewish Experience" (PDF) . Taube Foundation for Jewish Life and Culture . p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2011-12-09 .^ W. Michael Mathes (1973). The Conquistador in California: 1535: The Voyage of Fernando Cortes to Baja California in Chronicles and Documents ISBN 978-0-87093-231-1 ^ Edith Garnier, L'Alliance Impie (Editions du Felin, 2008) p.90 ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8
^ McCoog, Thomas M. (2011). The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England 1541-1588: "Our way of proceeding" . Brill. p. 17. ^ Isaac Titsingh , ed. (1834). Annales des Empereurs du Japon. Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland , 1834) pp. 372–382.^ Edith Garnier, L'Alliance Impie (Editions du Felin, 2008) p.91 ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8
^ Cranmer, Thomas (1833). The Remains of Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury . Oxford University Press. ^ Malcolm Pullan (2008). The Lives and Times of Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 1535–1680 ISBN 978-1-84748-258-7 ^ Tracy, James D. (1990). Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506–1566: The Formation of a Body Politic ISBN 0-520-06882-3 ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day . Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0 ^ Everto Creasando, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1535". The People's Chronology . Thomson Gale. ^ Ludwig Pastor, History of the Popes (tr. R.F. Kerr) Volume XI (London: Kegan Paul Trench Trubner 1912), pp. 148-150. Stephan Ehses, "Kirchliche Reformarbeiten unter Papst Paul III. vor dem Trienter Konzil," in: Römische Quartalschrift für christliche Altertumskunde und Kirchengeschichte
^ Palermo, Gaspare (1816). "Gaspare Palermo, Guida istruttiva per potersi conoscere tutte le magnificenze della Città di Palermo , Volume terzo, Palermo, Reale Stamperia, 1816, p. 3-5" . ^ Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars: 1494–1559 ISBN 978-0582057586 ^ Aiton, Arthur Scott (1927). Antonio de Mendoza, first viceroy of New Spain ^ Werner O. Packull, Hutterite Beginnings: Communitarian Experiments during the Reformation (Johns Hopkins University Press , 1995)
^ Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "1530s". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) ISBN 3-88309-032-8 ^ Deborah Howard , Jacopo Sansovino: Architecture and Patronage in Renaissance Venice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) p.39 ISBN 9780300018912 ^ Teulet, Alexandre, Relations Politiques de la France et de l'Espagne avec l'Ecosse , vol. 1, Paris (1862) 94-105.^ "The story of Johann Koell, Simon Wanradt and the Wanradt-Koell catechism" . Histrodamus the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved 2013-01-18 .^ Building inscription commemorating the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem . Israel Antiquities Authority (2023).^ Estarellas, Juan (1962). "The College of Tlatelolco and the Problem of Higher Education for Indians in 16th Century Mexico" . History of Education Quarterly . 2 (4): 234–243. doi :10.2307/367072 . ISSN 0018-2680 . JSTOR 367072 . S2CID 147210540 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ Llinás, Edgar (1991). "The Issue of Autonomy in the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico" . Revista de Historia de América (112): 105–119. ISSN 0034-8325 . JSTOR 20139800 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ Gagliano, Joseph A.; Ronan, Charles E. (1997). Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, Geographers, Educators and Missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767 ISBN 978-88-7041-350-2 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ a b c Haude, Sigrun (10 January 2022). In the Shadow of "Savage Wolves": Anabaptist Münster and the German Reformation during the 1530s ISBN 978-90-04-47580-9 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ "Jousting", in Henry VIII: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works , by Clayton Drees (Rowman & Littlefield, 2022) p.143
^ Chalmers, Cr; Chaloner, Ej (1 December 2009). "500 years later: Henry VIII, leg ulcers and the course of history" . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 102 (12): 514–517. doi :10.1258/jrsm.2009.090286 . ISSN 0141-0768 . PMC 2789029 PMID 19966126 . ^ Phillipa Vincent Connolly,Disability and the Tudors: All the King's Fools (Pen & Sword Books, 2021)
^ Escobar, Ismael Bucich (1921). Buenos Aires--ciudad . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ a b Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey ISBN 978-0-521-21280-9 . Retrieved 18 August 2023 . ^ a b The chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren ISBN 978-0-87486-021-4 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 .^ R. B. Merriman , Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566 (Harvard University Press, 1944) pp 184–185^ "John Calvin" . Christian History the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 15 December 2013 .^ Buchan, John; Gleichen, Lord Edward (1923). France; the Nations of To-day: A New History of the World . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Tanner, Emmeline Mary (1908). The Renaissance and the Reformation: A Textbook of European History 1494-1610 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History . London: Century Ltd. pp. 145–148. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2 ^ "Henry VIII: May 1536, 1-10" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 19 August 2023 .^ Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas ISBN 978-0-333-51794-9 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of 19 May Anne Boleyn beheaded. British History ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0 ^ a b Weir, Alison (2009). The lady in the tower : the fall of Anne Boleyn ISBN 978-0-224-06319-7 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Herculano, Alexandre (1897). Historia de origem e establecimento da inquisição em Portugal . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Memórias da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa . Retrieved 19 August 2023 .^ David Williamson (2003). The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England ISBN 978-0-7607-4678-3 ^ Barbiche, Bernard; de Dainville-Barbiche, Ségolène (1985). "Les légats à latere en France et leurs facultés aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles". Archivum Historiae Pontificiae . 23 : 153. JSTOR 23564223 . ^ Madoz, Pascual (1847). Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de ultramar: Gua-Juz . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Zúniga, Fredy Oswaldo Flores; Palacios, Sergio (2009). Honduras geográfica: compilación geográfica, histórica y actual de Honduras, sus departamentos y municipios ISBN 978-99926-25-50-7 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Bourrilly, V.-L. (1918). "Charles-Quint en Provence (1536)". Revue Historique . 127 (Fasc. 2): 209–280. JSTOR 40942336 . ^ a b c Catalogue des actes de François Ier Tome IX (Paris: Imprimerie nationale 1907) [Collection des ordonnances des rois de France], p. 127. Cesare Baronius (1878). Agostino Theiner (ed.). Caesaris ... Baronii od Raynaldi et Jac. Laderchi Annales ecclesiastici: 1527 - 1541 ^ Knecht, Robert (1994). Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I . Cambridge University Press. p. 335. ^ Historiske meddelelser om København: Årbog . Retrieved 19 August 2023 .^ Salmonsens konversationsleksikon . Retrieved 19 August 2023 .^ Knecht, Robert J. (22 April 2016). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89 ISBN 978-1-317-12214-2 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Jamie Cameron and Norman McDougall, James V: The Personal Rule, 1528–1542 (Tuckwell Press, 1998) p.288
^ State Papers Henry VIII , vol. 5 part 4 (London, 1836), pp. 59–60^ a b c d Burton, Edwin (1911). "Pilgrimage of Grace ". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia ^ John Foxe, The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe: A New and Complete Edition , Volume 5 (R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, 1838)
^ Sutton, Anne F. (2005). The mercery of London: trade, goods and people, 1130-1578 . Ashgate Publishing. p. 387. ISBN 978-075465331-8 ^ Rosalind K. Marshall, Scottish Queens, 1034-1714 (John Donald Co., 2003) pp. 102-103
^ Berger, Eugene C. (23 May 2023). This Incurable Evil: Mapuche Resistance to Spanish Enslavement, 1598–1687 ISBN 978-0-8173-6110-5 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Turnbull, Stephen (20 January 2013). Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle ISBN 978-1-84603-652-1 . Retrieved 19 August 2023 . ^ Seward, Desmond (1973). Prince of the Renaissance: The Golden Life of François I ISBN 9780026097000 ^ a b c Hicks, Michael (2004). "Bigod, Sir Francis (1507–1537)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/2375 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ da Silva, Jorge José Araujo (2011). "O MANGUEZAL E A SOCIEDADE PERNAMBUCANA-BRASI" (PDF) . Revista Geográfica de América Centra (in Portuguese): 1–22. Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ "Da Cartografia dos Antigos Engenhos à Cartografia Holandesa e Portuguesa" (PDF) . Brazilian Syposium on Historical Cartography (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2023 .^ Ekroll, Øystein (2015). The Octagonal Shrine Chapel of St Olav at Nidaros Cathedral . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Holte, Roar (2014). Erkebiskop Olav Engelbrektsson taler sin sak. En analyse av erkebiskopens politiske korrespondanse og utvalgte notater 1523-1533 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Hemming, John (1993). The Conquest of the Incas ISBN 0-333-10683-0 ^ Kathleen Romoli (1944). Colombia: Gateway to South America ^ Beek, Dag Johan (2013). I erkebiskopens tid (in Norwegian). Kristiansand. ISBN 978-82-999312-0-5 {{cite book }}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link )^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (2003). The Ottoman Empire, 1326–1699 . Osprey Publishing Ltd. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-415-96913-0 ^ Maxwell, John Francis (1975). Slavery and the Catholic Church ISBN 978-0-85992-015-5 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Lynch, John (2012). New worlds : a religious history of Latin America ISBN 978-0-300-16680-4 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas ISBN 978-0-333-51794-9 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 ISBN 81-250-0333-9 ^ Aksin Somel, Selcuk (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire Scarecrow Press . p. 39. ISBN 9780810875791 . Retrieved 1 September 2021 . ^ The Royal Lineage Archived 2015-03-14 at the Wayback Machine ^ Schuster, Adolph N. (1929). Paraguay. Land, Volk, Geschichte, Wirtschaftsleben und Kolonisation . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Garnier, Edith (2008). L'Alliance Impie (in French). Editions du Felin. p. 135. ISBN 978-2-86645-678-8 ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 ISBN 978-0-87169-161-3 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Cheetham, Nicolas (1 January 1981). Mediaeval Greece ISBN 978-0-300-10539-1 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Godal, Anne Marit (ed.). "Gjeble Pederssøn" . Store norske leksikon . Retrieved 26 July 2018 .^ Rivarola, Juan Bautista (1952). La Ciudad de Asunción y la Cédula Real del 12 Setiembre de 1537: Una Lucha por la Libertad [The City of Asunción and the Royal Decree of 12 September 1537: A Fight for Freedom ] (in Spanish). Asunción, Paraguay: A. G., Impr. Militar. OCLC 10830133 . ^ Abente, Diego (1989). "The Liberal Republic and the Failure of Democracy". The Americas . 45 (4): 525–546 (525–526). doi :10.2307/1007311 . JSTOR 1007311 . ^ a b c Carole Levin; Anna Riehl Bertolet; Jo Eldridge Carney (3 November 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650 ISBN 978-1-315-44071-2 ^ Robert S. Chamberlain, The Conquest and Colonization of Honduras: 1502–1550 (Octagon Books, 1953) p.53 OCLC 640057454
^ Christine Shaw, (2019).The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe (Routledge, 2019) p.222
^ Hrvatska enciklopedija- Keglević, Petar ^ Larivière, Jules (2000). "History of Legal Deposit". Guidelines for Legal Deposit Legislation (PDF) . Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). ^ "Texte intégral de l'ordonnance de Montpellier" (in French). Archived from the original on 2015-09-17.^ Carolyn A. Nadeau, Food Matters: Alonso Quijano's Diet and the Discourse of Food in Early Modern Spain (University of Toronto Press, 2015) p.95
^ Redcliffe N. Salaman, The History and Social Influence of the Potato (Cambridge University Press, 1949, reprinted 1985) p.36
^ Barry Walker and Huw Lloyd, with Gerald Cheshire, Peruvian Wildlife: A Visitor's Guide to the Central Andes (Bradt Travel Guides, 2007) p.34
^ Maude, H. E.; Heyen, G. H. (1959). "Spanish Discoveries in the Central Pacific: A Study in Identification" . The Journal of the Polynesian Society . 68 (4): 284–326. ISSN 0032-4000 . JSTOR 20703766 . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ Hunter, William Wilson (1885). The Imperial Gazetteer of India . Retrieved 23 August 2023 . ^ a b Simpson, William Sparrow (1893). S. Paul's Cathedral Library: A Catalogue of Bibles, Rituals, and Rare Books . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "Houses of Austin canons: The priory of Bisham" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ "Houses of Cluniac monks: The priory of Castle Acre" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ "House of Benedictine monks: Abbey of Chertsey" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ The Coucher Book of Furness Abbey . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ Taylor, William Frederick (1912). The Charterhouse of London: Monastery, Palace, and Thomas Sutton's Foundation . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "Religious Houses: House of Carthusian monks" . www.british-history.ac.uk . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ O'Byrne, Emmett (October 2009). "O'More (Ó Mórdha), Rory (Ruaidhrí Caoch)" . Dictionary of Irish Biography doi :10.3318/dib.006908.v1 . Retrieved 24 February 2024 . ^ Kenneth M. Setton (1984). The Papacy and the Levant, (1204-1571).: The sixteenth century to the reign of Julius III ISBN 978-0-87169-161-3 ^ Jenkins, Everett Jr (2015). The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas ISBN 978-1-4766-0889-1 ^ Victor Wolfgang Von Hagen (1976). The Royal Road of the Inca ISBN 978-0-86033-009-7 ^ R. C. Majumdar, ed., The Mughul Empire , (Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2007)pp.391-398
^ Tracy, James D. (14 November 2002). Emperor Charles V, Impresario of War: Campaign Strategy, International Finance, and Domestic Politics ISBN 978-0-521-81431-7 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Research Volume of the Surrey Archaeological Society ISBN 978-0-9501345-8-1 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ Duczmal, Małgorzata (2012). Jogailaičiai (in Lithuanian). Translated by Birutė Mikalonienė; Vyturys Jarutis. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras . p. 166. ISBN 978-5-420-01703-6 ^ 25 July 1538 ^ Woods, Sarah (1 September 2015). Colombia ISBN 978-1-84162-921-6 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Halil İnalcık (1973). The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300-1600 . Praeger. p. 41. ^ Selcuk Aksin Somel (2010). The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire ISBN 978-0-8108-7579-1 ^ a b Di Vito, Mauro; Lirer, Lucio; Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe; Rolandi, Giuseppe (1 August 1987). "The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption (Campi Flegrei, Italy)" . Bulletin of Volcanology . 49 (4): 608–615. Bibcode :1987BVol...49..608D . doi :10.1007/BF01079966 . S2CID 128745563 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ "Campi Flegrei: The 1538 Monte Nuovo eruption" . www.geo.mtu.edu . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ Jiminez, F. A. (1979). "University rivalry in Hispaniola" . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine . 55 (7): 700–707. ISSN 0028-7091 . PMC 1808221 PMID 393344 . ^ Universidades españolas y americanas: época colonial ISBN 978-84-7579-444-0 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ Benians, Ernest Alfred; Newton, Arthur Percival; Rose, John Holland (1940). The Cambridge History of the British Empire . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Newsome, Clive (July 2003). The Abbey Trail ISBN 978-1-85058-803-0 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ "History of Byland Abbey" . English Heritage . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ Scarisbrick, J. J. (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 361. ISBN 0-300-07158-2 ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (9 August 2020). Michelangelo: A Reference Guide to His Life and Works ISBN 978-1-5381-2304-1 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Ackerman, James S. (1964). The Architecture of Michelangelo: Catalogue . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Paul Hurley (15 May 2016). Chester History Tour ISBN 978-1-4456-5704-2 ^ Hagenbach, p. 235.
^ Hagenbach, Karl Rudolph (1879). History of the Reformation in Germany and Switzerland ^ Everett, Jason M., ed. (2006). "1539". The People's Chronology . Thomson Gale. ^ a b Arsenal, León; Prado, Fernando (2008). Rincones de historia española (in Spanish). EDAF. pp. 26–34. ISBN 978-84-414-2050-2 ^ Martínez Laínez, Fernando; Sánchez de Toca Catalá; José María (2006). Tercios de España: la infantería legendaria (in Spanish). Madrid: EDAF. p. 116. ISBN 978-84-414-1847-9 ^ Arnade, Peter J. (1996). Realms of Ritual: Burgundian Ceremony and Civic Life in Late Medieval Ghent ISBN 978-0-8014-3098-5 ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History 210–215 . ISBN 0-304-35730-8 ^ Coppack, Glyn (2009). Fountains Abbey . Amberley. pp. 11, 130. ISBN 978-1-84868-418-8 ^ Biographical Dictionary of Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church . fiu.edu. Retrieved on 26 January 2012.^ "Tundama biography , PueblosOriginarios.com^ "The Press in Colonial America" (PDF) . A Publisher’s History of American Magazines — Background and Beginnings . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2016. Retrieved 2013-08-22 .^ MAYOR, Joseph ORTÍ y (1750). Pasmosa vida, virtudes, y milagros de el venerable Padre Fr. Gaspar de Bono . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Michael, Susi-Hilde (1 October 2016). Der Katechismus des David Chytraeus ISBN 978-3-374-04484-9 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Meyer, Hermann Julius (1905). Meyers Grosses Konversations-Lexikon . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Doin, Guillaume Tell (1823). Musée Des Protestans Ceĺeb̀res, Ou Portraits Et Notices Biographiques Et Littéraires Des Personnages Les Plus Eminens Dans Lh́istoire de la Ref́ormation Et Du Protestantisme . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Ruble, Alphonse de (1880). François de Montrency, gouverneur de Paris et lieutenant du roi dans l'Ile-de-France: 1530-1579 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Proksch, Johann Karl (1895). Die Geschichte der venerischen Krankheiten v. 2 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Simonnet, Jules (1864). Le président Fauchet: sa vie et ses ouvrages . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Hoffmeister, Jacob Christoph Carl (1883). Historisch-genealogisches Handbuch über alle Grafen und Fürsten von Waldeck und Pyrmont seit 1228 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Giurleo, Francesca (12 June 2014). La famiglia Farnese ISBN 978-88-96889-47-3 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Pizzamiglio, Pierluigi (2004). L'astrologia in Italia all'epoca di Galileo Galilei, 1550-1650: rassegna storico-critica dei documenti librari custoditi nella Biblioteca Carlo Viganò ISBN 978-88-343-1153-0 . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ Stanley Sandler (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5 ^ Madariaga, Isabel de (2005). Ivan the Terrible : first tsar of Russia ISBN 978-0-300-09757-3 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ L'Archiginnasio . Retrieved 7 August 2023 .^ "ASTON, Walter (1530-89)" . www.historyofparliamentonline.org . Retrieved 7 August 2023 .^ Smolderen, Luc (1996). Jacques Jonghelinck: sculpteur, médailleur et graveur de sceaux (1530-1606) . Retrieved 7 August 2023 . ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 17, 1570" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ Feugère, Léon Jacques (1875). Étienne de la Boétie. Montaigne. Étienne Pasquier. Nicolas Pasquier. Scévole de Sainte-Marthe. Jacques Amyot. F. Rabelais . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Allgemeine deutsche biographie . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ "Saint Bernardino Realino" . www.jesuits.global . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ Herzog, Johann Jakob; Hauck, Albert (1906). Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Bir, Shyamal C.; Ambekar, Sudheer; Kukreja, Sunil; Nanda, Anil (1 April 2015). "Julius Caesar Arantius (Giulio Cesare Aranzi, 1530–1589) and the hippocampus of the human brain: history behind the discovery" . Journal of Neurosurgery . 122 (4): 971–975. doi :10.3171/2014.11.JNS132402 ISSN 1933-0693 . PMID 25574573 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Franklin, JulianH (5 July 2017). Jean Bodin ISBN 978-1-351-56179-2 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Hadyna, Stanisław. "Biskup kamieniecki Wawrzyniec Goślicki – życie i działalność" (PDF) . mhprl.pl . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Mikoś, Michael J. (1995). Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology ISBN 978-0-89357-257-0 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ "Hoby, Sir Thomas" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/13414 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Papinot, Edmond (1909). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan: With 300 Illustrations, 18 Appendixes and Several Maps . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Pelc, Janusz (1986). Jan Kochanowski: poète de la Renaissance (1530-1584) ISBN 978-92-3-202342-1 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Nicot, Jean; Falgairolle, Edmond (1897). Jean Nicot, ambassadeur de France en Portugal au XVIe siècle, sa correspondance diplomatique inédite . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ The Jewish Encyclopedia: Italy-Leon . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .^ Овсянников, Юрий Максимилианович (2001). Петр Великий: первый русский император ISBN 978-5-7805-0767-3 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ "Bromley, Sir Thomas" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/3513 . Retrieved 29 July 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Margolis, Max Leopold; Marx, Alexander (1927). A History of the Jewish People . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ "Le Jeune, Claude" . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Chambers, Anne (1998). Granuaile : the life and times of Grace O'Malley, c. 1530-1603 ISBN 978-0-86327-631-6 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (15 December 2019). Caribbean Women and Their Art: An Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-5381-1720-0 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Clay, Dacia (10 March 2015). "This Week's Classical Music Moments In Women's History – Houston Public Media" . Houston Public Media . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ "O'Neill, Shane [Sean O'Neill]" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/20785 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Historisk tidskrift . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ McNevin, Thomas (1935). Dr. Nicholas sanders and the English Reformation . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ López, Ruy; Soltis, Andrew (10 July 2020). The Art of the Game of Chess ISBN 978-0-8132-3281-2 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Berry, André; Gardy, Philippe; Latry, Guy (1997). L'oeuvre de Pey de Garros, poète gascon du XVIe siècle ISBN 978-2-86781-210-1 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 . ^ Bricka, Carl Frederik (1888). Dansk biografisk lexikon: tillige omfattende Norge for tidsrummet 1537-1814 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Ersch, Johann Samuel; Gruber, Johann Gottfried (1992). Allgemeine Enzyklopädie Der Wissenschaften und Künste: In Alphabetischer Folge Von Genannten Schriftstellern ISBN 978-3-201-00093-2 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins: Jahrbuch des Düsseldorfer Geschichtsvereins . Retrieved 12 August 2023 .^ Sgarbi, Marco (27 October 2022). Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy ISBN 978-3-319-14169-5 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 12 August 2023 .^ Der Bär von Berlin: Jahrbuch des Vereins für die Geschichte Berlins . Retrieved 12 August 2023 .^ "CATTANI DA DIACCETO, Francesco" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 August 2023 .^ Lieb, Norbert (1958). Die Fugger und die kunst: Im zeitalter der hohen renaissance . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Günther, Siegmund (1882). Peter und Philipp Apian, zwei deutsche Mathematiker u. Kartographen: Ein Beitrag zur Gelehrten-Geschichte des xvi. Jahrhunderts . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ "Stanley, Henry, fourth earl of Derby" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/26272 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Baudrillart, Alfred; Meyer, Albert de; Aubert, Roger (1914). Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques ISBN 978-2-7063-0157-5 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Vester, Matthew Allen (2008). Jacques de Savoie-Nemours: l'apanage du Genevois au cœur de la puissance dynastique savoyarde au XVIe siècle ISBN 978-2-600-01211-9 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Feenstra, R. (2011). "Portretten van juristen uit de oude Nederlanden" . Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis . 79 : 129–135. doi :10.1163/157181911X563084 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Van der Aa, A.J. (1858). Biographical dictionary of the Netherlands . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ "TOPCLIFFE, Richard (1531-1604), of Somerby, Lincs. and Westminster. | History of Parliament Online" . www.historyofparliamentonline.org . Retrieved 26 October 2021 .^ Coester, Christiane (19 August 2014). Schön wie Venus, mutig wie Mars: Anna d'Este, Herzogin von Guise und von Nemours (1531-1607) ISBN 978-3-486-84058-2 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1909). Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Kirstan, Ralf (5 January 2015). Die Welt des Johannes Letzner: Ein lutherischer Landpfarrer und Geschichtsschreiber des 16. Jahrhunderts ISBN 978-3-8353-2734-4 . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Aa, Abraham Jacob van der (1855). Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden . Retrieved 12 August 2023 . ^ Le Tombe Ed I Monumenti Illustri D'Italia . Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ 戦国人名辞典 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ "Popham, Sir John" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/22543 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Peirce, Leslie P. (2017). Empress of the east : how a European slave girl became queen of the Ottoman Empire ISBN 978-0-465-03251-8 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Probable:John Flood (8 September 2011). Poets Laureate in the Holy Roman Empire: A Bio-bibliographical Handbook ISBN 978-3-11-091274-6
^ "Lowther, Sir Richard" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/17112 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Oscar Thompson; Nicolas Slonimsky (1956). The International Cyclopedia of Music and Musicians ^ Barrachina, Pascual Boronat y (1904). El B. Juan de Ribera y el R. Colegio de Corpus Christi . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ Murray, Russell Eugene (1989). The Voice of the Composer: Theory and Practice in the Works of Pietro Pontio ^ Fischer, Albert (1878). Kirchenlieder-lexicon: Hymnologisch-literarische . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ "Schalling, Martin" . www.bach-digital.de . Retrieved 14 August 2023 .^ Seidel, Paul (1905). Hohenzollern-Jahrbuch: Forschungen und Abbildungen zur Geschichte der Hohenzollern in Brandenburg-Preussen . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ "GRIMANI, Marino" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of May 17, 1570" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 14 August 2023 .^ Levin, Carole; Bertolet, Anna Riehl; Carney, Jo Eldridge (3 November 2016). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650 ISBN 978-1-315-44071-2 . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ Buerkel, Ludwig von (1996). Münchner Jahrbuch der bildenden kunst . Retrieved 14 August 2023 . ^ Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde . Retrieved 14 August 2023 .^ Sir Richard Beale Colvin (1934). The lieutenants and keepers of the rolls of the county of Essex ^ Hessenland: Zeitschrift für die Kulturpflege des Bezirksverbandes Hessen . Retrieved 14 August 2023 .^ Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward Aloysius; Pallen, Condé Bénoist; Shahan, Thomas Joseph; Wynne, John Joseph; MacErlean, Andrew Alphonsus (1907). The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Tannenberg, Constant Wurzbach von (1861). Biographisches Lexicon des Kaiserthums Österreich . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Maryks, Robert A. (2010). The Jesuit Order As a Synagogue of Jews: Jesuits of Jewish Ancestry and Purity-of-Blood Laws in the Early Society of Jesus ISBN 978-90-04-17981-3 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Astrain, Antonio (1905). Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en la asistencia de España: Laínez, Borja, 1556-1572 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Акты Российского государства: архивы московских монастырей и соборов XV- начало XVII вв ISBN 978-5-86218-356-6 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ Steinmann, Carl (1885). Die Grabstätten der Fürsten des Welfenhauses von Gertrudis, der Mutter Heinrichs des Löwen bis auf Herzog Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Biografie von Anna, Kurfürstin von Sachsen (1532-1585)" . saebi.isgv.de . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ Diestelkamp, Bernhard (1993). Die politische Funktion des Reichskammergerichts ISBN 978-3-412-07092-2 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Allgemeine deutsche Biographie . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ Frati, Lodovico (1904). Storia documentata di Castel S. Pierto dell'Emilia . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Herbermann, Charles George; Pace, Edward A. (1907). Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Allen, William (1882). The letters and memorials of William, cardinal Allen: (1532-1594) . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Suzanne Spicer Tiemstra (1992). The Choral Music of Latin America: A Guide to Compositions and Research ISBN 978-0-313-28208-9 ^ SJ, Luis Frois; T. Reff, Daniel; K. Danford, Richard (14 March 2014). The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. ISBN 978-1-317-91781-6 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Gamboa, Pedro Sarmiento de (1895). Narratives of the Voyages of Pedro Sarmiento de Gambóa to the Straits of Magellan . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Kelsey, Harry (1 January 2003). Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth's Slave Trader ISBN 978-0-300-09663-7 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Laveaux, Marty (1868). Les oevvres et meslanges poétiques d'Estienne Iodelle: sievr dv Lymodin . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Bindoff, Stanley Thomas (1982). The House of Commons, 1509-1558: Appendices, constituencies, members A-C ISBN 978-0-436-04282-9 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Percy, Henry, eighth earl of Northumberland" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/21983 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Norton, Thomas" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/20359 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Archivum historiae pontificiae . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ "Lucy, Sir Thomas" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/17151 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Perlingieri, Ilya Sandra (1992). Sofonisba Anguissola: The First Great Woman Artist of the Renaissance ISBN 978-0-8478-1544-9 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Boetticher, Wolfgang (1958). Orlando di Lasso und seine Zeit, 1532-1594: Monographie . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Kühlmann, Wilhelm (1997). Humanistische Lyrik des 16. Jahrhunderts: Lateinisch und Deutsch ISBN 978-3-618-66355-3 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ Beste, Johannes (1889). Geschichte der Braunschweigischen Landeskirche von der Reformation bis auf unsere Tage . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ Brecht, Martin (1 July 1999). Martin Luther, Volume 3: The Preservation of the Church, 1532-1546 ISBN 978-1-4514-1416-5 . Retrieved 16 August 2023 . ^ Nastavni vjesnik . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ "島津義久(しまづよしひさ)とは？ 意味や使い方" . コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of February 26, 1561" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 16 August 2023 .^ Boston, Richard (1983-07-14). " . New Scientist . 99 (1366): 118 – via Google Books . ^ a b L'arte di verificare le date . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of July 27, 1547" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ John Morehen (1 January 2000). Ricercari d'intavolatura d'organo: 1567 ISBN 978-0-89579-476-5 ^ Jaarboek van het Koninklijk Nederlansch . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Max, Georg (1862). Geschichte des Fürstenthums Grubenhagen: Theile 1-2 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Vidal (O.S.A), Manuel (1751). Augustinos de Salamanca: historia del observantissimo convento de San Agustin NP de dicha ciudad . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Enciclopedia cattolica . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Liliencron, Rochus Freiherr von; Wegele, Franz X. von; Bettelheim, Anton (1900). Allgemeine deutsche Biographie . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Zúñiga, Alonso de Ercilla y (1821). La Araucana su autor don Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Ruschke, Johannes M. (2012). Paul Gerhardt und der Berliner Kirchenstreit: eine Untersuchung der konfessionellen Auseinandersetzungen über die kurfürstlich verordnete "mutua tolerantia" ISBN 978-3-16-150952-0 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ "ZABARELLA, Iacopo in "Dizionario Biografico" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ "Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 22 March 2019 .^ Satała, Zbigniew (1990). Poczet polskich królowych, księżnych i metres ISBN 978-83-7007-257-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Lelewel, Joachim (1863). Polska, dzieje i rzeczy jej: Historya Polska do końca panowania Stefana Batorego . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Schmidt, Berthold (1888). Burggraf Heinrich IV zu Meissen, Oberstkanzler der Krone Böhmen und seine Regierung im Vogtlande . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Arbusow, Leonid (1918). Grundriss der Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ "Erik XIV | king of Sweden" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 December 2020 .^ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections ISBN 978-81-260-0365-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Sheldon, Kathleen (4 March 2016). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa ISBN 978-1-4422-6293-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ "Cort (van Hoorn), Cornelis" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Tweedie, David (2007). David Rizzio and Mary Queen of Scots : murder at Holyrood ISBN 978-0-7509-4332-1 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ New (1993). Literature in English ISBN 978-0-13-534777-5 ^ "Gregory XIV | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .^ "Leo XI | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .^ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, etc . Retrieved 20 August 2023 .^ Farmer, Albert John (1920). Les oeuvres françaises de Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, 1536-1623 . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ Tazbir, Janusz (1983). Piotr Skarga: szermierz kontrreformacji ISBN 978-83-214-0276-5 . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ "DONÀ, Leonardo" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2023 .^ "Clement VIII | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 14 January 2021 .^ "SANTI di Tito" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 20 August 2023 .^ "足利義輝(あしかがよしてる)とは？ 意味や使い方" . コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 20 August 2023 .^ Veröffentlichungen ISBN 978-3-17-005801-9 . Retrieved 20 August 2023 .^ Meusel, Karl Heinrich (1897). Kirchliches handlexikon . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ Coppens, Joseph A. (1841). Nieuwe beschrijving van het bisdom van 's Hertogenbosch: naar aanleiding van het Katholijk meijerijsch memorieboek van A. Van Gils. Over het dekanaat der Stad 's Bosch . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ Mühling, Andreas (2008). Caspar Olevian, 1536-1587: Christ, Kirchenpolitiker und Theologe ISBN 978-3-905351-13-2 . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ Desbois, François Alexandre Aubert de la Chenaye (1774). Dictionnaire de la noblesse de France . Retrieved 20 August 2023 . ^ Bursian, Conrad (1883). Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ Warnicke, Retha M. (1973). William Lambarde, Elizabethan Antiquary, 1536-1601 ISBN 978-0-85033-077-9 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ Heine, Gerhard (1866). Geschichte des Landes Anhalt und seiner Fürsten . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ Rytz, Walther (1933). Das Herbarium Felix Platters: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Botanik des XVI. Jahrhunderts . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ Nassauer Annalen . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .^ 동양교육고전의이해 ISBN 978-89-7300-068-5 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .^ Schmidt, Berthold (1888). Burggraf Heinrich IV zu Meissen, Oberstkanzler der Krone Böhmen und seine Regierung im Vogtlande . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ 송강 정철 문학의 재인식 ISBN 978-89-5556-334-4 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .^ Gough, Barry M. (2012). Juan de Fuca's Strait : voyages in the waterway of forgotten dreams ISBN 978-1-55017-573-8 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ British Naval Biography: Comprising the Lives of the Most Distinguished Admirals, from Howard to Coddington . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .^ "Marbeck, Roger" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/18027 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ "Thomas Sackville" . Oxford Reference . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .^ Justi, Karl Wilhelm (1818). Friedrich Sylburg . Retrieved 21 August 2023 . ^ "Vecchi, Giovanni (Liso) de' . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .^ Apfelstedt, Heinrich Friedrich Theodor (1890). Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 12, 1583" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ Weech, Friedrich von (1896). Badische Geschichte . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "隆庆皇帝" . 故宫博物院 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 12, 1565" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ Amjad, Basith (2019). "A Brief History of Embryology: Historical Vignettes in Embryology" . Clinical Embryology: An Atlas of Congenital Malformations . Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–9. doi :10.1007/978-3-319-26158-4_1 . ISBN 978-3-319-26158-4 S2CID 166717409 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ Rehm, Friedrich (1842). Handbuch der geschichte beider Hessen . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ "ESMĀʿIL II" . iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 24 August 2023 .^ Nəcəfli̇, Tofiq (5 July 2019). "Kahkaha Kalesi'nin 20 Yıllık Mahpusu: İsmail Mirza Safevi" . Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi (in Turkish). 6 (2): 495–518. ISSN 2148-2292 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ Almeida, Fortunato de (1923). História de Portugal . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Aragão, Augusto Carlos Teixeira de (1875). Descripção geral e histórica das moedas cunhadas em nome dos reis, regentes e governadores de Portugal, por A.C. Teixeira de Aragão . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Degert, Antoine (1894). Le cardinal d'Ossat, évêque de Rennes et de Bayeux (1537-1604); sa vie, ses négociations à Rome. Thèse, Bordeaux . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Nuovi saggi della Imperiale regia Accademia di scienze, lettere ed arti in Padova . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ David Mathew (1972). Lady Jane Grey: the Setting of the Reign ISBN 978-0-413-27980-4 ^ "BBC - History - Historic Figures: Lady Jane Grey (1537 - 1554)" . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 22 March 2019 .^ Memorial histórico español: colección de documentos, opúsculos y antigüedades que publica la Real Academia de la Historia . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ Encyclopedia Americana: Jefferson to Latin ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 ^ Biografisch woordenboek Gelderland: bekende en onbekende mannen en vrouwen uit de Gelderse geschiedenis ISBN 978-90-6550-800-3 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ KELLER, E. F. (1864). Geschichte Nassau's von der Reformation bis zum Anfang des 30jährigen Krieges . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Loughlin, Marie; Bell, Sandra; Brace, Patricia (24 October 2011). The Broadview Anthology of Sixteenth-Century Poetry and Prose ISBN 978-1-55111-162-9 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ 日本重要人物辞典 ISBN 978-4-315-50772-0 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ Żychliński, Teodor (1884). Złota księga szlachty polskiéj . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ Berry, Mary Elizabeth (1989). Hideyoshi ISBN 978-0-674-39026-3 . Retrieved 24 August 2023 . ^ Clifford, Henry (1887). The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Kindermann, Jan Christiaan (1874). Lodewijk van Nassau de volmaakte ridder . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Stichart, Franz Otto (1857). Galerie der sächsischen Fürstinnen biographische Skizzen sämmtlicher Ahnfrauen des königlichen Hauses Sachsen . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Lattis, James M. (2010). Between Copernicus and Galileo Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology ISBN 9780226469263 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Pescasio, Luigi (1999). Cardinale Ercole Gonzaga presidente del Concilio di Trento (1505-1563) . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Merzario, Giuseppe (1893). I maestri comacìni storia artistica di mille duecento anni (600-1800) . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Cazes, Hélène (2010). Bonaventura Vulcanius, Works and Networks Bruges 1538 - Leiden 1614 ISBN 9789004192096 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "BOLOGNETTI, Alberto" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 September 2023 .^ Celier, Leonzio (1912). San Carlo Borromeo, 1538-1584 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Kessel, Elsje van (2017). The Lives of Paintings Presence, Agency and Likeness in Venetian Art of the Sixteenth Century ISBN 9783110495775 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ Valencia, Vicente Rodríguez (1956). Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, organizer and apostle of South America . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of February 26, 1561 (II)" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Library of the Ecole des Chartes ISBN 9782600051699 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Moenich, Karoly (1876). Magyar irok nevtara . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800 ISBN 9780787669683 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Clemen, Otto; Koch, Ernst (1982). Kleine Schriften zur Reformationsgeschichte . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ "Sigrid Svantesdotter Sture" . www.skbl.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Atti della R. Accademia delle scienze di Torino . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ "Herbert, Henry, second earl of Pembroke" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/13028 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan encyclopedia ISBN 9780674017535 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Consistory of June 5, 1596 (II)" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ "MORDAUNT, Lewis (1538-1601)" . historyofparliament.org . Retrieved 12 September 2023 .^ Fuente, Vicente de la (1875). Historia eclesiástica de España . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Ragg, Laura Maria (1907). The Women Artists of Bologna . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ "István Báthori, Ecsed" . MAGYAR ÉLETRAJZI LEXIKON 1000–1990 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Archivio . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Dionisotti, Carlo (1860). Cenni storici sull'amministrazione della giustizia in Vercelli dall'anno 1427 al 1860 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ "BONIFACIO IV, marchese di Monferrato" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Ludwigsdorf, Egbert von Frankenberg und (1895). Anhaltische Fürsten-Bildnisse . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . Margarethe, born at an uncertain time, died in Dresden on June 28, 1530, the daughter of Heinrich I, Duke of Münsterberg and Glatz,*) granddaughter of King George Podebrady of Bohemia and since January 20, 1494 wife of Prince Ernst von Anhalt. ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 ISBN 978-0-87169-161-3 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Braye, Lucien (1924). René de Chalon et le mausolée du Cœur . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Kennedy, William John (1983). Jacopo Sannazaro and the Uses of Pastoral ISBN 978-0-87451-268-7 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ "Ostrozky, Kostiantyn" . www.encyclopediaofukraine.com . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Keller, Anton (1965). Zur Sprache des Chronisten Gerold Edlibach, 1454-1530 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Neagoe, Claudiu (1 January 2009). Modele culturale și realități cotidiene în societatea românească (secolele XV-XIX) ISBN 978-973-558-449-8 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Mantova: la storia: Da Ludovico secondo marchese a Francesco secondo duca, a cura di L. Mazzoldi . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ "Grey, Thomas, second marquess of Dorset" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/11561 . Retrieved 8 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Peter Gwyn (1990). The King's Cardinal: The Rise and Fall of Thomas Wolsey ISBN 978-0-7126-2190-8 ^ Jansen, S. (17 October 2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe ISBN 978-0-230-60211-3 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ Zeitschrift für bildende Kunst . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Dalbir Singh Dhillon (1988). Sikhism, Origin and Development ^ Silver, Larry; Metsys, Quentin (1984). The Paintings of Quinten Massys: With Catalogue Raisonné ISBN 978-0-7148-2346-1 . Retrieved 9 August 2023 . ^ "Estienne de la Roche" . Maths History . Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ "Den danske Flådes første søhelt. Søren Norby (14??-1530)" (PDF) . www.noerby.net . Marinens Bibliotek. Retrieved 9 August 2023 .^ Giorgio Vasari (1923). Lives of Seventy of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects ^ Kronijk van het Historisch Genootschap gevestigd te Utrecht . Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ The Ancestry of Allen Grinnell Cleaver and Martha Irene Jessup: 172 Allied Families . Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ Allgemeine deutsche Biographie: Steinmetz - Stürenburg. 36 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ Lafuente, Modesto (1888). Historia general de España: desde los tiempos primitivos hasta la muerte de Fernando VII . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Burguet, José Luis; Barquilla, José Barrado; Suárez, Bernardo Fueyo (2006). Influencia lascasiana en el siglo XVI ISBN 978-84-8260-178-6 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Szymanowski, Wojciech (1851). Dykcyonarz biograficzny powszechny . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ de La Trémoille, François (1887). Inventaire de François de La Trémoille, 1542: et comptes d'Anne de Laval, publiés d'après les originaux . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Plantiko, Otto (1922). Pommersche Reformationsgeschichte . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ "Rimenschneider [Rimschneider], Tilman" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ DEVILLE, Jean Achille (1833). Tombeaux de la cathédrale de Rouen . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Sliwa, Krzysztof (2006). Vida de Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra ISBN 978-3-937734-13-2 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ "PUCCI, Lorenzo" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 13 August 2023 .^ "Louise Of Savoy | French regent" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 21 September 2020 .^ Herbermann, Charles George (1913). The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Brann, Marcus (1896). Geschichte der Juden in Schlesien: I -VI . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ James, Susan E. (2009). Catherine Parr : Henry VIII's last love ISBN 978-0-7524-4853-4 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ LaGamma, Alisa (16 September 2015). Kongo: Power and Majesty ISBN 978-1-58839-575-7 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Flood, Gavin (13 May 2022). The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Hinduism ISBN 978-1-119-14488-5 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ McClure, Julia (30 November 2016). The Franciscan Invention of the New World ISBN 978-3-319-43023-2 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Bleiberg, Germán; Ihrie, Maureen; Pérez, Janet (1993). Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula ISBN 978-0-313-28732-9 . Retrieved 13 August 2023 . ^ Bollettino della Società umbra di storia patria . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ "Riccio [Briosco], Andrea" . Grove Art Online .^ Danstrup, John; Koch, Hal (1962). Danmarks historie: De første Oldenborgere 1448-1533, af E. Kjersgaard og J. Hvidtfeldt . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "John | elector of Saxony" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 20 October 2020 .^ Pirkheimer, Charitas; MacKenzie, Paul A. (2006). Caritas Pirckheimer: A Journal of the Reformation Years, 1524-1528 ISBN 978-1-84384-076-3 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Desiderius Erasmus; Margaret Mann Phillips; J F C Phillips (1967). Erasmus on His Times: A Shortened Version of the 'Adages' of Erasmus ISBN 978-0-521-09413-9 ^ Șincai, Gheorghe (1967). Hronica românilor . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ The Magazine Antiques ^ Memorie storiche forogiuliesi . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ Lehrbuch der bayerischen Geschichte . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ "The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of Consistory of March 10, 1511" . cardinals.fiu.edu . Retrieved 15 August 2023 .^ Dubov, Kalman (18 November 2021). Jewish Studies: Volume 2 And died on 13 December 1532. ^ RYKACZEWSKI, Erazm (1862). Inventarium omnium et singulorum privilegiorum, litterarum, diplomatum, scripturarum et monumentorum quæcunque in Archivo Regni in Arce Cracoviensi . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Larsen, Anne R.; Robin, Diana; Levin, Carole (1 March 2007). Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England ISBN 978-1-85109-777-7 . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ Prescott, William Hickling (1904). History of the conquest of Peru . Retrieved 15 August 2023 . ^ "Bourchier, John, second Baron Berners" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/2990 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Alexander Hopkins McDonnald (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana ^ Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Miscellanea di Storia Italiana . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Louis Thomas Stanley (1987). Cambridge, City of Dreams ISBN 978-1-85227-030-8 ^ Nugent, Elizabeth M. The Thought and Culture of the English Reaissance . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Gaetana Marrone; Paolo Puppa (26 December 2006). Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies ISBN 978-1-135-45530-9 ^ "SALVIATI, Jacopo in "Dizionario Biografico" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Ehmann, Johannes (1 September 2021). Geschichte der Evangelischen Kirche in Baden: Band 2: Die Kirche der Markgrafschaft ISBN 978-3-374-06851-7 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Bott, Gerhard; Kahsnitz, Rainer (1983). Veit Stoss in Nürnberg: Werke des Meisters und seiner Schule in Nürnberg und Umgebung ISBN 978-3-422-00748-2 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Altertumsverein, Freiburger (1895). Mitteilungen . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Сибирцев, Константин (15 May 2022). Английская тоска Ивана Грозного ISBN 978-5-04-376000-5 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . Vasili III died on December 3, 1533. ^ Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah" . In Sirajul Islam ; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza ; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . ISBN 984-32-0576-6 OCLC 52727562 . OL 30677644M . Retrieved 27 November 2024 . ^ Beding, Silvio A. (8 February 2016). The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia ISBN 978-1-349-12573-9 . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ "Anne Rud" . Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon (in Danish). 22 April 2023.^ Browne, John Ross (1869). A Sketch of the Settlement and Exploration of Lower California . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ Phayre, Arthur P. (1883). History Of Burma . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ "Leyden, Lucas van" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 17 August 2023 .^ Brinton, Selwyn (1907). The Renaissance in Italian Art: A Series in Nine Parts . Retrieved 17 August 2023 . ^ "Clement VII | pope" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .^ Sandi Toksvig (12 November 2020). Toksvig's Almanac 2021: An Eclectic Meander Through the Historical Year by Sandi Toksvig ISBN 978-1-398-70164-9 ^ "History - Historic Figures: Thomas More (1478 - 1535)" . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 May 2019 .^ "Peruzzi, Baldassarre" . Grove Art Online . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ William E. Wilkie (11 July 1974). The Cardinal Protectors of England: Rome and the Tudors Before the Reformation ISBN 978-0-521-20332-6 ^ Hadorn, Wilhelm (1907). Kirchengeschichte der reformierten Schweiz . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ Islâm ansıklopedisi: Islâm âlemı tarıh, coğrafya, etnoğrafya ve bıyografya lûgatı . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ Allgemeine deutsche Biographie . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ a b Richard S. Sylvester; Davis P. Harding (1 January 1962). Two Early Tudor Lives: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish; The Life of Sir Thomas More by William Roper ISBN 0-300-00239-4 ^ Weech, Friedrich von (1890). Badische Geschichte . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ Herwaarden, J. Van (1 January 2003). Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands ISBN 978-90-04-12984-9 . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ Murphy, Beverley Anne (2003). Bastard prince : Henry VIII'S lost son ISBN 978-0-7509-3709-2 . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ "Pace, Richard" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/21065 . Retrieved 21 August 2023 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ Collectanea friburgensia . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ Schilling, August (1845). Beiträge zur Geschichte des souverainen Johanniter-Ordens . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ "DELLA ROVERE, Felice" . www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ J. R. Broome (1988). Reformation and Counter-Reformation: 1588-1688-1988 ISBN 978-0-903556-79-8 ^ Bulletin hispanique . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: recueil hebdomadaire politique . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ Journals of the House of Lords . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ Moulton, Charles Wells (1901). The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors ISBN 978-0-8446-7155-0 . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ Müntz, Eugène (1898). Leonardo Da Vinci: Artist, Thinker and Man of Science . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ Papinot, Edmond (1909). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ Stephen, Sir Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1903). Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved 22 August 2023 . ^ The American Journal of Theology . Retrieved 22 August 2023 .^ Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard Simonde de (1847). Storia del risorgimento, de'progressi, del decadimento e della rovina della libertà in Italia . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Album di storia patria bozzetti repubblicani senesi . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ Venturi, Adolfo (1911). Storia dell'arte italiana . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Lotito, Mark A. (22 August 2019). "Johann Carion of Bietigheim: The Berlin Court Astronomer". The Reformation of Historical Thought ISBN 978-90-04-34795-3 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ McCorristine, Laurence (1987). The Revolt of Silken Thomas: A Challenge to Henry VIII ISBN 978-0-86327-120-5 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ SALA, Antonio (1858). Biografia di San Carlo Borromeo . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Köstlin, Julius (1883). Martin Luther: Sein Leben und Seine Schriften . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Jacott, J. (1848). Atlas historique français . Retrieved 25 August 2023 . ^ Statistica della provincia di Saluzzo: 2 . Retrieved 25 August 2023 .^ Barszcz, Leszek (2005). Andrzej Krzycki: poeta, dyplomata, prymas . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Seidel, Paul (1911). Hohenzollern-jahrbuch . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ a b c Dodds, Madeleine Hope; Dodds, Ruth (1915). The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536-1537, and the Exeter Conspiracy, 1538 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Hernández, Isabel (1992). Los indios de Argentina . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Simpson, Richard Simpson (1879). Some Notices of the Life of Henry, Lord Percy, Sixth Earl of Northumberland, and of the Parish Church of St. Augustine, Afterwards St. John at Hackney . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Anne Commire (12 December 2000). Women in World History ISBN 978-0-7876-4069-9 ^ Palliser, David Michael (1979). Tudor York ISBN 978-0-19-821878-4 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Erläuterungen und ergänzungen zu Janssens Geschichte des deutschen volkes . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ Thumser, Matthias (1997). Schriftkultur und Landesgeschichte: Studien zum südlichen Ostseeraum vom 12. bis zum 16. Jahrhundert ISBN 978-3-412-05697-1 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Istorija srpskog naroda: pt. 1-2. Srbi pod tudinskom vlashdu 1537-1699 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ "Framingham, William (FRMN530W)" . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge.^ The Publications of the Harleian Society ISBN 978-0-9500207-5-4 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 .^ Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita (2002). Ivan the Terrible ISBN 978-0-8154-1229-8 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Бусева-Давыдова, И. Л. (1997). Храмы Московского Кремля: святыни и древности ISBN 978-5-7846-0004-2 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Eley, C. King (1900). The Cathedral Church of Carlisle: A Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Suppan, W. (1971). "Schriften Thomas Murners (1475-1537) als volksmusikalische Quelle" . Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 13 (1/4): 265–273. doi :10.2307/901761 . ISSN 0039-3266 . JSTOR 901761 . Retrieved 26 August 2023 . ^ Benevides, Francisco da Fonseca (1878). Rainhas de Portugal: estudo historico com muitos documentos . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Frind, Anton (1878). "Die" Kirchengeschichte Böhmens im Allgemeinen und mit besonderer Beziehung auf die jetzige Leitmeritzer Diöcese . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Rian, Øystein. "Olav Engelbrektsson" . In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . ^ Ernst Buchner (1960). German Painting at the Time of Dürer ^ Roy, Neha (6 April 2023). Henry VIII's Imprisoned Women: The Women of the Tower ISBN 978-1-3990-9579-2 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Нечаев, Сергей (20 September 2011). Иван Грозный. Жены и наложницы «Синей Бороды» ISBN 978-5-457-17297-5 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . And on April 4, 1538, Elena Vasilyevna Glinskaya herself, who was only thirty years old, suddenly died. ^ Elton, G. R. (7 November 1985). Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell ISBN 978-0-521-31309-4 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Schaible, Joseph (1855). Geschichte des badischen Hanauerlandes nebst einer medizinisch-statistischen topographie des . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Makens, Judith (January 2002). "Hugh Latimer and John Forest: Rituals of Martyrdom" . Reformation . 6 (1): 29–48. doi :10.1179/ref_2002_6_1_003 . ISSN 1357-4175 . S2CID 145394860 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Dillon, Anne (May 2006). "John Forest and Derfel Gadarn: A Double Execution" . British Catholic History . 28 (1): 1–21. doi :10.1017/S003419320001102X . ISSN 0034-1932 . S2CID 163270338 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Zeitschrift des Harz-Vereins für Geschichte und Altertumskunde . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Royen, Laetitia V. G. Gorter-Van (1995). Maria van Hongarije, regentes der Nederlanden: een politieke analyse op basis van haar regentschaps-ordonnanties en haar correspondentie met Karel V ISBN 978-90-6550-394-7 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Valdés, Gerardo Larraín (1987). Dios, Sol Y Oro Diego de Almagro Y El Descubrimiento de Chile . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Publications de la Section historique de l'Institute G.-D. de Luxembourg . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Achaintre, Nicolas Louis (1825). Histoire Généalogique Et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de Bourbon . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Miscellanea di storia italiana . Retrieved 13 September 2023 .^ Womersley, David (18 February 2010). Divinity and State ISBN 978-0-19-925564-1 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Benzoni, Gino (2002). "GRITTI, Andrea" . Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani , Volume 59: Graziano–Grossi GondiIstituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana . ISBN 978-8-81200032-6 ^ Gringore, Pierre; Brown, Cynthia Jane (2003). Œuvres polémiques rédigées sous le règne de Louis XII ISBN 978-2-600-00836-5 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . ^ Magno, Alessandro Marzo (1 October 2013). Bound in Venice: The Serene Republic and the Dawn of the Book ISBN 978-1-60945-152-3 . Retrieved 13 September 2023 . The year 1538 is also the death of Paganino Paganini. ^ Frieda, Leonie (2013). The deadly sisterhood : a story of women, power and intrigue in the Italian Renaissance, 1427-1527 (Paperback ed.). London: Phoenix. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7538-2844-1 ^ "Isabella of Portugal" . www.ngv.vic.gov.au . Retrieved 24 October 2020 .^ "Stokesley, John (1475–1539), bishop of London" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/26563 . ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8 . Retrieved 26 October 2021 .(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
_c_1565.jpg)
_-_Santa_Maria_della_Salute_-_Venice_2016_(2).jpg)
