^Hydrous ringwoodite recovered from volcanic eruptions suggests that the mantle transition zone between the lower and upper mantle holds between one[19] and three[20] times as much water as all of the world's surface oceans combined. Experiments to recreate the conditions of the lower mantle suggest it may contain still more water as well, as much as five times the mass of water present in the world's oceans.[21][22]
^ To help put a change of this magnitude into perspective, when the pH of human blood plasma is raised from its normal 7.4 to a value above 7.8, or lowered to a value below 6.8, death ensues.[98]
^Given that the most likely landfall regions have been under 50米(160英尺) of water since the end of the last ice age, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.[126] Two common theories are a crossing from Timor to the northwest Australian mainland around 70,000 years ago and a crossing from Sulawesi to New Guinea around 50,000 years ago,[126][127] possibly assisted by a tsunami.[128]
^The Greek navigator Eudoxus was later reported(英语:Geography (Strabo)) by Strabo to have accidentally discovered a wrecked ship from Gades on the northeast coast of Africa and to have then attempted two (failed) circumnavigations of Africa around 116 BC.[140]
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