Tossicodipendenza

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Tossicodipendenza
Effetti delle sostanze stupefacenti più comuni
Specialitàpsichiatria, psicologia, narcologia e medicina delle dipendenze
Classificazione e risorse esterne (EN)
ICD-9-CM303, 304, 304.0, 304.1, 304.4, 304.6, 304.8 e 304.9
ICD-10F10.2, F13.2, F18.2, F19.2 e F15.2

La tossicodipendenza (dal greco: toxikon, "veleno") viene intesa come una patologia comportamentale che si instaura dopo l'uso e abuso cronico e compulsivo di sostanze (droghe illegali o sostanze legali come l'alcol, il tabacco e i farmaci dispensabili dietro prescrizione medica specialistica).

Definizione

In particolare, secondo Koob e Le Moal[5], la dipendenza da sostanze viene definita come disturbo cronico recidivante caratterizzato da:

  • compulsione alla ricerca e all'assunzione della sostanza.
  • perdita di controllo nel limitare l'assunzione della sostanza stessa.
  • comparsa di uno stato emozionale negativo (caratterizzato da disforia, irritabilità, ansia...) quando l'accesso alla sostanza è precluso.

La dipendenza da sostanze è un problema sociale e sanitario molto diffuso con conseguenze dirette e indirette sull'ordine pubblico e sulla spesa pubblica e in quanto tale è oggetto di interventi generici e specifici dello Stato. Gli effetti negativi sulla salute possono essere diretti e derivare quindi dagli effetti farmacologici della droga e dalla via di somministrazione (per esempio fumata o iniettata utilizzando aghi non sterili) e/o indiretti cioè conseguenti all'utilizzo delle sostanze da abuso come cancro, cirrosi epatica, epatite B e C, AIDS e depressione[6].

Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: Droga leggera.

Potenziale di dipendenza

Il potenziale di dipendenza da un composto psicoattivo varia da sostanza a sostanza e da individuo a individuo. La dose, la frequenza d'uso, la farmacocinetica, la via di somministrazione e il tempo sono tutti fattori critici nel contribuire allo sviluppo di una dipendenza da una sostanza.

Un articolo della rivista medica The Lancet compara il peso della dipendenza di alcune fra le più comuni sostanze di uso ricreativo e di abuso, utilizzando una scala da 0 a 3 per la dipendenza fisica, psicologica, il piacere e la media totale.[7]

Droga Media Piacere Dipendenza psicologica Dipendenza fisica
Eroina 2.87 3.0 2.6 3.0
Cocaina 2.39 3.0 3.0 1.3
Tabacco 2.21 2.3 2.8 1.8
Barbiturici 2.01 2.0 2.2 1.8
Alcol 1.93 2.3 1.9 1.6
Benzodiazepine 1.83 1.7 2.1 1.8
Amfetamine 1.67 2.0 1.9 1.1
Cannabis 1.51 1.9 1.7 0.8
Ecstasy 1.13 1.5 1.2 0.7

Nei media

Saggi

Narrativa

Filmografia

Serie televisive

Documentari

Note

  1. ^ Nestler EJ, Cellular basis of memory for addiction, in Dialogues Clin. Neurosci., vol. 15, n. 4, dicembre 2013, pp. 431–443, PMC 3898681, PMID 24459410.
    «Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.»
  2. ^ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders, in Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience, 2nd, New York, McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009, pp. 364–375, ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4.
  3. ^ Glossary of Terms, su Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience. URL consultato il 9 febbraio 2015 (archiviato dall'url originale il 10 maggio 2019).
  4. ^ Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT, Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction, in N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 374, n. 4, gennaio 2016, pp. 363–371, DOI:10.1056/NEJMra1511480, PMID 26816013.
  5. ^ Koob, G. F. and Le Moal, M. (2005), ‘Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ‘dark side’ of drug addiction', Nature Neuroscience 8, pp. 1442-44
  6. ^ Steven E Hyman, Substance abuse disorders, part VI in Neurobiology of mental illness, 3° edition, Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Oxford
  7. ^ Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse". Lancet. 369 (9566): 1047–53. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07) 60464-4. PMID 17382831.

Bibliografia

  • Neuroscienze 3ª ed., Purves et al. Zanichelli
  • Goodman & Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics 12ª ed. Brunton, Chabner e Knollman, McGraw Hill
  • Farmacologia molecolare e cellulare 3ª ed., Paoletti, Nicosia, Fumagalli, UTET
  • Addiction, aspetti biologici e di ricerca, V. Carretti, D. La Barbera, Raffaello Cortina Editore
  • Neurobiology of Addiction, G.F. Koob, M. Le Moal, Academic Press

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