Consonne fricative vélaire sourde

Consonne fricative vélaire sourde
Symbole API x
Numéro API 140
Unicode U+0078

X-SAMPA x
Kirshenbaum x

La consonne fricative vélaire sourde est un son consonantique assez fréquent dans les langues parlées. Le symbole dans l’alphabet phonétique international est [x]. Ce symbole est celui de la lettre cyrillique X (Kha) minuscule.

Selon les langues, il peut être simple [x], labialisé [xʷ], éjectif [xʼ], éjectif labialisé [xʷʼ], semi-labialisé [x̜ʷ], fortement labialisé [x̹ʷ], etc.

Caractéristiques

Voici les caractéristiques de la consonne fricative vélaire sourde.

  • Son point d'articulation est vélaire, ce qui signifie qu'elle est articulée sur la partie antérieure de la langue (le dorsum) contre le palais mou (ou velum).
  • Son mode d'articulation est fricatif, ce qui signifie qu’elle est produite en contractant l’air à travers une voie étroite au point d’articulation, causant de la turbulence.
  • Sa phonation est sourde, ce qui signifie qu'elle est produite sans la vibration des cordes vocales.
  • C'est une consonne orale, ce qui signifie que l'air ne s’échappe que par la bouche.
  • C'est une consonne centrale, ce qui signifie qu’elle est produite en laissant l'air passer au-dessus du milieu de la langue, plutôt que par les côtés.
  • Son mécanisme de courant d'air est égressif pulmonaire, ce qui signifie qu'elle est articulée en poussant l'air par les poumons et à travers le chenal vocatoire, plutôt que par la glotte ou la bouche.

En français

Le français ne possède pas le [x] en tant que consonne autonome. Dans les mots d'emprunt (Juan Carlos, par exemple), il est généralement prononcé [ʁ]. Toutefois, quelques variantes locales peuvent le prononcer en tant qu'allophone de [ʁ]. La réalisation du "r" au voisinage d'une consonne telle que t, f, c ou s se rapproche souvent de [x], comme dans "train", "fraction", "arc", "arthrose" ou encore "ours".

Autres langues

Cette consonne existe dans plusieurs langues, avec la graphie suivante :

L'anglais possède ce son dans certains mots d'origine non germanique comme loch [lɒx], San Jose ou chanukah [xanukaː]. Notons toutefois que certains anglophones n'arrivent pas à prononcer ce son et le remplacent par [k] ou [h][réf. souhaitée].

Références

  1. Joseph Wright, Grammar Of The Gothic Language, Clarendon Press,Oxford, (lire en ligne)

Voir aussi

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