欧格白(Uqba ibn Nafi)从大马士革带来了一支一万人的冲锋队。公元670年,为方便阿拉伯人之后的军事进攻,现突尼斯境内的凯鲁万城建立。这座城日后将成为中世纪时期阿拉伯伊斯兰世界的一个重要文化中心。[31]此后欧格白率军“刺入这国家的心脏地带,横跨荒野到他的继任者将会建立伟大的非斯与摩洛哥的地方,抵达大西洋岸与大沙漠的边缘。”[32]在征服马格里布的过程中,他占领了贝贾亚和丹吉尔这两个海滨城市,拜占庭帝國的古老行省廷吉斯毛里塔尼亚到此结束。[33]某史学家解释道:
^英文原文如下:“Peace unto thee, O Syria, and what an excellent country this is for the enemy!”。这句话由拜拉祖里记录。敘利亞的米海爾只记录到“Peace unto thee, O Syria”。[15]乔治·奥斯特洛格尔斯基这样解释叙利亚的丢失对希拉克略的影响:“他的帝国在他的眼前坍塌,他对抗波斯人的英勇事迹似乎完全失去了意义,他的胜利只给阿拉伯人的成功做了铺垫。(...)这一残酷的转折在身体和精神上一同打击了这位年迈的皇帝。”[16]
Michael the Syrian. Chronique de Michel le Syrien Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche (translated by J.–B. Chabot). Paris. 1899. [volumes I, II, III], in Syriac [Volume IV] (法语).
Brooks, E.W., Chapter V. (A) The Struggle with the Saracens (717–867), The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. IV: The Eastern Roman Empire (717–1453), Cambridge University Press: 119–138, 1923
El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria. Byzantium viewed by the Arabs. Harvard Center of Middle Eastern Studies. 2004. ISBN 978-0-932885-30-2.
El Hibri, Tayeb, The empire in Iraq, 763–861, Robinson, Chase F. (编), The New Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries, Cambridge University Press: 269–304, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-83823-8
Warren Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Robert Lamont Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (编). Muhammad. Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-674-51173-5.
Pryor, John H.; Jeffreys, Elizabeth M. The Age of the ΔΡΟΜΩΝ: The Byzantine Navy ca. 500–1204. Brill Academic Publishers. 2006. ISBN 978-90-04-15197-0.
Rački, Franjo. Odlomci iz državnoga práva hrvatskoga za narodne dynastie. F. Klemma. 1861 (克罗地亚语).
Alexander Vasiliev (historian), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La Dynastie d'Amorium (820–867), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales, 1935 (法语)
Alexander Vasiliev (historian), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II, 1ére partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à L'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (867–959), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales, 1968 (法语)
Durant, Will. The History of Civilization: Part IV—The Age of Faith. Simon and Schuster. 1950. ISBN 0-671-01200-2.
Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2006-10-18.
Pirenne, Henri. Mediaeval Cities: Their Origins and the Rivival of Trade. 1925. ISBN 0-691-00760-8.
Pirenne, Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne. Dover Publications. 2001. ISBN 0-486-42011-6.
Dölger, Franz Joseph. Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des ostromischen Reiches. Berlin. 1924: 59.
Al-Baladhuri. The Battle of the Yarmuk (636) and after.
Michael the Syrian. Chronicle. : II, 424.
Clark, Desmond J.; Roland Anthony Oliver, J. D. Fage, A. D. Roberts. The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. 1978 [1975]. ISBN 0-521-21592-7.引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)
Подписание Константинопольского мира 27 января 1879 г.. Картина находится в Военно-историческом музее Панорама, Плевен, Болгария Картина Н.Русева (Варна, Болгария) с изображением подписания Константинопольского мирного договора 1879 г. Константинопольский мирный договор м
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) 115° خط طول 115 شرق خريطة لجميع الإحداثيات من جوجل خريطة لجميع الإحداثيات من بينغ تصدير جميع الإحداثيات من كي
SM Entertainment IndonesiaJenisPrivateIndustriHiburanDidirikan4 Februari 2019KantorpusatfX Sudirman Level F5, Jakarta Pusat, IndonesiaTokohkunciHan Kyung Jin (CEO)IndukSM Entertainment SM Entertainment Indonesia merupakan kantor representatif cabang Indonesia dari SM Entertainment yang berkantor pusat di Korea Selatan.[1] Di area utama kantor ini terdapat berbagai foto, album, poster, tanda tangan, dan merchandise dari artis dibawah naungan SM Entertainment seperti Super Junior, EXO, ...
Другий медовий місяцьангл. Second HoneymoonЖанр комедія-драмаРежисер Phil RosendПродюсер Трем КаррРолі озвучували Жозефіна ДаннЕдвард ЕрлЕрнест ГілліардКінокомпанія Continental Talking PicturesТривалість 60 хвилинМова АнглійськаКраїна СШАIMDb ID 0021349 «Другий медовий місяць» (англ. Second Honeymo...
American journalist, author, and poet For other people named Mary Hudson, see Mary Hudson (disambiguation). Mary Clemmer HudsonA Woman of the CenturyBornMary Clemmer(1831-05-06)May 6, 1831Utica, New York, U.S.DiedAugust 18, 1884(1884-08-18) (aged 53)Resting placeRock Creek CemeteryWashington, D.C., U.S.Occupation Journalist author poet LanguageEnglishNationalityAmericanAlma materWestfield AcademySpouse Daniel Ames (m. 1851; ann. 1874)R...
Professional esports league This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Valorant Champions Tour – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Valorant Champions TourGameValorantFounded2020; 3 years ago (2020)Inaugural season2021; 2 years ago (2021)Ow...
Battle during the First English Civil War Battle of LangportPart of First English Civil WarThe site of the battleDate10 July 1645LocationLangport, near Yeovil, Somerset51°02′31″N 2°48′04″W / 51.04194°N 2.80111°W / 51.04194; -2.80111Result Parliamentarian victory [1]Belligerents Royalists ParliamentariansCommanders and leaders Lord Goring Sir Thomas FairfaxStrength 7,000[2] 10,000[2]Casualties and losses 300 killed[2]500 captu...
Venantius Fortunatus membacakan puisi-puisinya pada Radegonda oleh Lawrence Alma-Tadema (1862). Venantius Honorius Clementianus Fortunatus (skt. 530 – skt. 600/609 M) merupakan seorang penyair Latin dan Himnodi di istana Meroving, dan uskup Gereja perdana. Ia telah divenerasikan sebagai Santo Venantius Fortunatus sejak Abad Pertengahan, hari perayaannya jatuh pada tanggal 14 Desember.[1] Referensi ^ Judith W.George, Venantius Fortunatus: A Latin poet in Merovingian Gaul...
Battle rifle FN FAL A standard FAL (50.00 model) produced by FNTypeBattle riflePlace of originBelgiumService historyIn service1953–presentUsed by90+ countries (See Users)WarsSee ConflictsProduction historyDesignerDieudonné SaiveDesigned1947–53Manufacturer FN Herstal IMBEL Produced1953–present (Production stopped by FN Herstal in 1988)No. built7,000,000[1]VariantsSee VariantsSpecifications (FAL 50)Mass4.25 kg (9.4 lb)Length1,090 mm (43...
Biblia Ruska of Skaryna The tradition of Bible translations in Christianity in Russia begins with Slavic translations of the Bible and Old Church Slavonic. Tsar Peter the Great felt that the Russian people needed a Bible in the vernacular and authorized Pastor Johann Ernst Glück in 1703 to prepare such an edition. Glück died in 1705 and nothing is known of his work.[citation needed] Early East Slavic translation projects Francysk Skaryna (ca 1490-1552?) was the first to attempt the ...
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Dayal Public School – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to rem...
2005 slice of life manga series by Sayuri Tatsuyama This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Happy Happy Clover – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Happy Happy CloverCover of the 5th volume of the manga, showing Clover and Ram...
Heritage site in Niš, Serbia Skull TowerDetail of a tower wallLocationNiš, SerbiaCoordinates43°18′44″N 21°55′26″E / 43.3122°N 21.9238°E / 43.3122; 21.9238Built1809Visitors30,000–50,000 (in 2009)Location of Skull Tower in Serbia Cultural Heritage of SerbiaTypeCultural Monument of Exceptional ImportanceDesignated6 May 1948Reference no.SK 218[1] Skull Tower (Serbian Cyrillic: Ћеле кула, romanized: Ćele kula, pronounced [...
Municipality in South Holland, NetherlandsPapendrechtMunicipalityDrawbridge in Papendrecht FlagCoat of armsLocation in South HollandCoordinates: 51°50′N 4°41′E / 51.833°N 4.683°E / 51.833; 4.683CountryNetherlandsProvinceSouth HollandGovernment[1] • BodyMunicipal council • MayorAnnemiek Jetten (acting) (PvdA)Area[2] • Total10.79 km2 (4.17 sq mi) • Land9.41 km2 (3.63 sq ...
Італійський парк (Підгірці) 2-га тераса парку 49°56′33″ пн. ш. 24°58′59″ сх. д. / 49.94250000002777767° пн. ш. 24.98330000002777851° сх. д. / 49.94250000002777767; 24.98330000002777851Координати: 49°56′33″ пн. ш. 24°58′59″ сх. д. / 49.94250000002777767° пн. ш. 24.98330000002777851° сх....
Gusti Kanjeng Ratu HayuGusti Kanjeng RatuWedding portrait, 2013Born (1983-12-24) 24 December 1983 (age 39)Yogyakarta, IndonesiaSpouse Prince Notonegoro (m. 2013)Issue1 (Raden Mas Manteyyo Kuncoro)NamesGusti Kanjeng Ratu Hayu[1]Javaneseꦓꦸꦱ꧀ꦡꦶꦑꦁꦗꦼꦁꦫꦡꦸꦲꦪꦸHouseHamengkubuwonoFatherSultan Hamengkubuwono XMotherRatu Hemas Royal family of Yogyakarta The SultanThe Queen The Crown PrincessThe Prince Wironegoro Princess Artie ...