^Parvaneh Pourshariati, Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran, I.B. Tauris, 2008. (p. 4)
^Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography by Pirouz Mojtahed-Zadeh, page 119
（英文）Israeli, Raphael, The Iraq war: hidden agendas and Babylonian intrigue : the regional impact on Shi'ites, Kurds, Sunnis and Arabs, Sussex Academic Press, 2004, ISBN 1903900905
（英文）Stokes, Jamie, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East 1, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 0816071586
（英文）Marshall Cavendish, World and Its Peoples, Marshall Cavendish, 2006, ISBN 0761475710
（英文）Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth, The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 0521689740
（英文）Shiels, Stan, Stan Shiels on centrifugal pumps: collected articles from "World Pumps" magazine, Elsevier, 2004, ISBN 185617445X
（英文）Barnes, Ian; Swanston, Malcolm, Historical atlas of the Bible, Book Sales, Inc., 2009, ISBN 0785821570
（英文）Bütz, Jeffrey J.; Tabor, James, The Secret Legacy of Jesus: The Judaic Teachings That Passed from James the Just to the Founding Fathers, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 2010, ISBN 1594773076
（英文）Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, 1993, ISBN 0521246938
（英文）Hourani, Albert Habib, A history of the Arab peoples, Warner Books, 1991
（英文）Bury, John B., History of the later Roman empire, Macmillan, 1923
（英文）Farrokh, Kaveh, Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war, Osprey Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1846031087
（英文）Sagar, Krishna Chandra, Foreign influence on ancient India, Northern Book Centre, 1992, ISBN 8172110286
（英文）Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil, The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521301998
（英文）Brosius, Maria, The Persians: an introduction, Taylor & Francis, 2006, ISBN 0415320895
（英文）Farrokh, Kaveh, Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war, Osprey Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1846031087
（英文）Falk, Avner, A psychoanalytic history of the Jews, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 1996, ISBN 0838636608
（英文）Time-Life Books, Empires besieged: time frame--AD 200-600, Time-Life Books, 1988, ISBN 0809464160
（英文）Dani, Ahmad Hasan, History of civilizations of Central Asia 3, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999, ISBN 8120815408
（英文）Burke, Andrew; Elliot, Mark, Iran, Lonely Planet, 2008, ISBN 1741042933
（英文）Mitchell, Stephen, Anatolia: land, men, and Gods in Asia Minor, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 0198150296
（英文）Dignas, Beate; Winter, Engelbert, Rome and Persia in late antiquity: neighbours and rivals, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0521614074
（英文）Ross, Steven K., Roman Edessa: politics and culture on the eastern fringes of the Roman Empire, 114-242 C.E., Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0415187877
（英文）Christensen, Peter, The decline of Iranshahr: irrigation and environments in the history of the Middle East, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1500, Museum Tusculanum Press, 1993, ISBN 8772892595
（英文）Rubenstein, Jeffrey L., Creation and composition: the contribution of the Bavli redactors (Stammaim) to the Aggada, Mohr Siebeck, 2005, ISBN 3161486927
（英文）Garthwaite, Gene Ralph, The Persians, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005, ISBN 1557868603
（英文）Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan, The Cambridge ancient history: Late antiquity : empire and successors, A.D. 425-600 14, Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 1557868603
（英文）Neusner, Jacob, A history of the Jews in Babylonia 2, Brill Archive, 1969
（英文）Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415100577
（英文）Bunson, Matthew, Encyclopedia of the Roman empire, Infobase Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0816045623
（英文）Houghton Mifflin Company, The Houghton Mifflin dictionary of biography, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2003, ISBN 061825210X
（英文）Barnes, Timothy David, Constantine and Eusebius, Harvard University Press, 1981, ISBN 0674165314
（英文）Norwich, John Julius, A Short History of Byzantium, Vintage Books, 1997, ISBN 0679772693
（英文）Butcher, Kevin, Roman Syria and the Near East, Getty Publications, 2003, ISBN 0892367156
（英文）Possekel, Ute, Evidence of Greek philosophical concepts in the writings of Ephrem the Syrian, Peeters Publishers, 1999, ISBN 9042907592
（英文）Sandler, Stanley, Ground warfare: an international encyclopedia 1, ABC-CLIO, 2002, ISBN 1576073440
（英文）Dadachanji, Faredun Kavasji, Parsis, ancient and modern and their religion: never before has so much been achieved by so few, F.K. Dadachanji, 1989
（英文）Shahîd, Irfan, Byzantium and the Arabs in the fourth century, Dumbarton Oaks, 1984, ISBN 0884021165
（英文）Browning, Robert, The Emperor Julian, University of California Press, 1978, ISBN 0520037316
（英文）Daniel, Elton L., The history of Iran, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0313307318
（英文）Chisholm, Hugh, The encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information 28, At the University press, 1911
（英文）Millar, Fergus, A Greek Roman Empire: Power and Belief Under Theodosius II (408-450), University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 0520253914
（英文）MacHenry, Robert, The new encyclopaedia Britannica: in 32 vol. Micropedia, Bayeu - Ceanothus, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1992, ISBN 0852295537
（英文）Encyclopœdia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge 2, Encyclopœdia Britannica, 1963
（英文）Frye, Richard Nelson, The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion, Markus Wiener Publishers, 1996, ISBN 155876111X
（英文）Byfield, Ted; Stanway, Paul, The sword of Islam: A.D. 565 to 740 : the Muslim onslaught all but destroys Christendom, Christian History Project, 2004, ISBN 0968987346
（英文）Kohn, George C., Dictionary of wars, Infobase Publishing, 2007, ISBN 0816065772
（英文）Suny, Ronald Grigor, The making of the Georgian nation, Indiana University Press, 1994, ISBN 0253209153
（英文）Bausani, Alessandro, The Persians, from the earliest days to the twentieth century, Elek, 1971
（英文）Beckwith, Christopher I., Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present, Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 0691135894
（英文）Greatrex, Geoffrey, Rome and Persia at war, 502-532, Francis Cairns, 1998, ISBN 0905205936
（英文）Williams, Henry Smith, The historians' history of the world: a comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages 8, Hooper & Jackson, Ltd., 1909
（英文）Dodgeon, Michael H.; Lieu, Samuel N. C.; Greatrex, Geoffrey, The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363-628, Routledge, 2002, ISBN 020399454X
（英文）Barker, John W., Justinian and the later Roman Empire, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1966, ISBN 0299039447
（英文）Chisholm, Hugh, The Encyclopedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, The Encyclopedia Britannica Co., 1910
（英文）Globe encyclopaedia, The Globe encyclopaedia of universal information, ed. by J.M. Ross, 1878
（英文）Freely, John, The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts, Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2004, ISBN 1850436185
（英文）Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter Robert Lamont; Grabar, Oleg, Late antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world, Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN 0674511735
（英文）Farrokh, Kaveh, Sassanian elite cavalry AD 224-642, Osprey Publishing, 2005, ISBN 1841767131
（英文）Sicker, Martin, The pre-Islamic Middle East, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0275968901
（英文）Riddle, John M., A history of the Middle Ages, 300-1500, Rowman & Littlefield, 2008, ISBN 1903900905
（英文）Redgate, Anne Elizabeth, The Armenians, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, ISBN 0631220372
（英文）Lee, A. D., Information and Frontiers: Roman Foreign Relations in Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, 2006, ISBN 0521028256
（英文）München, Staatliches Museum für Völkerkunde, Yemen: 3000 years of art and civilisation in Arabia Felix, Pinguin-Verlag, 1987, ISBN 3701622922
（英文）Howard-Johnston, James, Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 019920859X
（英文）Mitchell, Stephen, A history of the later Roman Empire, AD 284-641: the transformation of the ancient world, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, ISBN 1405108576
（英文）Browning, Robert, The Byzantine Empire, CUA Press, 1992, ISBN 0813207541
（英文）Scott, Richard; Dennis, Peter, Decline and Fall: Byzantium at War, Osprey Publishing, 2008, ISBN 1846034027
（英文）Kaegi, Walter Emil, Heraclius: emperor of Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521814596
（英文）Reuter, Timothy, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 900-c. 1024, Cambridge University Press, 1995, ISBN 0521364477
（英文）Barnard, Leslie William, The Graeco-Roman and oriental background of the iconoclastic controversy, BRILL, 1974, ISBN 9004039449
（英文）Brook, Kevin Alan, The Jews of Khazaria, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006, ISBN 074254981X
（英文）Galvan, Abu Noah Ibrahim Ibn Mika'eel Jason, Art Thou That Prophet?, Lulu.com, 2008, ISBN 0557000335
（英文）Ostrogorski, Georgije, History of the Byzantine state, Rutgers University Press, 1969, ISBN 0813505992
（英文）McAllister, Stuart E., The sword and shield of God: Byzantine strategy and tactics under Heraclius during the last Persian war and first Arab war, ProQuest, 2007, ISBN 0549469702
（英文）Norris, Herbert, Medieval costume and fashion, Courier Dover Publications, 1999, ISBN 0486404862
（英文）Sinha, Mukesh Kumar, The Persian world: understanding people, polity, and life in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, Hope India, 2005, ISBN 8178710684
（英文）Nissen, Hans J.; Heine, Peter, From Mesopotamia to Iraq: a concise history, University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 0226586642
（英文）Nicolle, David, The Great Islamic Conquests AD 632-750, Osprey Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1846032733
（英文）Demange, F., Glass, gilding, & grand design: art of Sasanian Iran (224-642), Asia Society, 2007, ISBN 0878481060
（英文）Hedin, Sven, My life as an explorer, Asian Educational Services, 1998, ISBN 8120610571
（英文）Kort, Michael, Central Asian republics, Infobase Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0816050740
（英文）Bashīr, Sulaymān, Arabs and others in early Islam, Darwin Press, 1997, ISBN 0878501266
（英文）Tritton, A. S., The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects, Frazer Press, 2008, ISBN 1443787035
（英文）Frye, Richard Nelson, The Cambridge History of Iran: The period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs, Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0521200938
（法文）Stokvis, A. M. H. J., Manuel d'histoire, de généalogie et de chronologie de tous les états du globe, depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours: Asie, Afrique, Amérique, Polynésie, B. M. Israël, 1966
（英文）Lalljee, Yousuf N., Know Your Islam, TTQ, INC., 1993, ISBN 0940368021
（英文）Balyuzi, Hasan, Baha'u'Llah: the King of Glory, George Ronald Publisher, 2000, ISBN 0853983283
（英文）Harper, Prudence Oliver, Silver Vessels of the Sasanian Period: Royal imagery, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1981, ISBN 0870992481
（英文）Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel, The Story of Civilization: The age of Faith; a history of medieval civilization (Christian, Islamic, and Judaic) from Constantine to Dante, A.D. 325-1300, Simon and Schuster, 1935
（英文）Nicolle, David, Sassanian armies: the Iranian empire early 3rd to mid-7th centuries AD, Montvert, 1996, ISBN 1874101086
（英文）Federal Research Division, Iran A Country Study, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1419126709
（英文）Williams, Stephen, Diocletian and the Roman recovery, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0415918278
（英文）Ward, Steven R., Immortal: a military history of Iran and its armed forces, Georgetown University Press, 2009, ISBN 1589012585
（英文）Wiesehöfer, Josef, Ancient Persia, I.B.Tauris, 2001, ISBN 1860646751
（英文）Gyselen, Rika; Szuppe, Maria, Matériaux pour l'histoire économique du monde iranien, Association pour l'Avancement des Etudes Iraniennes, 1999, ISBN 291064006X
（英文）Gernet, Jacques, A history of Chinese civilization, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0521497817
（中文）張豈之; 国刚张; 树森杨, 隋唐宋史, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, ISBN 9571128538
（英文）Drake, Lois, Issa: The Greatest Story Never Told, Summit University Press, 2009, ISBN 193289005X
（英文）Bird, H. E., Chess History And Reminiscences, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1419112805
（英文）McGreal, Ian Philip, Great literature of the Eastern World: the major works of prose, poetry and drama from China, India, Japan, Korea and the Middle East, HarperCollins, 1996, ISBN 0062701045
（英文）Varma, Daya Ram, The Art and Science of Healing Since Antiquity, Xlibris Corporation, 2011, ISBN 1456842102
（英文）Durant, Will, The age of faith: a history of Medieval Civilization -Christian, Islamic, and Judaic - from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325-1300, Simon and Schuster, 1950
（英文）Kaser, Karl, The Balkans and the Near East: Introduction to a Shared History, LIT Verlag Münster, 2010, ISBN 3643501900
（英文）Osborne, Harold, The Oxford companion to art, Clarendon P., 1970
（英文）al-Zahrā, Dānishgāh-i, Contemporary Iranian art & the Islamic world, Al-Zahra University, 2002
（英文）Heath, Dudley, Miniatures, Methuen and Co., 1905
（英文）Matyszak, Philip, The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun, Thames & Hudson, 2009, ISBN 0500287724
（英文）Fergusson, James, History of architecture in all countries: from the earliest times to the present day 1, Dodd, 1887
（英文）Puri, Baij Nath, Buddhism in central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1987, ISBN 8120803728
（英文）Obolensky, Dimitri, Byzantium and the Slavs, St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1994, ISBN 088141008X
（英文）Ghirshman, Roman, Iran from the earliest times to the Islamic conquest, Penguin Books, 1954
（英文）McNeill, William H., The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, University of Chicago Press, 1992, ISBN 0226561410
（英文）Yarshater, Ehsan, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods, Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1983, ISBN 0521246997
（英文）Hutter, Manfred, Manichaeism in the Early Sasanian Empire, Numen (BRILL), 1993, 40 (1)
（英文）Glassé, Cyril; Smith, Huston, The new encyclopedia of Islam, Rowman Altamira, 2003, ISBN 0759101906
（英文）Montgomery, Robert L., The lopsided spread of Christianity: toward an understanding of the diffusion of religions, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, ISBN 0275973611
（英文）Cochini, Christian, Apostolic origins of priestly celibacy, Ignatius Press, 1990, ISBN 0898702801
（英文）Marthaler, Berard L., The creed: the apostolic faith in contemporary theology, Twenty-Third Publications, 1993, ISBN 0896225372
（英文）Maseko, Achim Nkosi, Church Schism & Corruptions, lulu.com, 2010, ISBN 9781409221869
（英文）Sirat, Colette, Hebrew manuscripts of the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 0521770793
（英文）Elverskog, Johan, Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010, ISBN 0812242378
（英文）MacKey, Sandra, The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation, Paw Prints, 2008, ISBN 1439502153
（英文）Lightstone, Jack N., The rhetoric of the Babylonian Talmud: its social meaning and context, Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 1994, ISBN 0889202389
（英文）Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan, The Blackwell companion to Judaism, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, ISBN 1577180593
