^Emeri "van" Donzel, 《Islamic Reference Desk》, Brill Academic Publishers, 1994. pg 461. 引用: Iranian term applied to region lying to the northeast of Iran and ultimately indicating very vaguely the country of the Turkic peoples.
^Edward A Allworth,《Central Asia: A Historical Overview》, 杜克大学出版社, 1994. p 86
^I. M. Diakonoff, 《The Paths of History》, 剑桥大学出版社, 1999, p. 100 : Turan was one of the nomadic Iranian tribes mentioned in the Avesta. However, in Firdousi’s poem, and in the later Iranian tradition generally, the term Turan is perceived as denoting ‘lands inhabited by Turkic speaking tribes.
^G. Gnoli, 《Zoroaster's time and homeland》, Naples 1980, 引用Iranian tribes that also keep on recurring in the Yasht, Airyas, Sairimas, Sainus and Dahis
^K. H. Menges, in Encyclopaedia Iranica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Excerpt: "In a series of relatively minor movements, Turkic groups began to occupy territories in western Central Asia and eastern Europe which had previously been held by Iranians (i.e. , Turan). The Volga Bulgars, following the Avars, proceeded to the Volga and Ukraine in the 6th-7th centuries."
