阿季奈迪恩战役

阿季奈迪恩战役
穆斯林征服黎凡特阿拉伯-拜占庭战争)的一部分

以拉山谷的堡垒遗迹,一些历史学家认为战役发生在该地附近[1]
日期634年7月或8月
地点
阿季奈迪恩(今属以色列和巴勒斯坦)
结果 正统哈里发国获胜
领土变更 叙利亚南部和巴勒斯坦地区被穆斯林军队占领[2]
参战方
拜占庭帝国 正统哈里发国
指挥官与领导者
Vardan 
狄奥多尔(希拉克略之兄弟)
哈立德·本·瓦利德
阿姆鲁·本·阿斯
阿布·乌拜达
舒拉比·本·哈萨
耶齐德·本·阿布·素福彦
兵力
1万[3] – 2万[4] 1万[3] – 2万[4]
伤亡与损失
50,000(9世纪阿拉伯历史学家瓦基迪的记载,不可信)[5]
现代估计未知
575(瓦基迪的记载)[5]
现代估计未知

阿季奈迪恩战役(Battle of Adjnadayn,阿拉伯语:معركة أجنادين‎)是发生于634年7月或8月(伊斯兰纪元13年的主马达·敖外鲁月主马达·阿色尼月)的一场战役,[1]战场在今以色列贝特·古夫林英语Beit Guvrin, Israel附近。这场战役是拜占庭帝国正统哈里发国之间的第一次重要会战,最终穆斯林军队取得了胜利。这场战役的细节记载大多来自穆斯林一方,如九世纪的阿拉伯历史学家瓦基迪英语Al-Waqidi的记载。[5]

早期记载

拜占庭帝国对该战役没有任何的记载,根据历史学家瓦尔特·卡吉英语Walter Kaegi的研究,这可能是由于拜占庭学者经常将这一战役与拜占庭在叙利亚吃到的其他败仗,如雅尔穆克战役达辛战役英语Battle of Dathin混为一谈。关于这场战役的最早的历史记载似乎出自法兰克人的《弗雷德加尔编年史英语Chronicle of Fredegar》,该书编于658-660年,但这一记载也可能是后来补上去的。[6]

战前局势与战斗地点

根据大卫·尼科勒英语David Nicolle的著作,穆斯林军队于633年秋或634年初离开麦地那。他们于2月4日在达欣首次与拜占庭人交战并获胜。之后,拜占庭皇帝希拉克略前往埃梅萨(今霍姆斯),并派出增援部队前往保护滨海凯撒利亚。因此,哈里发命令穆斯林将领哈立德·本·瓦利德停止攻击萨珊王朝,前往叙利亚。接到命令后,哈立德向叙利亚进发,途中于4月24日左右击败了与拜占庭结盟的加萨尼人,之后又在没有遇到多少抵抗的情况下占领了布斯拉。到7月份,哈立德与阿布·乌拜达英语Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah耶齐德·本·阿布·素福彦英语Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan阿慕尔·本·阿斯舒拉比·本·哈萨英语Shurahbil ibn Hasana等将领率领的穆斯林军队会合。[7]

哈立德与其他将领会合的地方被阿拉伯人称为阿季奈迪恩(Adjnadayn)。[7]据穆斯林史学家的描述,该地位于今天以色列拉姆拉拜特·吉布林英语Bayt Jibrin(现称拜特·古夫林)之间的某个位置,但同时期的地理学家对此没有详细的描述。根据附近地区的地形,现代历史学家N.A.Miednikoff认为这场战斗是在以拉山谷英语Valley of Elah进行的,那里有两个同叫al-Jannaba的村庄。根据由Miednikoff和迈克尔·扬·德戈耶英语Michael Jan de Goeje提出,利昂·凯塔尼英语Leone Caetani总结的假设,Adjnadayn这一名称来自于这两个村庄的名字的双数形式(al-Jannabatayn)与阿拉伯词ajnad英语Jund(意为军队)的混合。[1][8]

双方军力

9世纪穆斯林史学家瓦基迪英语Al-Waqidi的记载中,拜占庭军队数量超过5万,[5]现代历史学家一般不相信这一数据,吉布在《伊斯兰百科全书》中认为,两军的军力都不会超过1万,穆斯林记载中的人数,尤其是拜占庭一方的人数被夸大了。[1]而戴维·莫雷在《牛津军事史指南》中认为双方的兵力大约都有2万。[9]

拜占庭军队由希拉克略皇帝的兄弟狄奥多尔英语Theodore (brother of Heraclius)和一位被穆斯林称为“Artabun”或“Wardan”的将领统帅。这两个称呼应该是亚美尼亚名字Vardan的变体。[1][6]穆斯林记载中,Vardan是叙利亚境内主要的拜占庭基地埃梅萨的司令官。历史学家Kaegi认为,他统率着一支增援部队,这支援军可能是来自北方并包括一些亚美尼亚人;也可能是陪伴希拉克略来到叙利亚的部队。另外,拜占庭可能从当地的阿拉伯部落中招募了一些部队。[6]而穆斯林军队由三支独立的部队组成,总指挥官应该是哈立德,也可能是阿慕尔(可能性不大)。[1][6]

战斗与后果

拜占庭军队集中布阵,[6]而阿拉伯军队分为三部分,阿布·乌拜达居中,阿慕尔与舒拉比一起指挥右翼,耶齐德指挥左翼,哈立德担任总指挥官。[10]

战斗开始于拜占庭投石手和弓箭手的远程攻击,他们试图打击穆斯林军队的士气。穆斯林军尽管伤亡不小,但仍然坚定不移,由于距离太远,穆斯林军无法发动还击。穆斯林勇士向拜占庭军官发起了挑战,拜占庭人接受,但在决斗中落败,一些拜占庭军队开始动摇并从战场上逃离。哈立德趁机大举发动进攻,但没能击溃拜占庭军。[6]

在战斗的第二天,拜占庭军队突袭穆斯林的营地,试图直接杀死哈立德,但是很快被发现,哈立德率部上阵,杀死了一名拜占庭指挥官(可能是Vardan),随后全力攻击拜占庭军。拜占庭军顽强抵抗,直到哈立德派出预备队加入攻击,才彻底打败了拜占庭军。[6]

战后拜占庭军被迫撤退至大马士革[1]穆斯林的记载中,拜占庭两位指挥官之一(可能是Vardan)战死,狄奥多尔逃脱并向北撤退,希拉克略用亚美尼亚人瓦汉和大臣狄奥多尔·特里堤里乌斯英语Theodore Trithyrius代他作统帅,并把他送入君士坦丁堡的监狱。[6]另一方面,穆斯林军也伤亡惨重,一些穆罕默德萨哈巴,包括一些早期穆斯林贵族在战役中丧生并被视为殉教者。[8]众多的死者加深了新兴的伊斯兰社群对于殉教的认识,不少来自麦加迁士死亡,间接平衡了迁士辅士这两股穆斯林内部的政治势力。[8]

希拉克略皇帝得知战败的消息后,从埃梅萨撤退,回到更安全的安条克,幸存的拜占庭部队逃到了较安全的有城墙的城镇,放弃保卫乡村地带。这使得整个巴勒斯坦地区都暴露于穆斯林的袭击之下,特别是在远离沿海城镇的内陆地区。恐慌情绪在整个地区蔓延,大量农村人口也逃往城市避难。[6]胜利的穆斯林部队再次分散成数支小部队,向多个方向进攻。[1]接下来的一段时间里,他们攻陷了纳布卢斯(时名涅阿波利斯)、塞巴斯蒂亚英语Sebastia, Nablus卢德(时名狄俄斯波利斯)、伊布纳英语Yibna阿穆瓦斯英语Emmaus Nicopolis(时名厄毛斯·尼科波利斯)、拜特·吉布林英语Bayt Jibrin(时名厄琉特洛波利斯)以及沿海城市雅法等地。[11]由于拜占庭军队已经逃走,这些地方大多只做了象征性抵抗就宣布投降。[12]六个月后,穆斯林军队再度会合,在佩拉英语Pella, Jordan(今约旦境内)附近迎战另一支拜占庭军队,法尔战役英语Battle of Fahl随即爆发。 [1]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Gibb 1986.
  2. ^ Irfan Shahid (1996). Review of Walter E. Kaegi (1992), Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Journal of the American Oriental Society 116 (4), p. 784.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Gibb 1986,第208頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Morray 2001,第23–24頁.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Lieutenant-General Agha Ibrahim Akram (1970). The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, page 467. Nat. Publishing House. Rawalpindi. ISBN 978-0-7101-0104-4.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Kaegi 1995.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 D. Nicolle, Yarmuk 636 AD - The Muslim Conquest of Syria, Osprey, 1994, p. 46.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Athamina 2014.
  9. ^ Morray 2001.
  10. ^ El Hareir 2011
  11. ^ Sourdel 1965.
  12. ^ Donner 1981.

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